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  1. Article ; Online: Saliva RT-PCR Sensitivity Over the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

    Wyllie, Anne L / Premsrirut, Prem K

    JAMA

    2022  Volume 327, Issue 2, Page(s) 182–183

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Humans ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saliva ; Specimen Handling
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.21703
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  2. Article ; Online: The potential of saliva as an accessible and sensitive sample type for the detection of respiratory pathogens and host immunity.

    Laxton, Claire S / Peno, Chikondi / Hahn, Anne M / Allicock, Orchid M / Perniciaro, Stephanie / Wyllie, Anne L

    The Lancet. Microbe

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 10, Page(s) e837–e850

    Abstract: Despite its prominence in early scientific records, the usefulness of saliva as a respiratory specimen has been de-emphasised over the past century. However, due to its low cost and reliance on specific supply chains and the non-invasive nature of its ... ...

    Abstract Despite its prominence in early scientific records, the usefulness of saliva as a respiratory specimen has been de-emphasised over the past century. However, due to its low cost and reliance on specific supply chains and the non-invasive nature of its collection, its benefits over swab-based specimens are again becoming increasingly recognised. These benefits were highlighted over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, where saliva emerged as a more practical, clinically non-inferior sample type for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and saw numerous saliva-based diagnostic tests approved for clinical use. Looking forward, as saliva uniquely contains both respiratory secretions and immunological components, it has potentially wide applications, ranging from clinical diagnostics to post-vaccine disease burden and immunity surveillance. This Personal View seeks to summarise the existing evidence for the use of saliva in detecting respiratory pathogens, beyond SARS-CoV-2, as well as detailing methodological factors that can influence sample quality and thus, clinical utility.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saliva ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 Testing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2666-5247
    ISSN (online) 2666-5247
    DOI 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00135-0
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  3. Article ; Online: Saliva for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Reply.

    Wyllie, Anne L / Vogels, Chantal B F / Grubaugh, Nathan D

    The New England journal of medicine

    2021  Volume 384, Issue 9, Page(s) e31

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Humans ; Nasopharynx ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saliva ; Specimen Handling
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMc2032165
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  4. Article ; Online: Pooled RNA-extraction-free testing of saliva for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

    Allicock, Orchid M / Yolda-Carr, Devyn / Todd, John A / Wyllie, Anne L

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 7426

    Abstract: The key to limiting SARS-CoV-2 spread is to identify virus-infected individuals (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) and isolate them from the general population. Hence, routine weekly testing for SARS-CoV-2 in all asymptomatic (capturing both infected ... ...

    Abstract The key to limiting SARS-CoV-2 spread is to identify virus-infected individuals (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) and isolate them from the general population. Hence, routine weekly testing for SARS-CoV-2 in all asymptomatic (capturing both infected and non-infected) individuals is considered critical in situations where a large number of individuals co-congregate such as schools, prisons, aged care facilities and industrial workplaces. Such testing is hampered by operational issues such as cost, test availability, access to healthcare workers and throughput. We developed the SalivaDirect RT-qPCR assay to increase access to SARS-CoV-2 testing via a low-cost, streamlined protocol using self-collected saliva. To expand the single sample testing protocol, we explored multiple extraction-free pooled saliva testing workflows prior to testing with the SalivaDirect RT-qPCR assay. A pool size of five, with or without heat inactivation at 65 °C for 15 min prior to testing resulted in a positive agreement of 98% and 89%, respectively, and an increased Ct value shift of 1.37 and 1.99 as compared to individual testing of the positive clinical saliva specimens. Applying this shift in Ct value to 316 individual, sequentially collected, SARS-CoV-2 positive saliva specimen results reported from six clinical laboratories using the original SalivaDirect assay, 100% of the samples would have been detected (Ct value < 45) had they been tested in the 1:5 pool strategy. The availability of multiple pooled testing workflows for laboratories can increase test turnaround time, permitting results in a more actionable time frame while minimizing testing costs and changes to laboratory operational flow.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Aged ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Saliva ; RNA ; Specimen Handling ; RNA, Viral/genetics
    Chemical Substances RNA (63231-63-0) ; RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-34662-2
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  5. Article: Testing Saliva to Reveal the Submerged Cases of the COVID-19 Iceberg.

    Borghi, Elisa / Massa, Valentina / Zuccotti, Gianvincenzo / Wyllie, Anne L

    Frontiers in microbiology

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) 721635

    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-12
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2587354-4
    ISSN 1664-302X
    ISSN 1664-302X
    DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721635
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  6. Article ; Online: High Levels of Detection of Nonpneumococcal Species of Streptococcus in Saliva from Adults in the United States.

    Hislop, Maikel S / Allicock, Orchid M / Thammavongsa, Darani A / Mbodj, Sidiya / Nelson, Allison / Shaw, Albert C / Weinberger, Daniel M / Wyllie, Anne L

    Microbiology spectrum

    2023  Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) e0520722

    Abstract: While the sensitivity of detection of pneumococcal carriage can be improved by testing respiratory tract samples with quantitative PCR (qPCR), concerns have been raised regarding the specificity of this approach. We therefore investigated the reliability ...

    Abstract While the sensitivity of detection of pneumococcal carriage can be improved by testing respiratory tract samples with quantitative PCR (qPCR), concerns have been raised regarding the specificity of this approach. We therefore investigated the reliability of the widely used
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; United States ; Aged ; Pneumococcal Infections/diagnosis ; Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology ; Saliva ; Reproducibility of Results ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2807133-5
    ISSN 2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
    ISSN (online) 2165-0497
    ISSN 2165-0497
    DOI 10.1128/spectrum.05207-22
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  7. Article ; Online: Pooled RNA-extraction-free testing of saliva for the detection of SARS-CoV-2

    Orchid M. Allicock / Devyn Yolda-Carr / John A. Todd / Anne L. Wyllie

    Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2023  Volume 8

    Abstract: Abstract The key to limiting SARS-CoV-2 spread is to identify virus-infected individuals (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) and isolate them from the general population. Hence, routine weekly testing for SARS-CoV-2 in all asymptomatic (capturing both ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The key to limiting SARS-CoV-2 spread is to identify virus-infected individuals (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) and isolate them from the general population. Hence, routine weekly testing for SARS-CoV-2 in all asymptomatic (capturing both infected and non-infected) individuals is considered critical in situations where a large number of individuals co-congregate such as schools, prisons, aged care facilities and industrial workplaces. Such testing is hampered by operational issues such as cost, test availability, access to healthcare workers and throughput. We developed the SalivaDirect RT-qPCR assay to increase access to SARS-CoV-2 testing via a low-cost, streamlined protocol using self-collected saliva. To expand the single sample testing protocol, we explored multiple extraction-free pooled saliva testing workflows prior to testing with the SalivaDirect RT-qPCR assay. A pool size of five, with or without heat inactivation at 65 °C for 15 min prior to testing resulted in a positive agreement of 98% and 89%, respectively, and an increased Ct value shift of 1.37 and 1.99 as compared to individual testing of the positive clinical saliva specimens. Applying this shift in Ct value to 316 individual, sequentially collected, SARS-CoV-2 positive saliva specimen results reported from six clinical laboratories using the original SalivaDirect assay, 100% of the samples would have been detected (Ct value < 45) had they been tested in the 1:5 pool strategy. The availability of multiple pooled testing workflows for laboratories can increase test turnaround time, permitting results in a more actionable time frame while minimizing testing costs and changes to laboratory operational flow.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Saliva as a gold-standard sample for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

    Tan, Steph H / Allicock, Orchid / Armstrong-Hough, Mari / Wyllie, Anne L

    The Lancet. Respiratory medicine

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 6, Page(s) 562–564

    MeSH term(s) Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology ; Asymptomatic Infections/therapy ; COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Serological Testing/economics ; COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Saliva/virology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Specimen Handling/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2686754-0
    ISSN 2213-2619 ; 2213-2600
    ISSN (online) 2213-2619
    ISSN 2213-2600
    DOI 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00178-8
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  9. Article ; Online: Saliva as an alternative sample type for detection of pneumococcal carriage in young children.

    Wyllie, Anne L / Rots, Nynke Y / Wijmenga-Monsuur, Alienke J / van Houten, Marlies A / Sanders, Elisabeth A M / Trzciński, Krzysztof

    Microbiology (Reading, England)

    2023  Volume 169, Issue 10

    Abstract: For children, the gold standard for the detection of pneumococcal carriage is conventional culture of a nasopharyngeal swab. Saliva, however, has a history as one of the most sensitive methods for surveillance of pneumococcal colonization and has ... ...

    Abstract For children, the gold standard for the detection of pneumococcal carriage is conventional culture of a nasopharyngeal swab. Saliva, however, has a history as one of the most sensitive methods for surveillance of pneumococcal colonization and has recently been shown to improve carriage detection in older age groups. Here, we compared the sensitivity of paired nasopharyngeal and saliva samples from PCV7-vaccinated 24-month-old children for pneumococcal carriage detection using conventional and molecular detection methods. Nasopharyngeal and saliva samples were collected from 288 24-month-old children during the autumn/winter, 2012/2013. All samples were first processed by conventional diagnostic culture. Next, DNA extracted from all plate growth was tested by qPCR for the presence of the pneumococcal genes
    MeSH term(s) Infant ; Humans ; Child ; Aged ; Child, Preschool ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/genetics ; Pneumococcal Infections/diagnosis ; Saliva ; Serotyping ; Carrier State/diagnosis ; Carrier State/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1180712-x
    ISSN 1465-2080 ; 1350-0872
    ISSN (online) 1465-2080
    ISSN 1350-0872
    DOI 10.1099/mic.0.001394
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  10. Article ; Online: Discordant SARS-CoV-2 PCR and Rapid Antigen Test Results When Infectious: A December 2021 Occupational Case Series

    Adamson, Blythe J / Sikka, Robby / Wyllie, Anne L / Premsrirut, Prem K

    medRxiv

    Abstract: The performance of Covid-19 diagnostic tests must continue to be reassessed with new variants of concern. The objective of this study was to describe the discordance in saliva SARS-CoV-2 PCR and nasal rapid antigen test results during the early ... ...

    Abstract The performance of Covid-19 diagnostic tests must continue to be reassessed with new variants of concern. The objective of this study was to describe the discordance in saliva SARS-CoV-2 PCR and nasal rapid antigen test results during the early infectious period. We identified a high-risk occupational case cohort of 30 individuals with daily testing during an Omicron outbreak in December 2021. Based on viral load and transmissions confirmed through epidemiological investigation, most Omicron cases were infectious for several days before being detectable by rapid antigen tests.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-05
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2022.01.04.22268770
    Database COVID19

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