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Article: Eat like a Pig to Combat Obesity.

van Kempen, Theo A T G / Zijlstra, Ruurd T

2023 Volume 13, Issue 3

Abstract: Obesity and related metabolic health issues are a growing human threat, with many theories regarding its causes. In swine, physiologically alike to humans, considerable knowledge on obesity mechanisms has been accumulated. Calorie counting is the basis ... ...

Abstract	Obesity and related metabolic health issues are a growing human threat, with many theories regarding its causes. In swine, physiologically alike to humans, considerable knowledge on obesity mechanisms has been accumulated. Calorie counting is the basis for managing swine diets and applied with great accuracy. Epigenetic programing predisposes pigs to insulin insensitivity, but pigs seem to sense this insensitivity and consequently eat less, preventing obesity. Pigs naturally prefer to eat small breakfasts and large dinners. Deviating from this eating pattern or providing diets with a high glycemic burden can trigger obesity; however, pigs will restrict food intake to prevent serious obesity. Interestingly, in practice, problems with obesity are rarely seen, even when pigs are fed poorly timed diets similar to junk food, likely because swine diets are balanced for every nutrient. Indeed, feeding pigs diets deficient in micronutrients does trigger obesity. For humans, several micronutrient requirements have not been set officially, and diets optimized for all micronutrients are rarely provided. In conclusion, various obesity triggers are being debated for humans, which have been proven in swine. Obesity problems in pigs are nevertheless less excessive, likely because pigs recognize unhealthy eating practices and consequently reduce food intake to avoid serious complications. Finally, swine diets are normally balanced for all nutrients, which may be an important practice to prevent obesity, from which human health could greatly benefit.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662251-8
ISSN	2218-1989
ISSN	2218-1989
DOI	10.3390/metabo13030420
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Article ; Online: Is the intestinal mucous layer a natural deep eutectic solvent-based digestion matrix?

van Kempen, Theo A T G / Boerboom, Gavin M

American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology

2023 Volume 324, Issue 6, Page(s) G438–G441

Abstract: ... both the glycocalyx and the secreted mucous layer) has a chemical composition that fits well with NADES (e.g ...

Abstract	In plants, a third solubilization matrix (besides water and lipids) has been proposed, composed of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). Such matrices allow for the solubilization of many biologically important molecules, such as starch, which are insoluble in water or lipids. NADES matrices also support enzyme activity, such as amylase, at higher rates than water or lipid-based matrices. We contemplated if a NADES environment could play a role in small intestinal starch digestion. The intestinal mucous layer (encompassing both the glycocalyx and the secreted mucous layer) has a chemical composition that fits well with NADES (e.g., glycoproteins with exposed sugars, amino sugars, and amino acids like proline and threonine, as well as quaternary amines like choline and ethanolamine and organic acids like citric and malic acid). Various studies have indeed shown that amylase binds to glycoproteins within the mucous layer of the small intestine where it performs its digestive action. Dislodging amylase from these binding sites impedes starch digestion and it may well cause digestive health problems as a result. Hence, we propose that the mucous layer in the small intestines harbors digestive enzymes like amylase, while starch, due to solubility, redistributes from the lumen into the mucous layer where it is subsequently digested by amylase. The mucous layer would thus constitute a NADES-based digestion matrix in the intestinal tract.
MeSH term(s)	Solvents ; Deep Eutectic Solvents ; Water ; Starch ; Digestion ; Lipids ; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Solvents ; Deep Eutectic Solvents ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Starch (9005-25-8) ; Lipids ; Plant Extracts
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603840-2
ISSN	1522-1547 ; 0193-1857
ISSN (online)	1522-1547
ISSN	0193-1857
DOI	10.1152/ajpgi.00006.2023
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Article ; Online: Review: The amazing gain-to-feed ratio of newly weaned piglets: sign of efficiency or deficiency?

van Kempen, Theo A T G / Hulshof, Tetske G / Gerrits, Walter J J / Zijlstra, Ruurd T

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience

2023 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) 100987

Abstract: ... to-feed ratio is achieved as they gain about as much weight as they eat (150-200 g/d). The high gain ...

Abstract	Shortly after weaning, piglets generally eat dry feed poorly; but nevertheless, a phenomenal gain-to-feed ratio is achieved as they gain about as much weight as they eat (150-200 g/d). The high gain-to-feed ratio, though, cannot be explained by their nutrient intake or nutrient repartitioning. Analyses based on tissue composition and bio-electrical impedance data showed that newly weaned piglets lose fat, maintain protein, and gain large amounts of water because of edema. This edema, which may well contribute up to one kg of BW, seems to be triggered by refeeding syndrome. Refeeding syndrome in adult humans occurs when subjects fast for an extended period of time (weeks) that results in downshifts in metabolic activity and concomitant shedding of phosphate (PO
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Swine ; Weaning ; Refeeding Syndrome/veterinary ; Eating ; Diet/veterinary ; Edema/veterinary ; Insulins ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Swine Diseases
Chemical Substances	Insulins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2257920-5
ISSN	1751-732X ; 1751-7311
ISSN (online)	1751-732X
ISSN	1751-7311
DOI	10.1016/j.animal.2023.100987
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Article ; Online: A blend of medium-chain fatty acids, butyrate, organic acids, and a phenolic compound accelerates microbial maturation in newly weaned piglets.

Diether, Natalie E / Hulshof, Tetske G / Willing, Benjamin P / van Kempen, Theo A T G

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 7, Page(s) e0289214

Abstract: Inclusion of additive blends is a common dietary strategy to manage post-weaning diarrhea and performance in piglets. However, there is limited mechanistic data on how these additives improve outcomes during this period. To evaluate the effects of Presan ...

Abstract	Inclusion of additive blends is a common dietary strategy to manage post-weaning diarrhea and performance in piglets. However, there is limited mechanistic data on how these additives improve outcomes during this period. To evaluate the effects of Presan FX (MCOA) on the intestinal microbiota and metabolome, diets with or without 0.2% MCOA were compared. Pigs fed MCOA showed improved whole-body metabolism 7 days post-weaning, with decreased (P < 0.05) creatine, creatinine and β-hydroxybutyrate. Alterations in bile-associated metabolites and cholic acid were also observed at the same time-point (P < 0.05), suggesting MCOA increased bile acid production and secretion. Increased cholic acid was accompanied by increased tryptophan metabolites including indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) in systemic circulation (P = 0.004). An accompanying tendency toward increased Lactobacillus sp. in the small intestine was observed (P = 0.05). Many lactobacilli have bile acid tolerance mechanisms and contribute to production of IPA, suggesting increased bile acid production resulted in increased abundance of lactobacilli capable of tryptophan fermentation. Tryptophan metabolism is associated with the mature pig microbiota and many tryptophan metabolites such as IPA are considered beneficial to gut barrier function. In conclusion, MCOA may help maintain tissue metabolism and aid in microbiota re-assembly through bile acid production and secretion.
MeSH term(s)	Swine ; Animals ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Butyrates ; Tryptophan/pharmacology ; Lactobacillus/metabolism ; Organic Chemicals ; Phenols ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Cholic Acid ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Dietary Supplements/analysis
Chemical Substances	Fatty Acids ; Butyrates ; Tryptophan (8DUH1N11BX) ; Organic Chemicals ; Phenols ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Cholic Acid (G1JO7801AE)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0289214
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Article: Metabolomic Analysis of Wooden Breast Myopathy Shows a Disturbed Lipid Metabolism.

Boerboom, Gavin M / Navarro-Villa, Alberto / van Kempen, Theo A T G

Metabolites

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1

Abstract: Myopathies have risen strongly in recent years, likely linked to selection for appetite. For white striping (WS), causes have been identified; but for wooden breast (WB), the cause remains speculative. We used metabolomics to study the breast muscle of ... ...

Abstract	Myopathies have risen strongly in recent years, likely linked to selection for appetite. For white striping (WS), causes have been identified; but for wooden breast (WB), the cause remains speculative. We used metabolomics to study the breast muscle of 51 birds that were scored for both at 35 days of age to better understand potential causes. A partial least square discriminant analysis revealed that WS and WB had distinct metabolic profiles, implying different etiologies. Arginine and proline metabolism were affected in both, although differently: WB increased arginine in breast muscle implying that the birds did not use this pathway to increase tissue blood flow. Antioxidant defenses were impeded as shown by low anserine and beta-alanine. In contrast, GSH and selenium concentrations were increased. Serine, linked to anti-inflammatory properties, was increased. Taurine, which can stabilize the cell's sarcolemma as well as modulate potassium channels and cellular calcium homeostasis, was also increased. Mineral data and depressed phosphatidylethanolamine, cAMP, and creatine-phosphate suggested compromised energy metabolism. WB also had drastically lower diet-derived lipids, suggesting compromised lipid digestion. In conclusion, WB may be caused by impaired lipid digestion triggered by a very high appetite: the ensuing deficiencies may well impair blood flow into muscle resulting in irreparable damage.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662251-8
ISSN	2218-1989
ISSN	2218-1989
DOI	10.3390/metabo13010020
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Article ; Online: Tocopherol more bioavailable than tocopheryl-acetate as a source of vitamin E for broilers.

van Kempen, Theo A T G / Benítez Puñal, Samuel / Huijser, Jet / De Smet, Stefaan

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) e0268894

Abstract: Vitamin E is typically supplied in the form of tocopheryl-acetate (T-Ac) since tocopherol (T) has ... to compare the efficiency of absorption of T-Ac and T in broilers. In addition, two test procedures were ... till the age of 25 d (individual housing) or 28 d (group housing). Subsequently, they were fed T-Ac at 80, 53 ...

Abstract	Vitamin E is typically supplied in the form of tocopheryl-acetate (T-Ac) since tocopherol (T) has stability issues. Tocopheryl-acetate, however, must be hydrolyzed in the intestines before it can be absorbed, a step that is purportedly rate-limiting for its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of absorption of T-Ac and T in broilers. In addition, two test procedures were evaluated in which animals received the test substances for either 2 or 4 days only. Animals were adapted to diets without supplemental vitamin E (feedstuffs contributed 14±1 ppm natural vitamin E (RRR-tocopherol)) till the age of 25 d (individual housing) or 28 d (group housing). Subsequently, they were fed T-Ac at 80, 53, 36, 24, or 16 ppm or T at 80, 40, 20, 10, or 5 ppm for a period of 4 d (4-di) or 2 d (2-dg), after which serum and liver were collected for analysis of vitamin E. Measured feed vitamin E levels were used for the data analysis; the recovery of T-Ac was 85%, and that of T was 39%. Both test procedures (2 or 4 days) yielded good quality data. Based on linear regression analysis, the relative efficiency with which T-Ac raised tissue levels as compared to T was 0.24 (2-dg) to 0.37 (4-di), with liver and serum yielding similar results. Analysis using more complex dose response models imply that the hydrolysis of T-Ac was strongly dose-dependent and that it could be saturated at doses above approximately 50 ppm in animals only briefly fed T-Ac; for T there was no evidence of saturation. These data imply that T, provided that stable forms can be developed, has the potential to be much more efficient at providing vitamin E to the animal, and on top, can yield much higher tissue levels, than T-Ac.
MeSH term(s)	Acetates ; Animals ; Chickens ; Tocopherols ; Vitamin E ; alpha-Tocopherol/analysis
Chemical Substances	Acetates ; Vitamin E (1406-18-4) ; alpha-Tocopherol (H4N855PNZ1) ; Tocopherols (R0ZB2556P8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0268894
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2: influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D, on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19.

van Kempen, Theo A T G / Deixler, Elisabeth

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

2020 Volume 320, Issue 1, Page(s) E2–E6

Abstract: The use of vitamin D to reduce the severity of COVID-19 complications is receiving considerable attention, backed by encouraging data. Its purported mode of action is as an immune modulator. Vitamin D, however, also affects the metabolism of phosphate ... ...

Abstract	The use of vitamin D to reduce the severity of COVID-19 complications is receiving considerable attention, backed by encouraging data. Its purported mode of action is as an immune modulator. Vitamin D, however, also affects the metabolism of phosphate and Mg, which may well play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 may induce a cytokine storm that drains ATP whose regeneration requires phosphate and Mg. These minerals, however, are often deficient in conditions that predispose people to severe COVID-19, including older age (especially males), diabetes, obesity, and usage of diuretics. Symptoms observed in severe COVID-19 also fit well with those seen in classical hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, such as thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, dysfunction of liver and kidneys, neurologic disturbances, immunodeficiency, failure of heart and lungs, delayed weaning from a respirator, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, and, finally, multiorgan failure. Deficiencies of phosphate and Mg can be amplified by kidney problems commonly observed in patients with COVID-19 resulting in their wastage into urine. Available data show that phosphate and Mg are deficient in COVID-19, with phosphate showing a remarkable correlation with its severity. In one experiment, patients with COVID-19 were supplemented with a cocktail of vitamin D
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/complications ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19/metabolism ; Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Magnesium/therapeutic use ; Magnesium Deficiency/drug therapy ; Magnesium Deficiency/etiology ; Magnesium Deficiency/metabolism ; Vitamin B 12/therapeutic use ; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/drug therapy ; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/etiology ; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/metabolism ; Vitamin D/therapeutic use ; Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy ; Vitamin D Deficiency/etiology ; Vitamin D Deficiency/metabolism ; Vitamins/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Vitamins ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Magnesium (I38ZP9992A) ; Vitamin B 12 (P6YC3EG204)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603841-4
ISSN	1522-1555 ; 0193-1849
ISSN (online)	1522-1555
ISSN	0193-1849
DOI	10.1152/ajpendo.00474.2020
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Article ; Online: Review

van Kempen, Theo A.T.G. / Hulshof, Tetske G. / Gerrits, Walter J.J. / Zijlstra, Ruurd T.

Animal

The amazing gain-to-feed ratio of newly weaned piglets: sign of efficiency or deficiency?

2023 Volume 17, Issue 11

Abstract: ... to-feed ratio is achieved as they gain about as much weight as they eat (150–200 g/d). The high gain ...

Abstract	Shortly after weaning, piglets generally eat dry feed poorly; but nevertheless, a phenomenal gain-to-feed ratio is achieved as they gain about as much weight as they eat (150–200 g/d). The high gain-to-feed ratio, though, cannot be explained by their nutrient intake or nutrient repartitioning. Analyses based on tissue composition and bio-electrical impedance data showed that newly weaned piglets lose fat, maintain protein, and gain large amounts of water because of edema. This edema, which may well contribute up to one kg of BW, seems to be triggered by refeeding syndrome. Refeeding syndrome in adult humans occurs when subjects fast for an extended period of time (weeks) that results in downshifts in metabolic activity and concomitant shedding of phosphate (PO4), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) in urine. If food is abruptly reintroduced, thus, resulting in strong insulin spikes, metabolism is triggered but hampered by a lack of PO4, Mg, K, and thiamine, causing hypophosphatemia, metabolic stress, and edema. In piglets, the same process appears to happen immediately after weaning but in hours rather than weeks, possibly linked to their high metabolic rate. Refeeding syndrome can be lethal in humans but does not appear to be directly lethal in piglets. Our attempts to prevent it through altered diet composition and/or controlled feeding programs have not resulted in better performance at the end of the nursery phase. A practical ramification of weaning-induced edema is that growth and gain-to-feed ratio data immediately after weaning should be interpreted with caution. In addition, diets arguably should be formulated to not strongly trigger insulin release, while high lysine levels are not needed as the gain is not based on protein accretion.
Keywords	Edema ; Hypophosphatemia ; Insulin ; Refeeding syndrome ; Swine
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2257920-5
ISSN	1751-732X ; 1751-7311
ISSN (online)	1751-732X
ISSN	1751-7311
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Tocopherol more bioavailable than tocopheryl-acetate as a source of vitamin E for broilers

Theo A. T. G. van Kempen / Samuel Benítez Puñal / Jet Huijser / Stefaan De Smet

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss

2022 Volume 5

Abstract	Vitamin E is typically supplied in the form of tocopheryl-acetate (T-Ac) since tocopherol (T) has stability issues. Tocopheryl-acetate, however, must be hydrolyzed in the intestines before it can be absorbed, a step that is purportedly rate-limiting for its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of absorption of T-Ac and T in broilers. In addition, two test procedures were evaluated in which animals received the test substances for either 2 or 4 days only. Animals were adapted to diets without supplemental vitamin E (feedstuffs contributed 14±1 ppm natural vitamin E (RRR-tocopherol)) till the age of 25 d (individual housing) or 28 d (group housing). Subsequently, they were fed T-Ac at 80, 53, 36, 24, or 16 ppm or T at 80, 40, 20, 10, or 5 ppm for a period of 4 d (4-di) or 2 d (2-dg), after which serum and liver were collected for analysis of vitamin E. Measured feed vitamin E levels were used for the data analysis; the recovery of T-Ac was 85%, and that of T was 39%. Both test procedures (2 or 4 days) yielded good quality data. Based on linear regression analysis, the relative efficiency with which T-Ac raised tissue levels as compared to T was 0.24 (2-dg) to 0.37 (4-di), with liver and serum yielding similar results. Analysis using more complex dose response models imply that the hydrolysis of T-Ac was strongly dose-dependent and that it could be saturated at doses above approximately 50 ppm in animals only briefly fed T-Ac; for T there was no evidence of saturation. These data imply that T, provided that stable forms can be developed, has the potential to be much more efficient at providing vitamin E to the animal, and on top, can yield much higher tissue levels, than T-Ac.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Tocopherol more bioavailable than tocopheryl-acetate as a source of vitamin E for broilers.

Theo A T G van Kempen / Samuel Benítez Puñal / Jet Huijser / Stefaan De Smet

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 5, p e

2022 Volume 0268894

Abstract	Vitamin E is typically supplied in the form of tocopheryl-acetate (T-Ac) since tocopherol (T) has stability issues. Tocopheryl-acetate, however, must be hydrolyzed in the intestines before it can be absorbed, a step that is purportedly rate-limiting for its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of absorption of T-Ac and T in broilers. In addition, two test procedures were evaluated in which animals received the test substances for either 2 or 4 days only. Animals were adapted to diets without supplemental vitamin E (feedstuffs contributed 14±1 ppm natural vitamin E (RRR-tocopherol)) till the age of 25 d (individual housing) or 28 d (group housing). Subsequently, they were fed T-Ac at 80, 53, 36, 24, or 16 ppm or T at 80, 40, 20, 10, or 5 ppm for a period of 4 d (4-di) or 2 d (2-dg), after which serum and liver were collected for analysis of vitamin E. Measured feed vitamin E levels were used for the data analysis; the recovery of T-Ac was 85%, and that of T was 39%. Both test procedures (2 or 4 days) yielded good quality data. Based on linear regression analysis, the relative efficiency with which T-Ac raised tissue levels as compared to T was 0.24 (2-dg) to 0.37 (4-di), with liver and serum yielding similar results. Analysis using more complex dose response models imply that the hydrolysis of T-Ac was strongly dose-dependent and that it could be saturated at doses above approximately 50 ppm in animals only briefly fed T-Ac; for T there was no evidence of saturation. These data imply that T, provided that stable forms can be developed, has the potential to be much more efficient at providing vitamin E to the animal, and on top, can yield much higher tissue levels, than T-Ac.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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