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  1. Article ; Online: Antigenic evolution of SARS coronavirus 2.

    Mykytyn, Anna Z / Fouchier, Ron Am / Haagmans, Bart L

    Current opinion in virology

    2023  Volume 62, Page(s) 101349

    Abstract: SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, emerged in China in December 2019. Vaccines developed were very effective initially, however, the virus has shown remarkable evolution with multiple variants spreading globally over the ... ...

    Abstract SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, emerged in China in December 2019. Vaccines developed were very effective initially, however, the virus has shown remarkable evolution with multiple variants spreading globally over the last three years. Nowadays, newly emerging Omicron lineages are gaining substitutions at a fast rate, resulting in escape from neutralization by antibodies that target the Spike protein. Tools to map the impact of substitutions on the further antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, such as antigenic cartography, may be helpful to update SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this review, we focus on the antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the impact of Spike protein substitutions individually and in combination on immune escape.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Antibodies
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Antibodies ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2611378-8
    ISSN 1879-6265 ; 1879-6257
    ISSN (online) 1879-6265
    ISSN 1879-6257
    DOI 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101349
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Human metapneumovirus infection of organoid-derived human bronchial epithelium represents cell tropism and cytopathology as observed in

    Ribó-Molina, Pau / van Nieuwkoop, Stefan / Mykytyn, Anna Z / van Run, Peter / Lamers, Mart M / Haagmans, Bart L / Fouchier, Ron A M / van den Hoogen, Bernadette G

    mSphere

    2024  Volume 9, Issue 2, Page(s) e0074323

    Abstract: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the : Importance: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causative agents of respiratory disease in humans, with no treatment or vaccine available yet. The use of primary epithelial cultures that ... ...

    Abstract Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the
    Importance: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causative agents of respiratory disease in humans, with no treatment or vaccine available yet. The use of primary epithelial cultures that recapitulate the tissue morphology and biochemistry of the human airways could aid in defining more relevant targets to prevent HMPV infection. For this purpose, this study established the first primary organoid-derived bronchial culture model suitable for a broad range of HMPV isolates. These bronchial cultures were assessed for HMPV replication, cellular tropism, cytopathology, and innate immune responses, where the observations were linked to previous
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Metapneumovirus/physiology ; Cytology ; Virus Replication ; Paramyxoviridae Infections/pathology ; Epithelium ; Macaca ; Tropism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2379-5042
    ISSN (online) 2379-5042
    DOI 10.1128/msphere.00743-23
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Glycosylated extracellular mucin domains protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection at the respiratory surface.

    Chatterjee, Maitrayee / Huang, Liane Z X / Mykytyn, Anna Z / Wang, Chunyan / Lamers, Mart M / Westendorp, Bart / Wubbolts, Richard W / van Putten, Jos P M / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Haagmans, Bart L / Strijbis, Karin

    PLoS pathogens

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 8, Page(s) e1011571

    Abstract: Mucins play an essential role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections while also acting as binding sites for bacterial and viral adhesins. The heavily O-glycosylated gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B eliminate pathogens by ... ...

    Abstract Mucins play an essential role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections while also acting as binding sites for bacterial and viral adhesins. The heavily O-glycosylated gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B eliminate pathogens by mucociliary clearance. Transmembrane mucins MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 can restrict microbial invasion at the apical surface of the epithelium. In this study, we determined the impact of host mucins and mucin glycans on epithelial entry of SARS-CoV-2. Human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells express the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and high levels of glycosylated MUC1, but not MUC4 and MUC16, on their cell surface. The O-glycan-specific mucinase StcE specifically removed the glycosylated part of the MUC1 extracellular domain while leaving the underlying SEA domain and cytoplasmic tail intact. StcE treatment of Calu-3 cells significantly enhanced infection with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and authentic virus, while removal of terminal mucin glycans sialic acid and fucose from the epithelial surface did not impact viral entry. In Calu-3 cells, the transmembrane mucin MUC1 and ACE2 are located to the apical surface in close proximity and StcE treatment results in enhanced binding of purified spike protein. Both MUC1 and MUC16 are expressed on the surface of human organoid-derived air-liquid interface (ALI) differentiated airway cultures and StcE treatment led to mucin removal and increased levels of SARS-CoV-2 replication. In these cultures, MUC1 was highly expressed in non-ciliated cells while MUC16 was enriched in goblet cells. In conclusion, the glycosylated extracellular domains of different transmembrane mucins might have similar protective functions in different respiratory cell types by restricting SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mucins/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; CA-125 Antigen/metabolism ; Lung/metabolism ; Polysaccharides
    Chemical Substances Mucins ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23) ; CA-125 Antigen ; Polysaccharides
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2205412-1
    ISSN 1553-7374 ; 1553-7374
    ISSN (online) 1553-7374
    ISSN 1553-7374
    DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011571
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron entry is type II transmembrane serine protease-mediated in human airway and intestinal organoid models.

    Mykytyn, Anna Z / Breugem, Tim I / Geurts, Maarten H / Beumer, Joep / Schipper, Debby / van Acker, Romy / van den Doel, Petra B / van Royen, Martin E / Zhang, Jingshu / Clevers, Hans / Haagmans, Bart L / Lamers, Mart M

    Journal of virology

    2023  Volume 97, Issue 8, Page(s) e0085123

    Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells after its spike protein is cleaved by either type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), like TMPRSS2, or cathepsins. It is now widely accepted that the Omicron variant uses TMPRSS2 less efficiently and instead enters cells ...

    Abstract SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells after its spike protein is cleaved by either type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), like TMPRSS2, or cathepsins. It is now widely accepted that the Omicron variant uses TMPRSS2 less efficiently and instead enters cells via cathepsins, but these findings have yet to be verified in more relevant cell models. Although we could confirm efficient cathepsin-mediated entry for Omicron in a monkey kidney cell line, experiments with protease inhibitors showed that Omicron (BA.1 and XBB1.5) did not use cathepsins for entry into human airway organoids and instead utilized TTSPs. Likewise, CRISPR-edited intestinal organoids showed that entry of Omicron BA.1 relied on the expression of the serine protease TMPRSS2 but not cathepsin L or B. Together, these data force us to rethink the concept that Omicron has adapted to cathepsin-mediated entry and indicate that TTSP inhibitors should not be dismissed as prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral strategy against SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus entry relies on host proteases that activate the viral fusion protein, spike. These proteases determine the viral entry route, tropism, host range, and can be attractive drug targets. Whereas earlier studies using cell lines suggested that the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has changed its protease usage, from cell surface type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) to endosomal cathepsins, we report that this is not the case in human airway and intestinal organoid models, suggesting that host TTSP inhibition is still a viable prophylactic or therapeutic antiviral strategy against current SARS-CoV-2 variants and highlighting the importance of relevant human
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Antiviral Agents ; COVID-19/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Serine Proteases/metabolism ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; Virus Internalization
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Serine Proteases (EC 3.4.-) ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; TMPRSS2 protein, human (EC 3.4.21.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80174-4
    ISSN 1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
    ISSN (online) 1098-5514
    ISSN 0022-538X
    DOI 10.1128/jvi.00851-23
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Antigenic mapping of emerging SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants BM.1.1.1, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.

    Mykytyn, Anna Z / Rosu, Miruna E / Kok, Adinda / Rissmann, Melanie / van Amerongen, Geert / Geurtsvankessel, Corine / de Vries, Rory D / Munnink, Bas B Oude / Smith, Derek J / Koopmans, Marion P G / Lamers, Mart M / Fouchier, Ron A M / Haagmans, Bart L

    The Lancet. Microbe

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 5, Page(s) e294–e295

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2666-5247
    ISSN (online) 2666-5247
    DOI 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00384-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Extended Viral Shedding of MERS-CoV Clade B Virus in Llamas Compared with African Clade C Strain.

    Rodon, Jordi / Mykytyn, Anna Z / Te, Nigeer / Okba, Nisreen M A / Lamers, Mart M / Pailler-García, Lola / Cantero, Guillermo / Albulescu, Irina / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Peiris, Malik / Bensaid, Albert / Vergara-Alert, Júlia / Haagmans, Bart L / Segalés, Joaquim

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2023  Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) 585–589

    Abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) clade B viruses are found in camelids and humans in the Middle East, but clade C viruses are not. We provide experimental evidence for extended shedding of MERS-CoV clade B viruses in llamas, which ... ...

    Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) clade B viruses are found in camelids and humans in the Middle East, but clade C viruses are not. We provide experimental evidence for extended shedding of MERS-CoV clade B viruses in llamas, which might explain why they outcompete clade C strains in the Arabian Peninsula.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Camelids, New World ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Coronavirus Infections ; Virus Shedding ; Camelus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2903.220986
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Glycosylated extracellular mucin domains protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection at the respiratory surface.

    Maitrayee Chatterjee / Liane Z X Huang / Anna Z Mykytyn / Chunyan Wang / Mart M Lamers / Bart Westendorp / Richard W Wubbolts / Jos P M van Putten / Berend-Jan Bosch / Bart L Haagmans / Karin Strijbis

    PLoS Pathogens, Vol 19, Iss 8, p e

    2023  Volume 1011571

    Abstract: Mucins play an essential role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections while also acting as binding sites for bacterial and viral adhesins. The heavily O-glycosylated gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B eliminate pathogens by ... ...

    Abstract Mucins play an essential role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections while also acting as binding sites for bacterial and viral adhesins. The heavily O-glycosylated gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B eliminate pathogens by mucociliary clearance. Transmembrane mucins MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 can restrict microbial invasion at the apical surface of the epithelium. In this study, we determined the impact of host mucins and mucin glycans on epithelial entry of SARS-CoV-2. Human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells express the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and high levels of glycosylated MUC1, but not MUC4 and MUC16, on their cell surface. The O-glycan-specific mucinase StcE specifically removed the glycosylated part of the MUC1 extracellular domain while leaving the underlying SEA domain and cytoplasmic tail intact. StcE treatment of Calu-3 cells significantly enhanced infection with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and authentic virus, while removal of terminal mucin glycans sialic acid and fucose from the epithelial surface did not impact viral entry. In Calu-3 cells, the transmembrane mucin MUC1 and ACE2 are located to the apical surface in close proximity and StcE treatment results in enhanced binding of purified spike protein. Both MUC1 and MUC16 are expressed on the surface of human organoid-derived air-liquid interface (ALI) differentiated airway cultures and StcE treatment led to mucin removal and increased levels of SARS-CoV-2 replication. In these cultures, MUC1 was highly expressed in non-ciliated cells while MUC16 was enriched in goblet cells. In conclusion, the glycosylated extracellular domains of different transmembrane mucins might have similar protective functions in different respiratory cell types by restricting SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry.
    Keywords Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Avidity engineering of human heavy-chain-only antibodies mitigates neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

    Du, Wenjuan / Janssens, Rick / Mykytyn, Anna Z / Li, Wentao / Drabek, Dubravka / van Haperen, Rien / Chatziandreou, Marianthi / Rissmann, Melanie / van der Lee, Joline / van Dortmondt, Melissa / Martin, Itziar Serna / van Kuppeveld, Frank J M / Hurdiss, Daniel L / Haagmans, Bart L / Grosveld, Frank / Bosch, Berend-Jan

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1111385

    Abstract: Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have accrued mutations within the spike protein rendering most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 ineffective. Hence there is an unmet need for broad-spectrum mAb treatments for COVID-19 that are more ... ...

    Abstract Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have accrued mutations within the spike protein rendering most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 ineffective. Hence there is an unmet need for broad-spectrum mAb treatments for COVID-19 that are more resistant to antigenically drifted SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here we describe the design of a biparatopic heavy-chain-only antibody consisting of six antigen binding sites recognizing two distinct epitopes in the spike protein NTD and RBD. The hexavalent antibody showed potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern, including the Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5, whereas the parental components had lost Omicron neutralization potency. We demonstrate that the tethered design mitigates the substantial decrease in spike trimer affinity seen for escape mutations for the hexamer components. The hexavalent antibody protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model. This work provides a framework for designing therapeutic antibodies to overcome antibody neutralization escape of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cricetinae ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics ; Antibodies, Monoclonal
    Chemical Substances Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111385
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Fangchinoline inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV entry.

    Sadhu, Srikanth / Dandotiya, Jyotsna / Dalal, Rajdeep / Khatri, Ritika / Mykytyn, Anna Z / Batra, Aashima / Kaur, Manpreet / Chandwaskar, Rucha / Singh, Virendra / Kamboj, Aarzoo / Srivastava, Mitul / Mani, Shailendra / Asthana, Shailendra / Samal, Sweety / Rizvi, Zaigham Abbas / Salunke, Deepak B / Haagmans, Bart L / Awasthi, Amit

    Antiviral research

    2023  Volume 220, Page(s) 105743

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, lead to mild to severe respiratory illness and resulted in 6.9 million deaths worldwide. Although vaccines are effective in preventing COVID-19, they may not be sufficient to protect immunocompromised ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, lead to mild to severe respiratory illness and resulted in 6.9 million deaths worldwide. Although vaccines are effective in preventing COVID-19, they may not be sufficient to protect immunocompromised individuals from this respiratory illness. Moreover, novel emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 pose a risk of new COVID-19 waves. Therefore, identification of effective antivirals is critical in controlling SARS and other coronaviruses, such as MERS-CoV. We show that Fangchinoline (Fcn), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits replication of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV in a range of in vitro assays, by blocking entry. Therapeutic use of Fcn inhibited viral loads in the lungs, and suppressed associated airway inflammation in hACE2. Tg mice and Syrian hamster infected with SARS-CoV-2. Combination of Fcn with remdesivir (RDV) or an anti-leprosy drug, Clofazimine, exhibited synergistic antiviral activity. Compared to Fcn, its synthetic derivative, MK-04-003, more effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and its variants B.1.617.2 and BA.5 in mice. Taken together these data demonstrate that Fcn is a pan beta coronavirus inhibitor, which possibly can be used to combat novel emerging coronavirus diseases.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Pandemics ; Benzylisoquinolines/pharmacology ; Benzylisoquinolines/therapeutic use
    Chemical Substances fangchinoline (953592C3ZB) ; Antiviral Agents ; Benzylisoquinolines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 306628-9
    ISSN 1872-9096 ; 0166-3542
    ISSN (online) 1872-9096
    ISSN 0166-3542
    DOI 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105743
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Protective efficacy of an RBD-based Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) particle vaccine in llamas.

    Rodon, Jordi / Mykytyn, Anna Z / Cantero, Guillermo / Albulescu, Irina C / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Brix, Alexander / Audonnet, Jean-Christophe / Bensaid, Albert / Vergara-Alert, Júlia / Haagmans, Bart L / Segalés, Joaquim

    One health outlook

    2022  Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 12

    Abstract: Ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue posing a global health threat. Vaccination of livestock reservoir species is a recommended strategy to prevent spread of MERS-CoV among animals and potential spillover ... ...

    Abstract Ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue posing a global health threat. Vaccination of livestock reservoir species is a recommended strategy to prevent spread of MERS-CoV among animals and potential spillover to humans. Using a direct-contact llama challenge model that mimics naturally occurring viral transmission, we tested the efficacy of a multimeric receptor binding domain (RBD) particle-display based vaccine candidate. While MERS-CoV was transmitted to naïve animals exposed to virus-inoculated llamas, immunization induced robust virus-neutralizing antibody responses and prevented transmission in 1/3 vaccinated, in-contact animals. Our exploratory study supports further improvement of the RBD-based vaccine to prevent zoonotic spillover of MERS-CoV.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2524-4655
    ISSN (online) 2524-4655
    DOI 10.1186/s42522-022-00068-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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