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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants: Focus on conventional activated sludge, membrane bioreactor and anaerobic digestion.

Cutrupi, Francesca / Cadonna, Maria / Postinghel, Mattia / Foladori, Paola

2023 Volume 906, Page(s) 167434

Abstract: This work focuses on the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the various stages of a full-scale municipal WWTP characterised by two biological processes in parallel: (i) conventional activated sludge (CAS) and (ii) membrane bioreactor (MBR). The monitoring was ... ...

Abstract	This work focuses on the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the various stages of a full-scale municipal WWTP characterised by two biological processes in parallel: (i) conventional activated sludge (CAS) and (ii) membrane bioreactor (MBR). The monitoring was carried out during the Omicron wave in 2022, a period characterised by a high concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater. The average concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater was 3.7 × 10
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Sewage ; Wastewater ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Anaerobiosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; RNA, Viral ; Membranes, Artificial ; COVID-19 ; Bioreactors ; Water Purification
Chemical Substances	Sewage ; Wastewater ; RNA, Viral ; Membranes, Artificial
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-27
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167434
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Article: Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and their removal: Step by step in wastewater treatment plants

Foladori, Paola / Cutrupi, Francesca / Cadonna, Maria / Manara, Serena

Environmental research. 2022 May 01, v. 207

2022

Abstract: The fate of Coronaviruses (CoVs) and in particular SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been completely understood yet, but an adequate knowledge on the removal performances in WWTPs could help to prevent waterborne transmission of ... ...

Abstract	The fate of Coronaviruses (CoVs) and in particular SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been completely understood yet, but an adequate knowledge on the removal performances in WWTPs could help to prevent waterborne transmission of the virus that is still under debate. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 are discharged from faeces into the sewer network and reach WWTPs within a few hours. This review presents the fate of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs in the primary, secondary and tertiary treatments of WWTPs as well as in sludge treatments. The viral loads decrease progressively along with the treatments from 20 to 3.0E+06 GU/L (Genomic Units/L) in the influent wastewater to concentrations below 2.50E+05 GU/L after secondary biological treatments and finally to negative concentrations (below detection limit) in disinfected effluents. Reduction of CoVs is due to (i) natural decay under unfavourable conditions (solids, microorganisms, temperature) for relatively long hydraulic retention times and (ii) processes of sedimentation, filtration, predation, adsorption, disinfection. In primary and secondary settling, due to the hydrophobic properties, a partial accumulation of CoVs may occur in the separated sludge. In secondary treatment (i.e. activated sludge) CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 loads can be reduced only by about one logarithm (∼90%). To enhance this removal, tertiary treatment with ultrafiltration (Membrane Bioreactors) and chemical disinfection or UV light is needed. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 in the sludge (1.2E+04–4.6E+08 GU/L) can be inactivated significantly in the thermophilic digestion (55 °C), while mesophilic temperatures (33–37 °C) are not efficient. Additional studies are required to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs, especially in view of increasing interest in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
Keywords	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; activated sludge ; adsorption ; detection limit ; digestion ; disinfection ; feces ; genomics ; hydrophobicity ; membrane bioreactors ; pathogenicity ; predation ; research ; temperature ; ultrafiltration ; ultraviolet radiation ; viruses ; wastewater ; wastewater treatment ; water reuse
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0501
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.112204
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Article ; Online: Conventional activated sludge vs. photo-sequencing batch reactor for enhanced nitrogen removal in municipal wastewater: Microalgal-bacterial consortium and pathogenic load insights.

Clagnan, Elisa / Petrini, Serena / Pioli, Silvia / Piergiacomo, Federica / Chowdhury, Atif Aziz / Brusetti, Lorenzo / Foladori, Paola

Bioresource technology

2024 Volume 401, Page(s) 130735

Abstract: Municipal wastewater treatment plants are mostly based on traditional activated sludge (AS) processes. These systems are characterised by major drawbacks: high energy consumption, large amount of excess sludge and high greenhouse gases emissions. ... ...

Abstract	Municipal wastewater treatment plants are mostly based on traditional activated sludge (AS) processes. These systems are characterised by major drawbacks: high energy consumption, large amount of excess sludge and high greenhouse gases emissions. Treatment through microalgal-bacterial consortia (MBC) is an alternative and promising solution thanks to lower energy consumption and emissions, biomass production and water sanitation. Here, microbial difference between a traditional anaerobic sludge (AS) and a consortium-based system (photo-sequencing batch reactor (PSBR)) with the same wastewater inlet were characterised through shotgun metagenomics. Stable nitrification was achieved in the PSBR ensuring ammonium removal > 95 % and significant total nitrogen removal thanks to larger flocs enhancing denitrification. The new system showed enhanced pathogen removal, a higher abundance of photosynthetic and denitrifying microorganisms with a reduced emissions potential identifying this novel PSBR as an effective alternative to AS.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1065195-0
ISSN	1873-2976 ; 0960-8524
ISSN (online)	1873-2976
ISSN	0960-8524
DOI	10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130735
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Article ; Online: Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and their removal: Step by step in wastewater treatment plants.

Foladori, Paola / Cutrupi, Francesca / Cadonna, Maria / Manara, Serena

Environmental research

2021 Volume 207, Page(s) 112204

Abstract	The fate of Coronaviruses (CoVs) and in particular SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has not been completely understood yet, but an adequate knowledge on the removal performances in WWTPs could help to prevent waterborne transmission of the virus that is still under debate. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 are discharged from faeces into the sewer network and reach WWTPs within a few hours. This review presents the fate of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs in the primary, secondary and tertiary treatments of WWTPs as well as in sludge treatments. The viral loads decrease progressively along with the treatments from 20 to 3.0E+06 GU/L (Genomic Units/L) in the influent wastewater to concentrations below 2.50E+05 GU/L after secondary biological treatments and finally to negative concentrations (below detection limit) in disinfected effluents. Reduction of CoVs is due to (i) natural decay under unfavourable conditions (solids, microorganisms, temperature) for relatively long hydraulic retention times and (ii) processes of sedimentation, filtration, predation, adsorption, disinfection. In primary and secondary settling, due to the hydrophobic properties, a partial accumulation of CoVs may occur in the separated sludge. In secondary treatment (i.e. activated sludge) CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 loads can be reduced only by about one logarithm (∼90%). To enhance this removal, tertiary treatment with ultrafiltration (Membrane Bioreactors) and chemical disinfection or UV light is needed. CoVs and SARS-CoV-2 in the sludge (1.2E+04-4.6E+08 GU/L) can be inactivated significantly in the thermophilic digestion (55 °C), while mesophilic temperatures (33-37 °C) are not efficient. Additional studies are required to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs, especially in view of increasing interest in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sewage ; Waste Water ; Water Purification
Chemical Substances	Sewage ; Waste Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2021.112204
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Article: Bacteria and photosynthetic cells in a photobioreactor treating real municipal wastewater: Analysis and quantification using flow cytometry

Foladori, Paola / Petrini, Serena / Bruni, Laura / Andreottola, Gianni

Algal research. 2020 Sept., v. 50

2020

Abstract: Wastewater born microalgal-bacterial consortia in closed photobioreactors (PBRs) have demonstrated high efficiency in pollutant removal, relying only on photosynthetic oxygenation. However, their qualitative and quantitative composition is still poorly ... ...

Abstract	Wastewater born microalgal-bacterial consortia in closed photobioreactors (PBRs) have demonstrated high efficiency in pollutant removal, relying only on photosynthetic oxygenation. However, their qualitative and quantitative composition is still poorly understood.This paper describes the extension of flow cytometry in order to analyze a microalgal-bacterial consortium developed in a long-term PBR treating real wastewater. A multi-step procedure was proposed to obtain an accurate flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Ultrasonication at specific applied energy of 90 kJ L⁻¹ was identified as optimal for sample pre-treatment to recover the maximum number of bacteria and photosynthetic cells while avoiding their disruption. Fluorescence and scattering signals were used to distinguish and quantify microalgae and bacteria.In the tested consortium, bacteria (marked green with SYBR-Green I) were 98% of total cells (on average 1.2E+12 cells/L) while microalgae (having red autofluorescence) accounted for only 2% of total cells (2.8E+10 cells/L). Microalgae were characterized by a biovolume 2 orders of magnitude larger than bacteria, resulting in a photosynthetic biomass quantitatively comparable to bacteria.The proposed FCM approach represents a valuable tool with which to enhance knowledge about the composition and quantification of microorganisms in PBRs, which have not yet been fully understood.
Keywords	bacteria ; biomass ; cells ; energy ; flow cytometry ; fluorescence ; knowledge ; microalgae ; municipal wastewater ; paper ; photobioreactors ; photosynthesis ; pollution control ; pretreatment ; research ; ultrasonic treatment
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-09
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ISSN	2211-9264
DOI	10.1016/j.algal.2020.101969
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: How suspended solids concentration affects nitrification rate in microalgal-bacterial photobioreactors without external aeration.

Foladori, Paola / Petrini, Serena / Andreottola, Gianni

Heliyon

2019 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) e03088

Abstract: The use of microalgae for the treatment of municipal wastewater makes possible to supply oxygen and save energy, but must be coupled with bacterial nitrification to obtain nitrogen removal efficiency above 90%. This paper explores how the concentration ... ...

Abstract	The use of microalgae for the treatment of municipal wastewater makes possible to supply oxygen and save energy, but must be coupled with bacterial nitrification to obtain nitrogen removal efficiency above 90%. This paper explores how the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS, from 0.2 to 3.9 g TSS/L) affects the nitrification kinetic in three microalgal-bacterial consortia treating real municipal wastewater. Two different behaviors were observed: (1) solid-limited kinetic at low TSS concentrations, (2) light-limited kinetic at higher concentrations. For each consortium, an optimal TSS concentration that produced the maximum volumetric ammonium removal rate (around 1.8-2.0 mg N L
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03088
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Article ; Online: How suspended solids concentration affects nitrification rate in microalgal-bacterial photobioreactors without external aeration

Paola Foladori / Serena Petrini / Gianni Andreottola

Heliyon, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp e03088- (2020)

2020

Abstract	The use of microalgae for the treatment of municipal wastewater makes possible to supply oxygen and save energy, but must be coupled with bacterial nitrification to obtain nitrogen removal efficiency above 90%. This paper explores how the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS, from 0.2 to 3.9 g TSS/L) affects the nitrification kinetic in three microalgal-bacterial consortia treating real municipal wastewater. Two different behaviors were observed: (1) solid-limited kinetic at low TSS concentrations, (2) light-limited kinetic at higher concentrations. For each consortium, an optimal TSS concentration that produced the maximum volumetric ammonium removal rate (around 1.8–2.0 mg N L−1 h−1), was found. The relationship between ammonium removal rate and TSS concentration was then modelled considering bacteria growth, microalgae growth and limitation by dissolved oxygen and light intensity. Assessment of the optimal TSS concentrations makes possible to concentrate the microbial biomass in a photobioreactor while ensuring high kinetics and a low footprint.
Keywords	Chemical engineering ; Environmental science ; Microalgal-bacterial consortia ; Nitrification ; Photo-oxygenation ; Self-shading ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant resulted in a rapid spike and decline as highlighted by municipal wastewater surveillance.

Cutrupi, Francesca / Cadonna, Maria / Manara, Serena / Postinghel, Mattia / La Rosa, Giuseppina / Suffredini, Elisabetta / Foladori, Paola

Environmental technology & innovation

2022 Volume 28, Page(s) 102667

Abstract: This paper highlights the extraordinarily rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 loads in wastewater that during the Omicron wave in December 2021-February 2022, compared with the profiles acquired in 2020-21 with 410 samples from two wastewater treatment plants ( ... ...

Abstract	This paper highlights the extraordinarily rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 loads in wastewater that during the Omicron wave in December 2021-February 2022, compared with the profiles acquired in 2020-21 with 410 samples from two wastewater treatment plants (Trento+suburbs, 132,500 inhabitants). Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater focused on: (i) 3 samplings/week and analysis, (ii) normalization to calculate genomic units (GU) inh
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-1864
ISSN (online)	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2022.102667
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Article: Comprehensive respirometric approach to assess photosynthetic, heterotrophic and nitrifying activity in microalgal-bacterial consortia treating real municipal wastewater

Petrini, Serena / Foladori, Paola / Donati, Lorenza / Andreottola, Gianni

Biochemical engineering journal. 2020 Sept. 15, v. 161

2020

Abstract: The design of photobioreactors (PBRs) to treat municipal wastewater is in the early stages of development. Kinetics of activated sludge cannot be used for PBRs because biomass differs in composition, growth and decay rates. In this paper, respirometry ... ...

Abstract	The design of photobioreactors (PBRs) to treat municipal wastewater is in the early stages of development. Kinetics of activated sludge cannot be used for PBRs because biomass differs in composition, growth and decay rates. In this paper, respirometry was extended to a microalgal-bacterial consortium in a long-term PBR treating municipal wastewater. Kinetic and stoichiometric parameters (20 °C) were estimated for endogenous respiration, biodegradable COD oxidation and nitrification. The comprehensive respirometric approach was based on the Oxygen Production Rate (OPR) of photosynthetic microorganisms, and the Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR) of the overall biomass, including data processing and corrections. The gross OPR (gOPR) was 9.8 ± 0.2 mg O₂ g TSS⁻¹ h⁻¹; using microalgae quantified by flow cytometry, the per-cell gOPR was 11 fmol O₂ cell⁻¹ h⁻¹. This oxygen was utilized for COD oxidation with rate of 18.0 and 19.3 mg g TSS⁻¹ h⁻¹ under light and dark, respectively. Biomass yield was 0.66 on average, similar to the typical values of activated sludge. The nitrification rate in the dark was 0.92 mg NH₄⁺-N g TSS⁻¹ h⁻¹. The stoichiometric oxygen-over-ammonium coefficient was 4.4 g O₂/g N under dark conditions (similar to activated sludge), but lower under light ones (2.8 g O₂/g N). The respirometric approach proposed here added experimental kinetic results needed in the PBR design.
Keywords	activated sludge ; biodegradability ; biomass production ; flow cytometry ; microalgae ; municipal wastewater ; nitrification ; oxidation ; oxygen ; oxygen production ; photobioreactors ; photosynthesis ; stoichiometry
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0915
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2012139-8
ISSN	1369-703X
ISSN	1369-703X
DOI	10.1016/j.bej.2020.107697
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: How inoculation affects the development and the performances of microalgal-bacterial consortia treating real municipal wastewater.

Petrini, Serena / Foladori, Paola / Beghini, Francesco / Armanini, Federica / Segata, Nicola / Andreottola, Gianni

Journal of environmental management

2020 Volume 263, Page(s) 110427

Abstract: To date, little is known about the start-up of photobioreactors and the progressive development of stable microalgal-bacterial consortia with a view to the full-scale treatment of real wastewater. Two photo-sequencing bioreactors, one inoculated with ... ...

Abstract	To date, little is known about the start-up of photobioreactors and the progressive development of stable microalgal-bacterial consortia with a view to the full-scale treatment of real wastewater. Two photo-sequencing bioreactors, one inoculated with Chlorella vulgaris (RC) and one with the absence of inoculum (RW), were fed with real municipal wastewater and run in parallel for 101 days. The influence of the inoculation was evaluated in terms of pollutant removal efficiency, excess sludge production, solids settleability and microbial community characteristics. No significant differences were observed in the removal of COD (89 ± 4%; 88 ± 3%) and ammonium (99 ± 1%; 99 ± 1%), mainly associated with bacteria activity. During the first weeks of acclimation, Chlorella vulgaris in RC promoted better P removal and very high variations of DO and pH. Conversely, under steady-state conditions, no significant differences were observed between the performances of RC and RW, showing good settleability and low effluent solids, 7 ± 8 and 13 ± 10 mg TSS/L respectively. Microbiome analysis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that, despite a different evolution, the microbial community was quite similar in both reactors under steady state conditions. Overall, the results suggested that the inoculation of microalgae is not essential to engender a photobioreactor aimed at treating real municipal wastewater.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria ; Biomass ; Chlorella vulgaris ; Microalgae ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Waste Water
Chemical Substances	RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Waste Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110427
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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