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  1. Article ; Online: Genetic variation in glutamatergic genes moderates the effects of childhood adversity on brain volume and IQ in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

    Mohamed Saini, Suriati / Bousman, Chad A / Mancuso, Serafino G / Cropley, Vanessa / Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E / Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Bruggemann, Jason / Weickert, Cynthia S / Weickert, Thomas W / Sundram, Suresh / Everall, Ian P / Pantelis, Christos

    Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)

    2023  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 59

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-14
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3133210-9
    ISSN 2754-6993 ; 2754-6993
    ISSN (online) 2754-6993
    ISSN 2754-6993
    DOI 10.1038/s41537-023-00381-w
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The Meaning of Glutamate and the Quest for Biomarkers in the Transition to Psychosis.

    Bustillo, Juan R / Gaudiot, Christopher E / Lenroot, Rhoshel K

    JAMA psychiatry

    2018  Volume 76, Issue 2, Page(s) 115–116

    MeSH term(s) Biomarkers ; Glutamic Acid ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Psychotic Disorders
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2701203-7
    ISSN 2168-6238 ; 2168-622X
    ISSN (online) 2168-6238
    ISSN 2168-622X
    DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3251
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  3. Article ; Online: Trauma exposure and disclosure in Hispanic youth at clinical high risk for psychosis: A retrospective review study.

    Barans, Samuel / Friedman, Bess / Lardier, David T / Saavedra, Justine L / Bustillo, Juan R / Halperin, Dawn / Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Tohen, Mauricio / Winger, Sarah / Crisanti, Annette S

    Early intervention in psychiatry

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 58–62

    Abstract: Aim: This exploratory study aimed to examine differences in rates of self and clinician-reports of trauma in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and whether rates of reporting differed by ethnicity.: Methods: Self-reported history of ... ...

    Abstract Aim: This exploratory study aimed to examine differences in rates of self and clinician-reports of trauma in youth at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and whether rates of reporting differed by ethnicity.
    Methods: Self-reported history of trauma was collected at intake amongst youth at CHR enrolled in Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) services (N = 52). A structured chart review was conducted for the same sample to identify clinician-reported history of trauma throughout treatment in CSC.
    Results: For all patients, frequency of self-reported trauma at intake to CSC (56%) was lower compared to clinician-reports of trauma throughout treatment (85%). Hispanic patients self-reported trauma at intake (35%) less frequently than non-Hispanics (69%) (p = .02). No differences were found in clinician reported exposure to trauma by ethnicity throughout treatment.
    Conclusion: Whilst further research is needed, these findings suggest the need for formalised, repeated, and culturally appropriate assessments of trauma within CSC.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Humans ; Disclosure ; Hispanic or Latino ; Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis ; Psychotic Disorders/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Self Report ; Psychological Trauma
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-28
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2272425-4
    ISSN 1751-7893 ; 1751-7885
    ISSN (online) 1751-7893
    ISSN 1751-7885
    DOI 10.1111/eip.13430
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  4. Article ; Online: Characteristics of Hispanics Referred to Coordinated Specialty Care for First-Episode Psychosis and Factors Associated With Enrollment.

    Friedman, Bess Rose / Durán, Danielle K / Nestsiarovich, Anastasiya / Tohen, Mauricio / Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Bustillo, Juan R / Crisanti, Annette S

    Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)

    2021  Volume 72, Issue 12, Page(s) 1407–1414

    Abstract: Objective: The primary objectives of this study were to examine referral sources and demographic, clinical, and socioenvironmental characteristics of Hispanics referred to and enrolled in a program of coordinated specialty care (Early CSC program) for ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The primary objectives of this study were to examine referral sources and demographic, clinical, and socioenvironmental characteristics of Hispanics referred to and enrolled in a program of coordinated specialty care (Early CSC program) for first-episode psychosis, to compare them with characteristics of other referred and enrolled racial-ethnic groups, and to identify factors associated with enrollment in the program.
    Methods: A retrospective review was conducted for all individuals referred to and enrolled in the Early CSC program over a 2-year period. Extracted data included referral sources and demographic and clinical characteristics. Zip code-level data from publicly available sources were cross-referenced with individual records. Nonparametric tests and appropriate secondary analysis were used to determine significant differences across racial-ethnic groups referred to (N=180) or enrolled in (N=75) the Early CSC program. A random forest model was used to determine which factors or interacting factors were associated with enrollment among the eligible referrals (N=114).
    Results: Hispanic individuals were more likely to be referred from inpatient or outpatient mental health providers and not from other community sources. Among eligible Hispanic referrals, those who lived in areas with a lower percentage of Spanish speaking in the home were more likely to enroll in services, compared with those who lived in areas with a higher percentage of Spanish speaking.
    Conclusions: Continued exploration of factors associated with referral and enrollment in CSC programs for the growing Hispanic ethnic group in the United States can help determine best steps for developing these programs.
    MeSH term(s) Ethnicity ; Hispanic or Latino ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Psychotic Disorders/therapy ; Referral and Consultation ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1220173-x
    ISSN 1557-9700 ; 1075-2730
    ISSN (online) 1557-9700
    ISSN 1075-2730
    DOI 10.1176/appi.ps.202000798
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  5. Article: Heterogeneity within Autism Spectrum Disorders: What have We Learned from Neuroimaging Studies?

    Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Yeung, Pui Ka

    Frontiers in human neuroscience

    2013  Volume 7, Page(s) 733

    Abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) display significant heterogeneity. Although most neuroimaging studies in ASD have been designed to identify commonalities among affected individuals, rather than differences, some studies have explored variation within ASD. ...

    Abstract Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) display significant heterogeneity. Although most neuroimaging studies in ASD have been designed to identify commonalities among affected individuals, rather than differences, some studies have explored variation within ASD. There have been two general types of approaches used for this in the neuroimaging literature to date: comparison of subgroups within ASD, and analyses using dimensional measures to link clinical variation to brain differences. This review focuses on structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that have used these approaches to begin to explore heterogeneity between individuals with ASD. Although this type of data is yet sparse, recognition is growing of the limitations of behaviorally defined categorical diagnoses for understanding neurobiology. Study designs that are more informative regarding the sources of heterogeneity in ASD have the potential to improve our understanding of the neurobiological processes underlying ASD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-10-30
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2425477-0
    ISSN 1662-5161
    ISSN 1662-5161
    DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00733
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: The promise of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in autism research: What do we know and where do we go?

    Mazzoni, Amanda / Grove, Rachel / Eapen, Valsamma / Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Bruggemann, Jason

    Social neuroscience

    2018  Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) 505–518

    Abstract: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that has been gaining increasing interest as a method to investigate the brain function of individuals on the autism spectrum. It is a non-invasive, portable and relatively motion- ... ...

    Abstract Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that has been gaining increasing interest as a method to investigate the brain function of individuals on the autism spectrum. It is a non-invasive, portable and relatively motion-tolerant method of measuring haemodynamic activity in the brain. fNIRS can be particularly effective for quantifying brain function in challenging clinical populations. In light of this, there is a growing body of fNIRS literature focusing on individuals on the autism spectrum. The aim of this review is to evaluate and summarise key studies from the literature and discuss their implications for the field. Potential limitations of the fNIRS approach and resolution of these issues based on emerging fNIRS research are also discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Functional Neuroimaging/methods ; Humans ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2234411-1
    ISSN 1747-0927 ; 1747-0919
    ISSN (online) 1747-0927
    ISSN 1747-0919
    DOI 10.1080/17470919.2018.1497701
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  7. Article ; Online: Annual Research Review: Developmental considerations of gene by environment interactions.

    Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Giedd, Jay N

    Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines

    2011  Volume 52, Issue 4, Page(s) 429–441

    Abstract: Biological development is driven by a complex dance between nurture and nature, determined not only by the specific features of the interacting genetic and environmental influences but also by the timing of their rendezvous. The initiation of large-scale ...

    Abstract Biological development is driven by a complex dance between nurture and nature, determined not only by the specific features of the interacting genetic and environmental influences but also by the timing of their rendezvous. The initiation of large-scale longitudinal studies, ever-expanding knowledge of genetics, and increasing availability of neuroimaging data to provide endophenotypic bridges between molecules and behavior are beginning to provide some insight into interactions of developmental stage, genes, and the environment, although daunting challenges remain. Prominent amongst these challenges are difficulties in identifying and quantifying relevant environmental factors, discerning the relative contributions to multiply determined outcomes, and the likelihood that brain development is a non-linear dynamic process in which small initial differences may yield large later effects. Age-sensitive mechanisms include developmental changes in gene expression, epigenetic modifications, synaptic arborization/pruning, and maturational improvements in our capacity to seek out environments of our choosing. Greater understanding of how genetic and environmental factors interact differently across ages is an important step toward elucidating the mechanisms by which phenotypes are created - and how they may differ in health and disease. This knowledge may also provide clues to guide the type and timing of interventions to maximize outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Animals ; Brain/physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/genetics ; Child Behavior Disorders/physiopathology ; Child Behavior Disorders/psychology ; Cognition Disorders/genetics ; Cognition Disorders/physiopathology ; Cognition Disorders/psychology ; Diseases in Twins/genetics ; Electroencephalography ; Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Disorders/genetics ; Mental Disorders/physiopathology ; Mental Disorders/psychology ; Neuronal Plasticity/genetics ; Phenotype ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/psychology ; Risk Factors ; Social Environment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-03-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 218136-8
    ISSN 1469-7610 ; 0021-9630 ; 0373-8086
    ISSN (online) 1469-7610
    ISSN 0021-9630 ; 0373-8086
    DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02381.x
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  8. Article ; Online: Cortical mediation of relationships between dopamine receptor D2 and cognition is absent in youth at risk of bipolar disorder.

    Overs, Bronwyn J / Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Roberts, Gloria / Green, Melissa J / Toma, Claudio / Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan / Pierce, Kerrie D / Schofield, Peter R / Mitchell, Philip B / Fullerton, Janice M

    Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging

    2021  Volume 309, Page(s) 111258

    Abstract: Bipolar disorder is associated with cognitive deficits and cortical changes for which the developmental dynamics are not well understood. The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has been associated with both psychiatric disorders and cognitive variability. ... ...

    Abstract Bipolar disorder is associated with cognitive deficits and cortical changes for which the developmental dynamics are not well understood. The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has been associated with both psychiatric disorders and cognitive variability. Here we examined the mediating role of brain structure in the relationship between DRD2 genomic variation and cognitive performance, with target cortical regions selected based on evidence of association with DRD2, bipolar disorder and/or cognition from prior literature. Participants (n = 143) were aged 12-30 years and comprised 62 first-degree relatives of bipolar patients (deemed 'at-risk'), 55 controls, and 26 patients with established bipolar disorder; all were unrelated Caucasian individuals with complete data across the three required modalities (structural magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological and genetic data). A DRD2 haplotype was derived from three functional polymorphisms (rs1800497, rs1076560, rs2283265) associated with alternative splicing (i.e., D2-short/-long isoforms). Moderated mediation analyses explored group differences in relationships between this DRD2 haplotype, three structural brain networks which subsume the identified cortical regions of interest (frontoparietal, dorsal-attention, and ventral-attention), and three cognitive indices (intelligence, attention, and immediate memory). Controls who were homozygous for the DRD2 major haplotype demonstrated greater cognitive performance as a result of dorsal-attention network mediation. However, this association was absent in the 'at-risk' group. This study provides the first evidence of a functional DRD2-brain-cognition pathway. The absence of typical brain-cognition relationships in young 'at-risk' individuals may reflect biological differences that precede illness onset. Further insight into early pathogenic processes may facilitate targeted early interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Bipolar Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Bipolar Disorder/genetics ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Child ; Cognition ; Humans ; Memory, Short-Term ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Receptors, Dopamine D2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 445361-x
    ISSN 1872-7506 ; 1872-7123 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    ISSN (online) 1872-7506 ; 1872-7123
    ISSN 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    DOI 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111258
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  9. Article ; Online: Sex differences in the adolescent brain.

    Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Giedd, Jay N

    Brain and cognition

    2009  Volume 72, Issue 1, Page(s) 46–55

    Abstract: Adolescence is a time of increased divergence between males and females in physical characteristics, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. Here we will review data regarding sex differences in brain structure and function during this period of the ... ...

    Abstract Adolescence is a time of increased divergence between males and females in physical characteristics, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. Here we will review data regarding sex differences in brain structure and function during this period of the lifespan. The most consistent sex difference in brain morphometry is the 9-12% larger brain size that has been reported in males. Individual brain regions that have most consistently been reported as different in males and females include the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala. Diffusion tensor imaging and magnetization transfer imaging studies have also shown sex differences in white matter development during adolescence. Functional imaging studies have shown different patterns of activation without differences in performance, suggesting male and female brains may use slightly different strategies for achieving similar cognitive abilities. Longitudinal studies have shown sex differences in the trajectory of brain development, with females reaching peak values of brain volumes earlier than males. Although compelling, these sex differences are present as group averages and should not be taken as indicative of relative capacities of males or females.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adolescent Development ; Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Brain/growth & development ; Brain/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology ; Neural Pathways/growth & development ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Sex Characteristics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-11-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 603163-8
    ISSN 1090-2147 ; 0278-2626
    ISSN (online) 1090-2147
    ISSN 0278-2626
    DOI 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.008
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  10. Article ; Online: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of gray and white matter in bipolar-I and schizophrenia.

    Bustillo, Juan R / Jones, Thomas / Qualls, Clifford / Chavez, Leslie / Lin, Denise / Lenroot, Rhoshel K / Gasparovic, Charles

    Journal of affective disorders

    2018  Volume 246, Page(s) 745–753

    Abstract: Background: Glutamine plus glutamate (Glx), as well as N-acetylaspartate compounds, (NAAc), a marker of neuronal viability, are quantified with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (: Methods: Used : Results: Amongst younger (age ≤40 years- ... ...

    Abstract Background: Glutamine plus glutamate (Glx), as well as N-acetylaspartate compounds, (NAAc), a marker of neuronal viability, are quantified with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (
    Methods: Used
    Results: Amongst younger (age ≤40 years-median split) bipolar-I vs HC subjects Glx was increased (p < 0.001), while NAAc was reduced in WM (p < 0.001). In GM, NAAc (p < 0.001) and myo-inositol (p = 0.002) were reduced. Amongst older bipolar-I (vs HC) in WM regions we found reductions in: NAAc (p < 0.001), glycerophospho-choline + phospho-choline (p < 0.001), creatine + phospho-creatine (p < 0.001) and myo-inositol (p < 0.001); in GM only Glx was increased (p < 0.005). Contrasts between bipolar-I and schizophrenia produced fewer results: amongst younger subjects, reduced NAAc (p < 0.001) in WM and lower myo-inositol in GM (p = 0.04) in bipolar-I vs schizophrenia. In the older patients, bipolar-I had lower GM NAAc (p = 0.009) than schizophrenia.
    Limitations: First, differential exposure to antipsychotic and mood stabilizing medication across the groups. Second, differences in substance use histories among the groups. Third, neglect of peripheral and ventral cortical and subcortical regions. Finally, limited power to detect bipolar/schizophrenia differences.
    Conclusions: Chronically-treated bipolar-I have increased Glx and reduced NAAc, suggestive of neuronal dysfunction. The NAAc reductions are more severe in bipolar-I than in schizophrenia patients.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives ; Aspartic Acid/metabolism ; Bipolar Disorder/diagnostic imaging ; Bipolar Disorder/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Glutamine/metabolism ; Gray Matter/diagnostic imaging ; Gray Matter/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Schizophrenia/diagnostic imaging ; Schizophrenia/metabolism ; White Matter/diagnostic imaging ; White Matter/metabolism ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Antipsychotic Agents ; Glutamine (0RH81L854J) ; Aspartic Acid (30KYC7MIAI) ; N-acetylaspartate (997-55-7)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 135449-8
    ISSN 1573-2517 ; 0165-0327
    ISSN (online) 1573-2517
    ISSN 0165-0327
    DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.064
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