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Article: Social Policies and Theories on Quality of Life under COVID-19: In Search of the Missing Links.

Shek, Daniel T L / Leung, Janet T Y / Tan, Lindan

2023 , Page(s) 1–17

Abstract: COVID-19 has generated many negative impacts on the family, including impaired psychological well-being of family members (parents and children) and family processes (such as parenting and family functioning). Regarding social policies to support ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 has generated many negative impacts on the family, including impaired psychological well-being of family members (parents and children) and family processes (such as parenting and family functioning). Regarding social policies to support families under the pandemic, there are several missing links. First, COVID-19 related policies mainly focus on physical well-being with a relatively weaker emphasis on psychological well-being. Second, with social policies primarily aiming at stabilizing the "financial capital" of the public, human capital (particularly personal resilience) and social capital (particularly family resilience) are relatively neglected. Third, while "general" social policies may help "averaged" individuals and families, there is a need to take pre-existing family vulnerabilities (such as poverty and caregiving burdens) and inequalities into account when formulating "down to earth" social policies. Fourth, while social science knowledge and theories have important potential contributions to help develop relevant policies and services to promote quality of life under COVID-19, explicit utilization is not strong. With reference to these missing links, we proposed several research and practice directions for the promotion of quality of life under the pandemic.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2251932-4
ISSN	1871-2576 ; 1871-2584
ISSN (online)	1871-2576
ISSN	1871-2584
DOI	10.1007/s11482-023-10147-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict.

Leung, Janet T Y

International journal of environmental research and public health

2020 Volume 17, Issue 24

Abstract: Background: Concerted cultivation is a parenting strategy that parents nurture their children intensively by involving heavily in their children's academic sphere as well as offering them different structured "enrichment" activities so that their ... ...

Abstract	Background: Concerted cultivation is a parenting strategy that parents nurture their children intensively by involving heavily in their children's academic sphere as well as offering them different structured "enrichment" activities so that their children can succeed in the future competitive "rug rat race". While this parenting strategy has been regarded as an effective strategy to promote child and adolescent development, it is deemed to create stress and anxiety for their children. The present study examined the relationship between concerted cultivation and adolescent psychopathology (indexed by depression and anxiety) via parent-child conflict among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong over time. Method: A sample of 1570 young adolescents (48.5% girls, mean age at time 1 = 12.6, Results: Results from structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of paternal concerted cultivation were associated with higher levels of adolescent psychopathology via increased father-child conflict over time. However, maternal concerted cultivation was linked to greater mother-child conflict but reduced father-child conflict, which was associated with adolescent psychopathology. Discussion: Rather than regarding concerted cultivation as an effective parenting strategy that promotes adolescent development, the findings indicated that concerted cultivation increased adolescent psychopathology via increased parent-child conflict. The study sheds new light for family practitioners and educators in their awareness of the adverse effects of concerted cultivation and designing appropriate parent education programs for parents.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Health ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Child ; Depression/epidemiology ; Family Conflict ; Fathers ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1660-4601
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
DOI	10.3390/ijerph17249173
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Article ; Online: Perceived parental sacrifice, filial piety and hopelessness among Chinese adolescents: A cross-lagged panel study.

Leung, Janet T Y

Journal of adolescence

2020 Volume 81, Page(s) 39–51

Abstract: Introduction: There is a dearth of research on examining the longitudinal effects of cultural family processes on adolescent hopelessness, and the mechanisms through which the effects happen. Hence, the present study examined the relationship among ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: There is a dearth of research on examining the longitudinal effects of cultural family processes on adolescent hopelessness, and the mechanisms through which the effects happen. Hence, the present study examined the relationship among parental (paternal and maternal) sacrifices, filial piety and adolescent hopelessness in the Chinese context. Methods: The study was based on a three-wave longitudinal data from a sample of 1569 Chinese adolescents (Time 1: mean age = 13.15 ± .92 years; 50.8% girls). The adolescents were invited to fill out a questionnaire containing measurements of studied variables thrice, at an interval of one year. Results: The results of cross-lagged panel analysis indicated that maternal sacrifice was associated with filial piety, which in turn was linked with hopelessness among Chinese adolescents. Moreover, there was bidirectional effects of adolescent hopelessness at earlier time point on paternal and maternal sacrifice at later time point via filial piety. Conclusions: The study showed that maternal sacrifice serves as a protective factor that reduces adolescents' sense of hopelessness via the development of filial piety. At the same time, the bidirectional indirect effects of filial piety on the relationship between parental sacrifice and adolescent hopelessness also alert family researchers and youth practitioners on the child effects on parental behavior in Chinese families. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Female ; Hong Kong ; Hope ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Parent-Child Relations ; Parenting/psychology ; Self Concept ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	303529-3
ISSN	1095-9254 ; 0140-1971
ISSN (online)	1095-9254
ISSN	0140-1971
DOI	10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.04.005
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Article ; Online: Development and Validation of the Chinese Family Resilience Scale in Families in Hong Kong.

Leung, Janet T Y / Shek, Daniel T L / Tang, Chak-Man

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 3

Abstract: Family resilience is an important protective factor mitigating the negative impact of adversities on individuals and families. As there are very few validated measures of family resilience in the Chinese context, we have developed the Chinese Family ... ...

Abstract	Family resilience is an important protective factor mitigating the negative impact of adversities on individuals and families. As there are very few validated measures of family resilience in the Chinese context, we have developed the Chinese Family Resilience Scale (C-FRS) based on the family resilience framework of Froma Walsh. In this paper, we outline the development and the validation of the C-FRS with reference to the socio-cultural context of Hong Kong. Based on content validation involving family experts, the initial 51 items were assessed in terms of their relevance, clarity, and representativeness. The results showed that these items possessed adequate content validity. In order to validate the 51-item measure, we examined its convergent validity, its factorial validity, and its internal consistency based on the responses of 1020 Chinese families (
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Hong Kong ; Reproducibility of Results ; Family Health ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Resilience, Psychological ; Psychometrics/methods ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20031929
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Article ; Online: Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict

Janet T. Y. Leung

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 9173, p

2020 Volume 9173

Abstract: Background : Concerted cultivation is a parenting strategy that parents nurture their children intensively by involving heavily in their children’s academic sphere as well as offering them different structured “enrichment” activities so that their ... ...

Abstract	Background : Concerted cultivation is a parenting strategy that parents nurture their children intensively by involving heavily in their children’s academic sphere as well as offering them different structured “enrichment” activities so that their children can succeed in the future competitive “rug rat race”. While this parenting strategy has been regarded as an effective strategy to promote child and adolescent development, it is deemed to create stress and anxiety for their children. The present study examined the relationship between concerted cultivation and adolescent psychopathology (indexed by depression and anxiety) via parent–child conflict among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong over time. Method : A sample of 1570 young adolescents (48.5% girls, mean age at time 1 = 12.6, SD = 0.76) were recruited from 19 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Adolescents were invited to fill out a questionnaire that contained measures of concerted cultivation, parent–child conflict, anxiety and depression in two consecutive years. Results: Results from structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of paternal concerted cultivation were associated with higher levels of adolescent psychopathology via increased father–child conflict over time. However, maternal concerted cultivation was linked to greater mother–child conflict but reduced father-child conflict, which was associated with adolescent psychopathology. Discussion: Rather than regarding concerted cultivation as an effective parenting strategy that promotes adolescent development, the findings indicated that concerted cultivation increased adolescent psychopathology via increased parent–child conflict. The study sheds new light for family practitioners and educators in their awareness of the adverse effects of concerted cultivation and designing appropriate parent education programs for parents.
Keywords	concerted cultivation ; adolescent psychopathology ; parent–child conflict ; Chinese ; longitudinal study ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families: Filial Responsibilities-Risks or Buffers?

Leung, Janet T Y / Shek, Daniel T L / To, Siu-Ming / Ngai, So-Wa

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 7

Abstract: Single motherhood and poverty have a significant, negative impact on mothers and their children. When their mothers experience maternal distress, adolescent children have to take up more instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities to comfort their ...

Abstract	Single motherhood and poverty have a significant, negative impact on mothers and their children. When their mothers experience maternal distress, adolescent children have to take up more instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities to comfort their mother and adapt to related changes. Based on 325 mother-child dyads of Chinese single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage, this study examined the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent mental health problems (indexed by anxiety and depression) and the moderating roles of instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities. Results indicated that maternal distress was positively associated with anxiety and depression in adolescent children. In addition, instrumental filial responsibility intensified the associations of maternal distress with adolescent anxiety and depression. Moreover, the moderating role of emotional filial responsibility in the predictive relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was different in boys and girls. Adolescent girls with more emotional filial responsibility reported higher adolescent anxiety than did those who shouldered less emotional filial responsibility when their mother exhibited more distress, whereas the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was stable in boys, regardless of emotional filial responsibility. In short, the present study showed that parentification was likely to occur in poor Chinese single-mother families, and adolescent children who took up a more caregiving role in the family exhibited poorer mental health. Family counselling and tangible support for single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage are urged.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; East Asian People/psychology ; Emotions ; Mental Health/economics ; Mother-Child Relations/psychology ; Mothers/psychology ; Single-Parent Family/psychology ; Poverty/economics ; Poverty/psychology ; Child Poverty/economics ; Child Poverty/psychology ; China ; Anxiety/economics ; Anxiety/psychology ; Depression/economics ; Depression/psychology ; Adolescent Health/economics ; Caregiver Burden/economics ; Caregiver Burden/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20075363
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Article ; Online: Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families

Janet T. Y. Leung / Daniel T. L. Shek / Siu-Ming To / So-Wa Ngai

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 20, Iss 5363, p

Filial Responsibilities—Risks or Buffers?

2023 Volume 5363

Abstract	Single motherhood and poverty have a significant, negative impact on mothers and their children. When their mothers experience maternal distress, adolescent children have to take up more instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities to comfort their mother and adapt to related changes. Based on 325 mother–child dyads of Chinese single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage, this study examined the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent mental health problems (indexed by anxiety and depression) and the moderating roles of instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities. Results indicated that maternal distress was positively associated with anxiety and depression in adolescent children. In addition, instrumental filial responsibility intensified the associations of maternal distress with adolescent anxiety and depression. Moreover, the moderating role of emotional filial responsibility in the predictive relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was different in boys and girls. Adolescent girls with more emotional filial responsibility reported higher adolescent anxiety than did those who shouldered less emotional filial responsibility when their mother exhibited more distress, whereas the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was stable in boys, regardless of emotional filial responsibility. In short, the present study showed that parentification was likely to occur in poor Chinese single-mother families, and adolescent children who took up a more caregiving role in the family exhibited poorer mental health. Family counselling and tangible support for single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage are urged.
Keywords	filial responsibility ; maternal distress ; adolescent mental health ; single-mother families ; poverty ; Chinese ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360 ; 150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development and Validation of the Chinese Family Resilience Scale in Families in Hong Kong

Janet T. Y. Leung / Daniel T. L. Shek / Chak-Man Tang

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 20, Iss 1929, p

2023 Volume 1929

Abstract	Family resilience is an important protective factor mitigating the negative impact of adversities on individuals and families. As there are very few validated measures of family resilience in the Chinese context, we have developed the Chinese Family Resilience Scale (C-FRS) based on the family resilience framework of Froma Walsh. In this paper, we outline the development and the validation of the C-FRS with reference to the socio-cultural context of Hong Kong. Based on content validation involving family experts, the initial 51 items were assessed in terms of their relevance, clarity, and representativeness. The results showed that these items possessed adequate content validity. In order to validate the 51-item measure, we examined its convergent validity, its factorial validity, and its internal consistency based on the responses of 1020 Chinese families ( N = 2858 participants). After removing the items with unsatisfactory psychometric properties, we retained 35 items in the final scale. The results showed that the C-FRS scores were significantly related to family functioning, thus providing support for its convergent validity. This study also provided support for the conceptual model of Walsh (i.e., three high-order domains involving nine primary indicators). Most importantly, the measurement invariance tests showed that the dimensions of the C-FRS were invariant among fathers, mothers, and adolescent children. As the findings support the reliability and the validity of the 35-item C-FRS, we suggest that this measure can be objectively used to assess family resilience in Chinese communities.
Keywords	family resilience ; validation ; measurement invariance ; confirmatory factor analysis ; Chinese ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	410
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies in Perceived Parental Sacrifice and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes in Poor Chinese Families.

Leung, Janet T Y

Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence

2017 Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 520–536

Abstract: Parents and adolescents perceive family processes differently. This study examined how convergence and divergence of parent-perceived and adolescent-perceived parental sacrifice influenced adolescent developmental outcomes in a sample of 275 poor intact ... ...

Abstract	Parents and adolescents perceive family processes differently. This study examined how convergence and divergence of parent-perceived and adolescent-perceived parental sacrifice influenced adolescent developmental outcomes in a sample of 275 poor intact Chinese families in Hong Kong. The results of polynomial regression analyses indicated that the interaction of fathers' and adolescents' perceptions of paternal sacrifice negatively predicted adolescent resilience and cognitive competence. Similar findings were identified in maternal sacrifice. Cluster analysis further showed that adolescents exhibited greater resilience and cognitive competence in families with parent-adolescent convergent perceptions of high levels of parental sacrifice than did those in families with parent-adolescent divergent views. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the results are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Adolescent Development/physiology ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cluster Analysis ; Female ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parenting ; Parents/psychology ; Psychology, Adolescent ; Social Perception ; Socioeconomic Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2017369-6
ISSN	1532-7795 ; 1050-8392
ISSN (online)	1532-7795
ISSN	1050-8392
DOI	10.1111/jora.12356
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Article ; Online: Actor-partner interdependence of socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and parental control in Chinese families.

Leung, Janet T Y / Shek, Daniel T L / Kwok, Lydia M H / Cheung, Jacqueline H L

Family process

2022 Volume 62, Issue 2, Page(s) 722–736

Abstract: The rise of intense competition for younger generation has intensified social expectations of being a good parent. Based on the data of 386 Chinese intact families with fathers ( ... ...

Abstract	The rise of intense competition for younger generation has intensified social expectations of being a good parent. Based on the data of 386 Chinese intact families with fathers (M
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Parenting/psychology ; Perfectionism ; Parents/psychology ; Fathers ; Parent-Child Relations
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	212740-4
ISSN	1545-5300 ; 0014-7370
ISSN (online)	1545-5300
ISSN	0014-7370
DOI	10.1111/famp.12794
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