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Article ; Online: Whose Knowledge Heals? Transforming Teaching in the Struggle for Health Equity.

Manalo-Pedro, Erin / Walsemann, Katrina M / Gee, Gilbert C

Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education

2023 Volume 50, Issue 4, Page(s) 482–492

Abstract: Racial health inequities persist despite many attempts to correct them. Inadequate comprehension of racism obscures the ordinariness of racism in public health institutions. In addition to applying critical race theory (CRT) to the research and practice ... ...

Abstract	Racial health inequities persist despite many attempts to correct them. Inadequate comprehension of racism obscures the ordinariness of racism in public health institutions. In addition to applying critical race theory (CRT) to the research and practice of public health, we argue that the struggle for health equity must also apply CRT toward the
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Health Equity ; Health Status Disparities ; Racism ; Social Justice ; White People
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1362906-2
ISSN	1552-6127 ; 1090-1981
ISSN (online)	1552-6127
ISSN	1090-1981
DOI	10.1177/10901981231177095
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Article: Examining the relationship between intersectional discrimination and substance use disorders by race/ethnicity and gender.

Otiniano Verissimo, Angie Denisse / Gee, Gilbert C / Grella, Christine

Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology

2023

Abstract	Objectives: The present study aims to assess the relationship between substance use disorders (SUD) and intersectional discrimination, the intersection of racial/ethnic discrimination, and gender discrimination. Further, this study aims to determine if the relationship between SUD and discrimination varies by race/ethnicity and gender. Method: This cross-sectional study analyzes data from a diverse sample of American Indian, Asian, Black, Latinx, and White adult respondents ( Results: Overall, intersectional discrimination was associated with increased predicted probabilities of SUD relative to those with no discrimination and was more often associated with SUD than AUD. Intersectional discrimination was associated with increased predicted probabilities of AUD and SUD among women, Black, Latinx, and White adults. Intersectional discrimination was associated with increased predicted probabilities of SUD but not AUD among men, American Indian, and Asian adults. Conclusions: Intersectional discrimination consistently elevated AUD and/or SUD across subgroups defined by gender or race/ethnicity; however, effects were variable across gender, race/ethnicity, and disorder. Findings demonstrate the negative health implications of intersectional discrimination for men and women and American Indian, Asian, Black, Latinx, and White adults. Study findings have implications for the development of policies and interventions that are centered around intersectionality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1463411-9
ISSN	1939-0106 ; 1099-9809
ISSN (online)	1939-0106
ISSN	1099-9809
DOI	10.1037/cdp0000599
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Article ; Online: Lessons Learned From TranslateCovid, a Multilingual Online Resource Hub for Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities and Beyond.

Shea, Sheila / Nguyen, Tom / Kim, Daniel H / Gee, Gilbert C / Wang, May C / Umemoto, Karen

Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)

2024 , Page(s) 333549241236092

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated health disparities among immigrant communities. Delivering accurate information and addressing misinformation on protective measures and vaccination to linguistically disadvantaged groups was critical for mitigating the ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated health disparities among immigrant communities. Delivering accurate information and addressing misinformation on protective measures and vaccination to linguistically disadvantaged groups was critical for mitigating the effects of the pandemic. One group that was especially vulnerable to miscommunication about COVID-19 was non-native English-speaking immigrants. To address these disparities, the Asian American Studies Center and the Fielding School of Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, partnered to create a multilingual resource hub, TranslateCovid.org, to disseminate credible and reliable information about COVID-19 safety measures, the science behind the vaccines, and vaccine safety. We identified >1300 verified resources in 60 languages from government, academic, and nonprofit organizations and reposted them on the TranslateCovid website. We also developed public service announcement videos on handwashing, use of face masks, and social distancing in 10 languages and a fact sheet for frequently asked questions in 20 languages. We used a participatory approach to develop strategies for disseminating these resources. We discuss lessons learned, including strategies for forming government, community, and academic partnerships to support the timely development and dissemination of information. We conclude with a discussion on the unique role of universities in promoting equitable access to public health resources among immigrant communities in times of crisis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120953-x
ISSN	1468-2877 ; 0033-3549
ISSN (online)	1468-2877
ISSN	0033-3549
DOI	10.1177/00333549241236092
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Article ; Online: Structural Racism: The Rules and Relations of Inequity.

Gee, Gilbert C / Hicken, Margaret T

Ethnicity & disease

2021 Volume 31, Issue Suppl 1, Page(s) 293–300

Abstract: Why do racial inequalities endure despite numerous attempts to expand civil rights in certain sectors? A major reason for this endurance is due to lack of attention to structural racism. Although structural and institutional racism are often conflated, ... ...

Abstract	Why do racial inequalities endure despite numerous attempts to expand civil rights in certain sectors? A major reason for this endurance is due to lack of attention to structural racism. Although structural and institutional racism are often conflated, they are not the same. Herein, we provide an analogy of a "bucky ball" (Buckminsterfullerene) to distinguish the two concepts. Structural racism is a system of interconnected institutions that operates with a set of racialized rules that maintain White supremacy. These connections and rules allow racism to reinvent itself into new forms and persist, despite civil rights interventions directed at specific institutions. To illustrate these ideas, we provide examples from the fields of environmental justice, criminal justice, and medicine. Racial inequities in power and health will persist until we redirect our gaze away from specific institutions (and specific individuals), and instead focus on the resilient connections among institutions and their racialized rules.
MeSH term(s)	Civil Rights ; Humans ; Racism
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1274267-3
ISSN	1945-0826 ; 1049-510X
ISSN (online)	1945-0826
ISSN	1049-510X
DOI	10.18865/ed.31.S1.293
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Article ; Online: Editor's Note: Karraker and Latham Republication.

Gee, Gilbert C

Journal of health and social behavior

2015 Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 416

Language	English
Publishing date	2015-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Editorial
ZDB-ID	218206-3
ISSN	2150-6000 ; 0022-1465
ISSN (online)	2150-6000
ISSN	0022-1465
DOI	10.1177/0022146515600694
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Article ; Online: Visa type and financial strain on depressive symptoms among Filipino migrants to the United States.

Tsuchiya, Kazumi / Bacong, Adrian M / de Castro, A B / Gee, Gilbert C

Journal of migration and health

2023 Volume 7, Page(s) 100155

Abstract: Migrants have been theorized to be healthier than their non-migrant counterparts; however, there is limited examination of health selection using binational data and how selection occurs, particularly for mental health outcomes. This study examines the ... ...

Abstract	Migrants have been theorized to be healthier than their non-migrant counterparts; however, there is limited examination of health selection using binational data and how selection occurs, particularly for mental health outcomes. This study examines the role of visa status and financial strain as critical factors for mental health selection among Filipino migrants to the U.S. and non-migrants who remain in the Philippines. We used the baseline data from the Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES;
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-6235
ISSN (online)	2666-6235
DOI	10.1016/j.jmh.2023.100155
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Article ; Online: East is east … or is it? Racialization of Asian, Middle Eastern, and Pacific Islander persons.

Gee, Gilbert C / Chien, Jessie / Sharif, Mienah Z / Penaia, Corina / Tran, Emma

Epidemiologic reviews

2023 Volume 45, Issue 1, Page(s) 93–104

Abstract: The conventional use of racial categories in health research naturalizes "race" in problematic ways that ignore how racial categories function in service of a White-dominated racial hierarchy. In many respects, racial labels are based on geographic ... ...

Abstract	The conventional use of racial categories in health research naturalizes "race" in problematic ways that ignore how racial categories function in service of a White-dominated racial hierarchy. In many respects, racial labels are based on geographic designations. For instance, "Asians" are from Asia. Yet, this is not always a tenable proposition. For example, Afghanistan resides in South Asia, and shares a border with China and Pakistan. Yet, people from Afghanistan are not considered Asian, but Middle Eastern, by the US Census. Furthermore, people on the west side of the Island of New Guinea are considered Asian, whereas those on the eastern side are considered Pacific Islander. In this article, we discuss the complexity of the racial labels related to people originating from Oceania and Asia, and, more specifically, those groups commonly referred to as Pacific Islander, Middle Eastern, and Asian. We begin with considerations of the aggregation fallacy. Just as the ecological fallacy refers to erroneous inferences about individuals from group data, the aggregation fallacy refers to erroneous inferences about subgroups (eg, Hmong) from group data (ie, all Asian Americans), and how these inferences can contribute to stereotypes such as the "model minority." We also examine how group averages can be influenced merely by the composition of the subgroups, and how these, in turn, can be influenced by social policies. We provide a historical overview of some of the issues facing Pacific Islander, Middle Eastern, and Asian communities, and conclude with directions for future research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Asian ; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ; Middle Eastern People ; Racial Groups/classification
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	445346-3
ISSN	1478-6729 ; 0193-936X
ISSN (online)	1478-6729
ISSN	0193-936X
DOI	10.1093/epirev/mxad007
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Article ; Online: The Water Surrounding the Iceberg: Cultural Racism and Health Inequities.

Michaels, Eli K / Lam-Hine, Tracy / Nguyen, Thu T / Gee, Gilbert C / Allen, Amani M

The Milbank quarterly

2023 Volume 101, Issue 3, Page(s) 768–814

Abstract: Policy Points Cultural racism-or the widespread values that privilege and protect Whiteness and White social and economic power-permeates all levels of society, uplifts other dimensions of racism, and contributes to health inequities. Overt forms of ... ...

Abstract	Policy Points Cultural racism-or the widespread values that privilege and protect Whiteness and White social and economic power-permeates all levels of society, uplifts other dimensions of racism, and contributes to health inequities. Overt forms of racism, such as racial hate crimes, represent only the "tip of the iceberg," whereas structural and institutional racism represent its base. This paper advances cultural racism as the "water surrounding the iceberg," allowing it to float while obscuring its base. Considering the fundamental role of cultural racism is needed to advance health equity. Context: Cultural racism is a pervasive social toxin that surrounds all other dimensions of racism to produce and maintain racial health inequities. Yet, cultural racism has received relatively little attention in the public health literature. The purpose of this paper is to 1) provide public health researchers and policymakers with a clearer understanding of what cultural racism is, 2) provide an understanding of how it operates in conjunction with the other dimensions of racism to produce health inequities, and 3) offer directions for future research and interventions on cultural racism. Methods: We conducted a nonsystematic, multidisciplinary review of theory and empirical evidence that conceptualizes, measures, and documents the consequences of cultural racism for social and health inequities. Findings: Cultural racism can be defined as a culture of White supremacy, which values, protects, and normalizes Whiteness and White social and economic power. This ideological system operates at the level of our shared social consciousness and is expressed in the language, symbols, and media representations of dominant society. Cultural racism surrounds and bolsters structural, institutional, personally mediated, and internalized racism, undermining health through material, cognitive/affective, biologic, and behavioral mechanisms across the life course. Conclusions: More time, research, and funding is needed to advance measurement, elucidate mechanisms, and develop evidence-based policy interventions to reduce cultural racism and promote health equity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Racism ; Health Promotion ; Water ; Racial Groups ; Health Inequities
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	632829-5
ISSN	1468-0009 ; 0887-378X
ISSN (online)	1468-0009
ISSN	0887-378X
DOI	10.1111/1468-0009.12662
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Article ; Online: Confronting Racism in Environmental Health Sciences: Moving the Science Forward for Eliminating Racial Inequities.

Payne-Sturges, Devon C / Gee, Gilbert C / Cory-Slechta, Deborah A

Environmental health perspectives

2021 Volume 129, Issue 5, Page(s) 55002

Abstract: Background: The twin pandemics of COVID-19 and systemic racism during 2020 have forced a conversation across many segments of our society, including the environmental health sciences (EHS) research community. We have seen the proliferation of statements ...

Abstract	Background: The twin pandemics of COVID-19 and systemic racism during 2020 have forced a conversation across many segments of our society, including the environmental health sciences (EHS) research community. We have seen the proliferation of statements of solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement and commitments to fight racism and health inequities from academia, nonprofit organizations, governmental agencies, and private corporations. Actions must now arise from these promises. As public health and EHS scientists, we must examine the systems that produce and perpetuate inequities in exposure to environmental pollutants and associated health effects. Objectives: We outline five recommendations the EHS research community can implement to confront racism and move our science forward for eliminating racial inequities in environmental health. Discussion: Race is best considered a political label that promotes inequality. Thus, we should be wary of equating race with biology. Further, EHS researchers should seriously consider racism as a plausible explanation of racial disparities in health and consider structural racism as a factor in environmental health risk/impact assessments, as well as multiple explanations for racial differences in environmental exposures and health outcomes. Last, the EHS research community should develop metrics to measure racism and a set of guidelines on the use and interpretation of race and ethnicity within the environmental sciences. Numerous guidelines exist in other disciplines that can serve as models. By taking action on each of these recommendations, we can make significant progress toward eliminating racial disparities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8186.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/ethnology ; Environmental Health/organization & administration ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Racism/prevention & control
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	195189-0
ISSN	1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
ISSN (online)	1552-9924
ISSN	0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
DOI	10.1289/EHP8186
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Article ; Online: Vigilance and Protection: How Asian and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern Women Cope with Racism.

Criss, Shaniece / Kim, Melanie / De La Cruz, Monica M / Thai, Nhung / Nguyen, Quynh C / Hswen, Yulin / Gee, Gilbert C / Nguyen, Thu T

Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities

2023 Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) 773–782

Abstract: Background: Research is needed to fully investigate the differential mechanisms racial and ethnic groups use to deal with ongoing intersectional racism in women's lives. The aim of this paper was to understand how Asian American and Pacific Islander, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Research is needed to fully investigate the differential mechanisms racial and ethnic groups use to deal with ongoing intersectional racism in women's lives. The aim of this paper was to understand how Asian American and Pacific Islander, Black, Latina, and Middle Eastern women experience racism-from personal perceptions and interactions to coping mechanisms and methods of protection. Methods: A purposive sample of 52 participants participated in 11 online racially/ethnically homogeneous focus groups conducted throughout the USA. A team consensus approach was utilized with codebook development and thematic analysis. Results: The findings relate to personal perceptions and interactions related to race and ethnicity, methods of protection against racism, vigilant behavior based on safety concerns, and unity across people of color. A few unique concerns by group included experiences of racism including physical violence among Asian American Pacific Islander groups, police brutality among Black groups, immigration discrimination in Latina groups, and religious discrimination in Middle Eastern groups. Changes in behavior for safety and protection include altering methods of transportation, teaching their children safety measures, and defending their immigration status. They shared strategies to help racial and ethnic minorities against racism including mental health resources and greater political representation. All racial and ethnic groups discussed the need for unity, solidarity, and allyship across various communities of color but for it to be authentic and long-lasting. Conclusion: Greater understanding of the types of racism specific groups experience can inform policies and cultural change to reduce those factors.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Female ; Humans ; Black or African American/psychology ; Hispanic or Latino/psychology ; Racism/psychology ; Asian American Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander/psychology ; Coping Skills ; Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2760524-3
ISSN	2196-8837 ; 2197-3792
ISSN (online)	2196-8837
ISSN	2197-3792
DOI	10.1007/s40615-023-01560-2
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