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Article: Impact of Reduced Spectral Resolution on Temporal-Coherence-Based Source Segregation.

Viswanathan, Vibha / Heinz, Michael G / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Hearing-impaired listeners struggle to understand speech in noise, even when using cochlear implants (CIs) or hearing aids. Successful listening in noisy environments depends on the brain's ability to organize a mixture of sound sources into distinct ... ...

Abstract	Hearing-impaired listeners struggle to understand speech in noise, even when using cochlear implants (CIs) or hearing aids. Successful listening in noisy environments depends on the brain's ability to organize a mixture of sound sources into distinct perceptual streams (i.e., source segregation). In normal-hearing listeners, temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across frequency channels supports this process by promoting grouping of elements belonging to a single acoustic source. We hypothesized that reduced spectral resolution-a hallmark of both electric/CI (from current spread) and acoustic (from broadened tuning) hearing with sensorineural hearing loss-degrades segregation based on temporal coherence. This is because reduced frequency resolution decreases the likelihood that a single sound source dominates the activity driving any specific channel; concomitantly, it increases the correlation in activity across channels. Consistent with our hypothesis, predictions from a physiologically plausible model of temporal-coherence-based segregation suggest that CI current spread reduces comodulation masking release (CMR; a correlate of temporal-coherence processing) and speech intelligibility in noise. These predictions are consistent with our behavioral data with simulated CI listening. Our model also predicts smaller CMR with increasing levels of outer-hair-cell damage. These results suggest that reduced spectral resolution relative to normal hearing impairs temporal-coherence-based segregation and speech-in-noise outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.03.11.584489
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Perceptual organization and task demands jointly shape auditory working memory capacity.

Noyce, Abigail L / Varghese, Leonard / Mathias, Samuel R / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

JASA express letters

2024 Volume 4, Issue 3

Abstract: Listeners performed two different tasks in which they remembered short sequences comprising either complex tones (generally heard as one melody) or everyday sounds (generally heard as separate objects). In one, listeners judged whether a probe item had ... ...

Abstract	Listeners performed two different tasks in which they remembered short sequences comprising either complex tones (generally heard as one melody) or everyday sounds (generally heard as separate objects). In one, listeners judged whether a probe item had been present in the preceding sequence. In the other, they judged whether a second sequence of the same items was identical in order to the preceding sequence. Performance on the first task was higher for everyday sounds; performance on the second was higher for complex tones. Perceptual organization strongly shapes listeners' memory for sounds, with implications for real-world communication.
MeSH term(s)	Auditory Perception ; Memory, Short-Term ; Sound ; Hearing ; Communication
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2691-1191
ISSN (online)	2691-1191
DOI	10.1121/10.0025392
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Article ; Online: Statistical learning across passive listening adjusts perceptual weights of speech input dimensions.

Hodson, Alana J / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G / Holt, Lori L

Cognition

2023 Volume 238, Page(s) 105473

Abstract: Statistical learning across passive exposure has been theoretically situated with unsupervised learning. However, when input statistics accumulate over established representations - like speech syllables, for example - there is the possibility that ... ...

Abstract	Statistical learning across passive exposure has been theoretically situated with unsupervised learning. However, when input statistics accumulate over established representations - like speech syllables, for example - there is the possibility that prediction derived from activation of rich, existing representations may support error-driven learning. Here, across five experiments, we present evidence for error-driven learning across passive speech listening. Young adults passively listened to a string of eight beer - pier speech tokens with distributional regularities following either a canonical American-English acoustic dimension correlation or a correlation reversed to create an accent. A sequence-final test stimulus assayed the perceptual weight - the effectiveness - of the secondary dimension in signaling category membership as a function of preceding sequence regularities. Perceptual weight flexibly adjusted according to the passively experienced regularities even when the preceding regularities shifted on a trial-by-trial basis. The findings align with a theoretical view that activation of established internal representations can support learning across statistical regularities via error-driven learning. At the broadest level, this suggests that not all statistical learning need be unsupervised. Moreover, these findings help to account for how cognitive systems may accommodate competing demands for flexibility and stability: instead of overwriting existing representations when short-term input distributions depart from the norms, the mapping from input to category representations may be dynamically - and rapidly - adjusted via error-driven learning from predictions derived from internal representations.
MeSH term(s)	Young Adult ; Humans ; Speech/physiology ; Speech Perception/physiology ; Auditory Perception ; Language
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105473
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Article ; Online: Alternating current stimulation entrains and connects cortical regions in a neural mass model.

Pei, Alexander / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

2022 Volume 2022, Page(s) 760–763

Abstract: Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique that is widely used to investigate the functions of oscillations in the brain. Despite increasing usage in both research and clinical settings, the mechanisms of tACS are ... ...

Abstract	Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique that is widely used to investigate the functions of oscillations in the brain. Despite increasing usage in both research and clinical settings, the mechanisms of tACS are still not completely understood. To shed light on these mechanisms, we injected alternating current into a Jansen and Rit neural mass model. Two cortical columns were linked with long-range connections to examine how alternating current impacted cortical connectivity. Alternating current injected to both columns increased power and coherence at the stimulation frequency; however this effect was greatest at the model's resonant frequency. Varying the phase of stimulation impacted the time it took for entrainment to stabilize, an effect we believe is due to constructive and destructive inteference with endogenous membrane currents. The power output the model also depended on the phase of the stimulation between cortical columns. These results provide insight on the mechanisms of neurostimulation, by demonstrating that tACS increases both power and coherence at a neural network's resonant frequency, in a phase-dependent manner.
MeSH term(s)	Brain ; Electricity ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	2694-0604
ISSN (online)	2694-0604
DOI	10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871143
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Article ; Online: Cat-astrophic effects of sudden interruptions on spatial auditory attention.

Liang, Wusheng / Brown, Christopher A / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

2022 Volume 151, Issue 5, Page(s) 3219

Abstract: Salient interruptions draw attention involuntarily. Here, we explored whether this effect depends on the spatial and temporal relationships between a target stream and interrupter. In a series of online experiments, listeners focused spatial attention on ...

Abstract	Salient interruptions draw attention involuntarily. Here, we explored whether this effect depends on the spatial and temporal relationships between a target stream and interrupter. In a series of online experiments, listeners focused spatial attention on a target stream of spoken syllables in the presence of an otherwise identical distractor stream from the opposite hemifield. On some random trials, an interrupter (a cat "MEOW") occurred. Experiment 1 established that the interrupter, which occurred randomly in 25% of the trials in the hemifield opposite the target, degraded target recall. Moreover, a majority of participants exhibited this degradation for the first target syllable, which finished before the interrupter began. Experiment 2 showed that the effect of an interrupter was similar whether it occurred in the opposite or the same hemifield as the target. Experiment 3 found that the interrupter degraded performance slightly if it occurred before the target stream began but had no effect if it began after the target stream ended. Experiment 4 showed decreased interruption effects when the interruption frequency increased (50% of the trials). These results demonstrate that a salient interrupter disrupts recall of a target stream, regardless of its direction, especially if it occurs during a target stream.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	219231-7
ISSN	1520-8524 ; 0001-4966
ISSN (online)	1520-8524
ISSN	0001-4966
DOI	10.1121/10.0010453
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Article ; Online: Closed-Loop Current Stimulation Feedback Control of a Neural Mass Model Using Reservoir Computing

Alexander Pei / Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham

Applied Sciences, Vol 13, Iss 1279, p

2023 Volume 1279

Abstract: Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that alters ongoing neural dynamics by injecting an exogenous electrical current through the scalp. Although tES protocols are becoming more common in both clinical and ...

Abstract	Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that alters ongoing neural dynamics by injecting an exogenous electrical current through the scalp. Although tES protocols are becoming more common in both clinical and experimental settings, the neurophysiological mechanisms through which tES modulates cortical dynamics are unknown. Most existing tES protocols ignore the potential effect of phasic interactions between endogenous and exogenous currents by stimulating in an open-looped fashion. To better understand the mechanisms of closed-loop tES, we first instantiated a two-column Jansen and Rit model to simulate neuronal dynamics of pyramidal cells and interneurons. An echo-state network (ESN) reservoir computer inverted the dynamics of the model without access to the internal state equations. After inverting the model dynamics, the ESN was used as a closed-loop feedback controller for the neural mass model by predicting the current stimulation input for a desired future output. The ESN was used to predict the endogenous membrane currents of the model from the observable pyramidal cell membrane potentials and then inject current stimulation to destructively interfere with endogenous membrane currents, thereby reducing the energy of the PCs. This simulation approach provides a framework for a model-free closed-loop feedback controller in tES experiments.
Keywords	tACS ; closed-loop ; reservoir computing ; echo-state network ; neural mass model ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	629
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Induced Alpha And Beta Electroencephalographic Rhythms Covary With Single-Trial Speech Intelligibility In Competition.

Viswanathan, Vibha / Bharadwaj, Hari M / Heinz, Michael G / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: Neurophysiological studies suggest that intrinsic brain oscillations influence sensory processing, especially of rhythmic stimuli like speech. Prior work suggests that brain rhythms may mediate perceptual grouping and selective attention to speech amidst ...

Abstract	Neurophysiological studies suggest that intrinsic brain oscillations influence sensory processing, especially of rhythmic stimuli like speech. Prior work suggests that brain rhythms may mediate perceptual grouping and selective attention to speech amidst competing sound, as well as more linguistic aspects of speech processing like predictive coding. However, we know of no prior studies that have directly tested, at the single-trial level, whether brain oscillations relate to speech-in-noise outcomes. Here, we combined electroencephalography while simultaneously measuring intelligibility of spoken sentences amidst two different interfering sounds: multi-talker babble or speech-shaped noise. We find that induced parieto-occipital alpha (7-15 Hz; thought to modulate attentional focus) and frontal beta (13-30 Hz; associated with maintenance of the current sensorimotor state and predictive coding) oscillations covary with trial-wise percent-correct scores; importantly, alpha and beta power provide significant independent contributions to predicting single-trial behavioral outcomes. These results can inform models of speech processing and guide noninvasive measures to index different neural processes that together support complex listening.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2022.12.31.522365
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Article ; Online: Induced alpha and beta electroencephalographic rhythms covary with single-trial speech intelligibility in competition.

Viswanathan, Vibha / Bharadwaj, Hari M / Heinz, Michael G / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 10216

Abstract	Neurophysiological studies suggest that intrinsic brain oscillations influence sensory processing, especially of rhythmic stimuli like speech. Prior work suggests that brain rhythms may mediate perceptual grouping and selective attention to speech amidst competing sound, as well as more linguistic aspects of speech processing like predictive coding. However, we know of no prior studies that have directly tested, at the single-trial level, whether brain oscillations relate to speech-in-noise outcomes. Here, we combined electroencephalography while simultaneously measuring intelligibility of spoken sentences amidst two different interfering sounds: multi-talker babble or speech-shaped noise. We find that induced parieto-occipital alpha (7-15 Hz; thought to modulate attentional focus) and frontal beta (13-30 Hz; associated with maintenance of the current sensorimotor state and predictive coding) oscillations covary with trial-wise percent-correct scores; importantly, alpha and beta power provide significant independent contributions to predicting single-trial behavioral outcomes. These results can inform models of speech processing and guide noninvasive measures to index different neural processes that together support complex listening.
MeSH term(s)	Speech Intelligibility ; Speech Perception/physiology ; Noise ; Auditory Perception ; Electroencephalography
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-37173-2
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Article ; Online: Defining attention from an auditory perspective.

Noyce, Abigail L / Kwasa, Jasmine A C / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science

2022 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) e1610

Abstract: Attention prioritizes certain information at the expense of other information in ways that are similar across vision, audition, and other sensory modalities. It influences how-and even what-information is represented and processed, affecting brain ... ...

Abstract	Attention prioritizes certain information at the expense of other information in ways that are similar across vision, audition, and other sensory modalities. It influences how-and even what-information is represented and processed, affecting brain activity at every level. Much of the core research into cognitive and neural mechanisms of attention has used visual tasks. However, the same top-down, object-based, and bottom-up attentional processes shape auditory perception, largely through the same underlying, cognitive networks. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Auditory Perception ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Visual Perception ; Photic Stimulation
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2553336-8
ISSN	1939-5086 ; 1939-5078
ISSN (online)	1939-5086
ISSN	1939-5078
DOI	10.1002/wcs.1610
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Article ; Online: Speech Categorization Reveals the Role of Early-Stage Temporal-Coherence Processing in Auditory Scene Analysis.

Viswanathan, Vibha / Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G / Heinz, Michael G

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2021 Volume 42, Issue 2, Page(s) 240–254

Abstract: Temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across spectral channels is thought to aid auditory grouping and scene segregation. Although prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, ... ...

Abstract	Temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across spectral channels is thought to aid auditory grouping and scene segregation. Although prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, neurophysiological evidence suggests that temporal-coherence-based scene analysis may start as early as the cochlear nucleus (i.e., the first auditory region supporting cross-channel processing over a wide frequency range). Accordingly, we hypothesized that aspects of temporal-coherence processing that could be realized in early auditory areas may shape speech understanding in noise. We then explored whether physiologically plausible computational models could account for results from a behavioral experiment that measured consonant categorization in different masking conditions. We tested whether within-channel masking of target-speech modulations predicted consonant confusions across the different conditions and whether predictions were improved by adding across-channel temporal-coherence processing mirroring the computations known to exist in the cochlear nucleus. Consonant confusions provide a rich characterization of error patterns in speech categorization, and are thus crucial for rigorously testing models of speech perception; however, to the best of our knowledge, they have not been used in prior studies of scene analysis. We find that within-channel modulation masking can reasonably account for category confusions, but that it fails when temporal fine structure cues are unavailable. However, the addition of across-channel temporal-coherence processing significantly improves confusion predictions across all tested conditions. Our results suggest that temporal-coherence processing strongly shapes speech understanding in noise and that physiological computations that exist early along the auditory pathway may contribute to this process.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Auditory Pathways/physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Auditory Threshold/physiology ; Cochlea/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Perceptual Masking ; Speech/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1610-21.2021
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