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Article: A multi-faceted role of dual-state dopamine signaling in working memory, attentional control, and intelligence.

Matzel, Louis D / Sauce, Bruno

2023 Volume 17, Page(s) 1060786

Abstract: Genetic evidence strongly suggests that individual differences in intelligence will not be reducible to a single dominant cause. However, ...

Abstract	Genetic evidence strongly suggests that individual differences in intelligence will not be reducible to a single dominant cause. However,
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2452960-6
ISSN	1662-5153
ISSN	1662-5153
DOI	10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1060786
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Article ; Online: Evolution, brain size, and variations in intelligence.

Matzel, Louis D / Sauce, Bruno

The Behavioral and brain sciences

2018 Volume 40, Page(s) e213

Abstract: Across taxonomic subfamilies, variations in intelligence (G) are sometimes related to brain size. However, within species, brain size plays a smaller role in explaining variations in general intelligence (g), and the cause-and-effect relationship may be ... ...

Abstract	Across taxonomic subfamilies, variations in intelligence (G) are sometimes related to brain size. However, within species, brain size plays a smaller role in explaining variations in general intelligence (g), and the cause-and-effect relationship may be opposite to what appears intuitive. Instead, individual differences in intelligence may reflect variations in domain-general processes that are only superficially related to brain size.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Individuality ; Intelligence ; Organ Size
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	423721-3
ISSN	1469-1825 ; 0140-525X
ISSN (online)	1469-1825
ISSN	0140-525X
DOI	10.1017/S0140525X16001722
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Article ; Online: Déjà vu All Over Again: A Unitary Biological Mechanism for Intelligence Is (Probably) Untenable.

Matzel, Louis D / Crawford, Dylan W / Sauce, Bruno

Journal of Intelligence

2020 Volume 8, Issue 2

Abstract: Nearly a century ago, Spearman proposed that "specific factors can be regarded as the 'nuts and bolts' of cognitive performance…, while the general factor is the mental energy available to power the specific engines". Geary (2018; 2019) takes Spearman's ... ...

Abstract	Nearly a century ago, Spearman proposed that "specific factors can be regarded as the 'nuts and bolts' of cognitive performance…, while the general factor is the mental energy available to power the specific engines". Geary (2018; 2019) takes Spearman's analogy of "mental energy" quite literally and doubles-down on the notion by proposing that a unitary energy source, the mitochondria, explains variations in both cognitive function and health-related outcomes. This idea is reminiscent of many earlier attempts to describe a low-level biological determinant of general intelligence. While Geary does an admirable job developing an innovative theory with specific and testable predictions, this new theory suffers many of the shortcomings of previous attempts at similar goals. We argue that Geary's theory is generally implausible, and does not map well onto known psychological and genetic properties of intelligence or its relationship to health and fitness. While Geary's theory serves as an elegant model of "what could be", it is less successful as a description of "what is".
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2721035-2
ISSN	2079-3200 ; 2079-3200
ISSN (online)	2079-3200
ISSN	2079-3200
DOI	10.3390/jintelligence8020024
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Article ; Online: A Chronic Increase in Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Facilitates Intraneuronal Deposition of Exogenous Bloodborne Amyloid-Beta1-42 Peptide in the Brain and Leads to Alzheimer's Disease-Relevant Cognitive Changes in a Mouse Model.

Acharya, Nimish K / Grossman, Henya C / Clifford, Peter M / Levin, Eli C / Light, Kenneth R / Choi, Hana / Swanson Ii, Randel L / Kosciuk, Mary C / Venkataraman, Venkat / Libon, David J / Matzel, Louis D / Nagele, Robert G

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD

2024 Volume 98, Issue 1, Page(s) 163–186

Abstract: Background: Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (especially Aβ1-42) (Aβ42) have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, but the nature of their involvement in AD-related neuropathological changes ... ...

Abstract	Background: Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides (especially Aβ1-42) (Aβ42) have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, but the nature of their involvement in AD-related neuropathological changes leading to cognitive changes remains poorly understood. Objective: To test the hypothesis that chronic extravasation of bloodborne Aβ42 peptide and brain-reactive autoantibodies and their entry into the brain parenchyma via a permeable BBB contribute to AD-related pathological changes and cognitive changes in a mouse model. Methods: The BBB was rendered chronically permeable through repeated injections of Pertussis toxin (PT), and soluble monomeric, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled or unlabeled Aβ42 was injected into the tail-vein of 10-month-old male CD1 mice at designated intervals spanning ∼3 months. Acquisition of learned behaviors and long-term retention were assessed via a battery of cognitive and behavioral tests and linked to neuropathological changes. Results: Mice injected with both PT and Aβ42 demonstrated a preferential deficit in the capacity for long-term retention and an increased susceptibility to interference in selective attention compared to mice exposed to PT or saline only. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed increased BBB permeability and entry of bloodborne Aβ42 and immunoglobulin G (IgG) into the brain parenchyma, selective neuronal binding of IgG and neuronal accumulation of Aβ42 in animals injected with both PT and Aβ42 compared to controls. Conclusion: Results highlight the potential synergistic role of BBB compromise and the influx of bloodborne Aβ42 into the brain in both the initiation and progression of neuropathologic and cognitive changes associated with AD.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Mice ; Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/toxicity ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Cognition ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Peptide Fragments ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Immunoglobulin G
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-22
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1440127-7
ISSN	1875-8908 ; 1387-2877
ISSN (online)	1875-8908
ISSN	1387-2877
DOI	10.3233/JAD-231028
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Article ; Online: Individual differences: Case studies of rodent and primate intelligence.

Matzel, Louis D / Sauce, Bruno

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2017 Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 325–340

Abstract: Early in the 20th century, individual differences were a central focus of psychologists. By the end of that century, studies of individual differences had become far less common, and attention to these differences played little role in the development of ...

Abstract	Early in the 20th century, individual differences were a central focus of psychologists. By the end of that century, studies of individual differences had become far less common, and attention to these differences played little role in the development of contemporary theory. To illustrate the important role of individual differences, here we consider variations in intelligence as a compelling example. General intelligence (g) has now been demonstrated in at least 2 distinct genera: primates (including humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and tamarins) and rodents (mice and rats). The expression of general intelligence varies widely across individuals within a species; these variations have tremendous functional consequence, and are attributable to interactions of genes and environment. Here we provide evidence for these assertions, describe the processes that contribute to variations in general intelligence, as well as the methods that underlie the analysis of individual differences. We conclude by describing why consideration of individual differences is critical to our understanding of learning, cognition, and behavior, and illustrate how attention to individual differences can contribute to more effective administration of therapeutic strategies for psychological disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Attention/physiology ; Humans ; Individuality ; Intelligence/physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Primates/physiology ; Rodentia/physiology ; Thinking/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000152
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Article ; Online: The paradox of intelligence: Heritability and malleability coexist in hidden gene-environment interplay.

Sauce, Bruno / Matzel, Louis D

Psychological bulletin

2017 Volume 144, Issue 1, Page(s) 26–47

Abstract: Intelligence can have an extremely high heritability, but also be malleable; a paradox that has been the source of continuous controversy. Here we attempt to clarify the issue, and advance a frequently overlooked solution to the paradox: Intelligence is ... ...

Abstract	Intelligence can have an extremely high heritability, but also be malleable; a paradox that has been the source of continuous controversy. Here we attempt to clarify the issue, and advance a frequently overlooked solution to the paradox: Intelligence is a trait with unusual properties that create a large reservoir of hidden gene-environment (GE) networks, allowing for the contribution of high genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in IQ. GE interplay is difficult to specify with current methods, and is underestimated in standard metrics of heritability (thus inflating estimates of "genetic" effects). We describe empirical evidence for GE interplay in intelligence, with malleability existing on top of heritability. The evidence covers cognitive gains consequent to adoption/immigration, changes in IQ's heritability across life span and socioeconomic status, gains in IQ over time consequent to societal development (the Flynn effect), the slowdown of age-related cognitive decline, and the gains in intelligence from early education. The GE solution has novel implications for enduring problems, including our inability to identify intelligence-related genes (also known as IQ's "missing heritability"), and the loss of initial benefits from early intervention programs (such as "Head Start"). The GE solution can be a powerful guide to future research, and may also aid policies to overcome barriers to the development of intelligence, particularly in impoverished and underprivileged populations. (PsycINFO Database Record
MeSH term(s)	Gene-Environment Interaction ; Humans ; Intelligence/genetics ; Intelligence/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1321-3
ISSN	1939-1455 ; 0033-2909
ISSN (online)	1939-1455
ISSN	0033-2909
DOI	10.1037/bul0000131
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Article ; Online: Déjà vu All Over Again

Louis D. Matzel / Dylan W. Crawford / Bruno Sauce

Journal of Intelligence, Vol 8, Iss 24, p

A Unitary Biological Mechanism for Intelligence Is (Probably) Untenable

2020 Volume 24

Abstract: Nearly a century ago, Spearman proposed that “specific factors can be regarded as the ‘nuts and bolts’ of cognitive performance…, while the general factor is the mental energy available to power the specific engines”. Geary (2018; 2019) takes Spearman’s ... ...

Abstract	Nearly a century ago, Spearman proposed that “specific factors can be regarded as the ‘nuts and bolts’ of cognitive performance…, while the general factor is the mental energy available to power the specific engines”. Geary (2018; 2019) takes Spearman’s analogy of “mental energy” quite literally and doubles-down on the notion by proposing that a unitary energy source, the mitochondria, explains variations in both cognitive function and health-related outcomes. This idea is reminiscent of many earlier attempts to describe a low-level biological determinant of general intelligence. While Geary does an admirable job developing an innovative theory with specific and testable predictions, this new theory suffers many of the shortcomings of previous attempts at similar goals. We argue that Geary’s theory is generally implausible, and does not map well onto known psychological and genetic properties of intelligence or its relationship to health and fitness. While Geary’s theory serves as an elegant model of “what could be”, it is less successful as a description of “what is”.
Keywords	intelligence ; processing speed ; attention ; working memory ; heritability ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	401
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Negative attributes of mixed-valence memories strengthen over long retention intervals and the degree of enhancement is predicted by individual differences in state anxiety.

Matzel, Louis D / Crawford, Dylan W / Bond, Julia / McKeen, Kelsey M / Patel, Himali M / Patel, Komal R / Sharma, Pranu / Swiecka, Ashley / Tiwari, Alisha

Behavioral neuroscience

2023 Volume 137, Issue 6, Page(s) 380–391

Abstract: Memories are multifaceted and can simultaneously contain positive and negative attributes. Here, we report that negative attributes of a mixed-valence memory dominate long-term recall. To induce a mixed-valence memory, running responses were randomly ... ...

Abstract	Memories are multifaceted and can simultaneously contain positive and negative attributes. Here, we report that negative attributes of a mixed-valence memory dominate long-term recall. To induce a mixed-valence memory, running responses were randomly reinforced with either food (∼83% of trials) or footshock (∼17% of trials), or a noise conditioned stimulus (CS) was followed randomly with either food (∼80% of trials) or footshock (∼20% of trials). Control animals were consistently reinforced with only food. Mixed-valence training promoted unstable behavior (e.g., erratic approach and withdrawal from the food cup) and moderate levels of fear during the training regimens. After a 20-day retention interval, animals that were consistently reinforced with food exhibited intact approach responding, and similar responding was observed if animals were food deprived or satiated (i.e., the response was insensitive to motivation). However, animals that experienced the mixed-valence training expressed significantly enhanced and stable fear (consistent immobility) relative to the end of training, regardless of whether animals were food deprived or not, suggesting that fear transitioned to a state that was insensitive to motivation. The degree of fear expressed during long-term retention was predicted by measures of state anxiety obtained prior to the training, indicating that the enhancement of fear across the retention interval was related to individual differences in basal "anxiety." These results suggest that negative attributes of memories dominate long-term recall, particularly in animals expressing an anxious phenotype, and these observations have direct implications for the chronic nature of anxiety disorders and the exacerbation of fear that accompanies posttraumatic stress disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Individuality ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology ; Anxiety ; Fear/physiology ; Anxiety Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	230159-3
ISSN	1939-0084 ; 0735-7044
ISSN (online)	1939-0084
ISSN	0735-7044
DOI	10.1037/bne0000575
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Article ; Online: Dopamine D1 receptor density in the mPFC responds to cognitive demands and receptor turnover contributes to general cognitive ability in mice.

Wass, Christopher / Sauce, Bruno / Pizzo, Alessandro / Matzel, Louis D

Scientific reports

2018 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 4533

Abstract: In both humans and mice, performance on tests of intelligence or general cognitive ability (GCA) is related to dopamine D1 receptor-mediated activity in the prelimbic cortex, and levels of DRD1 mRNA predict the GCA of mice. Here we assessed the turnover ... ...

Abstract	In both humans and mice, performance on tests of intelligence or general cognitive ability (GCA) is related to dopamine D1 receptor-mediated activity in the prelimbic cortex, and levels of DRD1 mRNA predict the GCA of mice. Here we assessed the turnover rate of D1 receptors as well as the expression level of the D1 chaperone protein (DRiP78) in the medial PPC (mPFC) of mice to determine whether rate of receptor turnover was associated with variations in the GCA of genetically heterogeneous mice. Following assessment of GCA (aggregate performance on four diverse learning tests) mice were administered an irreversible dopamine receptor antagonist (EEDQ), after which the density of new D1 receptors were quantified. GCA was positively correlated with both the rate of D1 receptor recovery and levels of DRiP78. Additionally, the density of D1 receptors was observed to increase within 60 min (or less) in response to intense demands on working memory, suggesting that a pool of immature receptors was available to accommodate high cognitive loads. These results provide evidence that innate general cognitive abilities are related to D1 receptor turnover rates in the prefrontal cortex, and that an intracellular pool of immature D1 receptors are available to accommodate cognitive demands.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Mice ; Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Drd1 protein, mouse ; Drip78 protein, mouse ; Membrane Proteins ; Receptors, Dopamine D1
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-018-22668-0
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Article ; Online: The neuroscience of learning: beyond the Hebbian synapse.

Gallistel, C R / Matzel, Louis D

Annual review of psychology

2013 Volume 64, Page(s) 169–200

Abstract: From the traditional perspective of associative learning theory, the hypothesis linking modifications of synaptic transmission to learning and memory is plausible. It is less so from an information-processing perspective, in which learning is mediated by ...

Abstract	From the traditional perspective of associative learning theory, the hypothesis linking modifications of synaptic transmission to learning and memory is plausible. It is less so from an information-processing perspective, in which learning is mediated by computations that make implicit commitments to physical and mathematical principles governing the domains where domain-specific cognitive mechanisms operate. We compare the properties of associative learning and memory to the properties of long-term potentiation, concluding that the properties of the latter do not explain the fundamental properties of the former. We briefly review the neuroscience of reinforcement learning, emphasizing the representational implications of the neuroscientific findings. We then review more extensively findings that confirm the existence of complex computations in three information-processing domains: probabilistic inference, the representation of uncertainty, and the representation of space. We argue for a change in the conceptual framework within which neuroscientists approach the study of learning mechanisms in the brain.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Association Learning/physiology ; Humans ; Memory/physiology ; Neurosciences/methods ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Synaptic Transmission/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2013
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	207937-9
ISSN	1545-2085 ; 0066-4308 ; 0547-1567
ISSN (online)	1545-2085
ISSN	0066-4308 ; 0547-1567
DOI	10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143807
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