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Article: Sexual Orientation and the Incidence of COVID-19: Evidence from Understanding Society in the UK Longitudinal Household Study.

Booker, Cara L / Meads, Catherine

2021 Volume 9, Issue 8

Abstract: COVID-19 infection rates and severity are worse in marginalised groups, although, for sexual and gender minorities, there are no data on infections, hospitalisations or deaths, but there may be worse rates. This study uses information from Understanding ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 infection rates and severity are worse in marginalised groups, although, for sexual and gender minorities, there are no data on infections, hospitalisations or deaths, but there may be worse rates. This study uses information from Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) to derive COVID-19 symptoms and positive tests by sexual orientation. Data came from all seven UKHLS COVID-19 survey waves in 2020 and 2021, and sexual orientation in main UKHLS waves 3 and 9. Numbers ranged from 17,800 to 12,000. Covariates in the regression models were gender, age, highest educational qualification, ethnicity, diagnosed medical condition, and key worker status. Compared to heterosexual individuals, more sexual minorities experienced symptoms, and bisexual individuals reported a greater number of symptoms. Gays and lesbians were no more or less likely to have been tested, but a larger proportion of bisexual individuals were tested. Regression models showed that differences mostly disappeared when other characteristics were considered. A small sample size means that principal questions remain, so health inequalities have been largely unnoticed and therefore not addressed. Suitable action should be taken to minimise their future risks. Why sexual and gender minorities have been omitted needs to be explored, and action needs to be taken to ensure this does not happen again.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2721009-1
ISSN	2227-9032
ISSN	2227-9032
DOI	10.3390/healthcare9080937
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Sexual Orientation and the Incidence of COVID-19

Cara L. Booker / Catherine Meads

Healthcare, Vol 9, Iss 937, p

Evidence from Understanding Society in the UK Longitudinal Household Study

2021 Volume 937

Abstract	COVID-19 infection rates and severity are worse in marginalised groups, although, for sexual and gender minorities, there are no data on infections, hospitalisations or deaths, but there may be worse rates. This study uses information from Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) to derive COVID-19 symptoms and positive tests by sexual orientation. Data came from all seven UKHLS COVID-19 survey waves in 2020 and 2021, and sexual orientation in main UKHLS waves 3 and 9. Numbers ranged from 17,800 to 12,000. Covariates in the regression models were gender, age, highest educational qualification, ethnicity, diagnosed medical condition, and key worker status. Compared to heterosexual individuals, more sexual minorities experienced symptoms, and bisexual individuals reported a greater number of symptoms. Gays and lesbians were no more or less likely to have been tested, but a larger proportion of bisexual individuals were tested. Regression models showed that differences mostly disappeared when other characteristics were considered. A small sample size means that principal questions remain, so health inequalities have been largely unnoticed and therefore not addressed. Suitable action should be taken to minimise their future risks. Why sexual and gender minorities have been omitted needs to be explored, and action needs to be taken to ensure this does not happen again.
Keywords	sexual orientation ; COVID-19 ; UKHLS ; longitudinal study ; health inequalities ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Impacts of long-standing illness and chronic illness on working hours and household income in a longitudinal UK study.

Booker, Cara L / Andrews, Leanne / Green, Gillian / Kumari, Meena

SSM - population health

2020 Volume 12, Page(s) 100684

Abstract: Individuals within households encounter a variety of events including development of a disability or chronic illness. We used data from the Understanding Society, 2009-2016, to determine whether there are changes to working hours or household income as a ...

Abstract	Individuals within households encounter a variety of events including development of a disability or chronic illness. We used data from the Understanding Society, 2009-2016, to determine whether there are changes to working hours or household income as a result of an individual developing an illness. After adjusting for a variety of sociodemographic characteristics, there were few associations observed between one's own individual illness status and household income. There was a clear trend of reduction of weekly working hours with increasing severity and chronicity of the individuals' illness or disease. Individuals who were not ill, but lived in an household with an ill person worked about 30-min less per week, b = -0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI)=(-1.09, -0.30), while those with a limiting long-standing illness and a chronic disease worked 3.5 h less per week, b = -3.64, 95% CI=(-4.21, -3.08), compared to individuals with no illness in their household. Individuals with a limiting illness only had lower incomes, b = -0.04, 95% CI=(-0.07, -0.004) compared to individuals with no household illness. These associations were not greatly changed with the inclusion of reception of benefits or being cared for. Interactions were observed by gender, age being cared for and reception of benefits. Additionally, there were differences were observed by working age groups and between those who lived alone and those who did not. The findings suggest that while there is a reduction of working hours among individuals with an illness or who have an ill person in their home, household income is resilient to the experience of an illness, in the United Kingdom. However, this appeared to differ by household composition, i.e. whether individuals were of working age or whether they lived alone. Identification of households at highest risk of income reduction may serve to inform policy and appropriate distribution of services and support.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100684
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Article ; Online: The mental health impact of COVID-19 and lockdown-related stressors among adults in the UK.

Chandola, Tarani / Kumari, Meena / Booker, Cara L / Benzeval, Michaela

Psychological medicine

2020 Volume 52, Issue 14, Page(s) 2997–3006

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in the UK and subsequent lockdown may have affected the mental health of the population. This study examines whether there was an increase in the prevalence and incidence of common mental disorders (CMD) in the UK adult ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in the UK and subsequent lockdown may have affected the mental health of the population. This study examines whether there was an increase in the prevalence and incidence of common mental disorders (CMD) in the UK adult population during the first months of lockdown and whether changes in CMD were associated with stressors related to the pandemic and lockdown. Methods: Longitudinal data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study waves 10-11: 2019-2020 and waves 1-4 of the COVID-19 monthly surveys in April ( Results: Around 29% of adults without CMD less than a year earlier had a CMD in April 2020. However, by July 2020, monthly incidence of CMD had reduced to 9%. Most employment, financial and psychological 'shocks' were at their highest levels in April and reduced steadily in later months. Despite the lifting of some lockdown conditions by July, stressors related to loneliness, unemployment, financial problems and domestic work continued to influence CMD. Conclusion: Some COVID-19 policy responses such as furloughing may have been effective in mitigating the increase in CMD for some groups of employees. Despite some reduction in levels of pandemic and lockdown-related stressors by the middle of 2020, loneliness and financial stressors remained key determinants of incidence in CMD among the UK adult population.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Mental Health ; Longitudinal Studies ; Pandemics ; Communicable Disease Control ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	217420-0
ISSN	1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
ISSN (online)	1469-8978
ISSN	0033-2917
DOI	10.1017/S0033291720005048
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Article ; Online: Impacts of long-standing illness and chronic illness on working hours and household income in a longitudinal UK study

Cara L. Booker / Leanne Andrews / Gillian Green / Meena Kumari

SSM: Population Health, Vol 12, Iss , Pp 100684- (2020)

2020

Abstract: Individuals within households encounter a variety of events including development of a disability or chronic illness. We used data from the Understanding Society, 2009–2016, to determine whether there are changes to working hours or household income as a ...

Abstract	Individuals within households encounter a variety of events including development of a disability or chronic illness. We used data from the Understanding Society, 2009–2016, to determine whether there are changes to working hours or household income as a result of an individual developing an illness. After adjusting for a variety of sociodemographic characteristics, there were few associations observed between one's own individual illness status and household income. There was a clear trend of reduction of weekly working hours with increasing severity and chronicity of the individuals' illness or disease. Individuals who were not ill, but lived in an household with an ill person worked about 30-min less per week, b = −0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI)=(-1.09, −0.30), while those with a limiting long-standing illness and a chronic disease worked 3.5 h less per week, b = −3.64, 95% CI=(-4.21, −3.08), compared to individuals with no illness in their household. Individuals with a limiting illness only had lower incomes, b = −0.04, 95% CI=(-0.07, −0.004) compared to individuals with no household illness. These associations were not greatly changed with the inclusion of reception of benefits or being cared for. Interactions were observed by gender, age being cared for and reception of benefits. Additionally, there were differences were observed by working age groups and between those who lived alone and those who did not. The findings suggest that while there is a reduction of working hours among individuals with an illness or who have an ill person in their home, household income is resilient to the experience of an illness, in the United Kingdom. However, this appeared to differ by household composition, i.e. whether individuals were of working age or whether they lived alone. Identification of households at highest risk of income reduction may serve to inform policy and appropriate distribution of services and support.
Keywords	Long-standing illness ; Diagnosed medical condition ; Working hours ; Household income ; Impact of ill health ; Longitudinal ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	338 ; 360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK.

Booker, Cara L / Kelly, Yvonne J / Sacker, Amanda

BMC public health

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 321

Abstract: Background: Adolescents are among the highest consumers of social media while research has shown that their well-being decreases with age. The temporal relationship between social media interaction and well-being is not well established. The aim of this ...

Abstract	Background: Adolescents are among the highest consumers of social media while research has shown that their well-being decreases with age. The temporal relationship between social media interaction and well-being is not well established. The aim of this study was to examine whether the changes in social media interaction and two well-being measures are related across ages using parallel growth models. Methods: Data come from five waves of the youth questionnaire, 10-15 years, of the Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study (pooled n = 9859). Social media interaction was assessed through daily frequency of chatting on social websites. Well-being was measured by happiness with six domains of life and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results: Findings suggest gender differences in the relationship between interacting on social media and well-being. There were significant correlations between interacting on social media and well-being intercepts and between social media interaction and well-being slopes among females. Additionally higher social media interaction at age 10 was associated with declines in well-being thereafter for females, but not for males. Results were similar for both measures of well-being. Conclusions: High levels of social media interaction in early adolescence have implications for well-being in later adolescence, particularly for females. The lack of an association among males suggests other factors might be associated with their reduction in well-being with age. These findings contribute to the debate on causality and may inform future policy and interventions.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Health/statistics & numerical data ; Sex Factors ; Social Media/statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4
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Article ; Online: Gender differences in the associations between age trends of social media interaction and well-being among 10-15 year olds in the UK

Cara L. Booker / Yvonne J. Kelly / Amanda Sacker

BMC Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2018 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Background Adolescents are among the highest consumers of social media while research has shown that their well-being decreases with age. The temporal relationship between social media interaction and well-being is not well established. The aim ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Adolescents are among the highest consumers of social media while research has shown that their well-being decreases with age. The temporal relationship between social media interaction and well-being is not well established. The aim of this study was to examine whether the changes in social media interaction and two well-being measures are related across ages using parallel growth models. Methods Data come from five waves of the youth questionnaire, 10-15 years, of the Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study (pooled n = 9859). Social media interaction was assessed through daily frequency of chatting on social websites. Well-being was measured by happiness with six domains of life and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Findings suggest gender differences in the relationship between interacting on social media and well-being. There were significant correlations between interacting on social media and well-being intercepts and between social media interaction and well-being slopes among females. Additionally higher social media interaction at age 10 was associated with declines in well-being thereafter for females, but not for males. Results were similar for both measures of well-being. Conclusions High levels of social media interaction in early adolescence have implications for well-being in later adolescence, particularly for females. The lack of an association among males suggests other factors might be associated with their reduction in well-being with age. These findings contribute to the debate on causality and may inform future policy and interventions.
Keywords	Adolescents ; Gender ; Growth curve modelling ; Longitudinal studies ; Social media interaction ; Well-being ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	300
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sexual orientation health inequality: Evidence from Understanding Society, the UK Longitudinal Household Study.

Booker, Cara L / Rieger, Gerulf / Unger, Jennifer B

Preventive medicine

2017 Volume 101, Page(s) 126–132

Abstract: Few studies from the United Kingdom have fully investigated inequalities between members of different sexual minority groups and heterosexuals over range of health outcomes. Using data from over 40,000 individuals, this study explores the health ... ...

Abstract	Few studies from the United Kingdom have fully investigated inequalities between members of different sexual minority groups and heterosexuals over range of health outcomes. Using data from over 40,000 individuals, this study explores the health inequalities of sexual minority UK adults. We include respondents who identify as other and those who prefer not to say (PNS). Data come from wave three (2011-2012) of the nationally-representative Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Sexual orientation was asked in the self-completion portion of the study. Markers of health include physical and mental functioning, minor psychological distress, self-rated health, substance use and disability. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses tested for differences in markers of health between sexual orientation groups. Overall, heterosexual respondents had the best health while bisexual respondents had the worst. Gay and lesbian respondents reported poorer health than heterosexuals, specifically with regards to mental functioning, distress and illness status. The other and PNS respondents were most similar to each other and generally experienced fewer health inequalities than gay and lesbian respondents; they were less likely to use tobacco or alcohol. In sum, sexual minorities experience health inequality. The inclusion of other and PNS respondents has not been done in other studies and shows that while they may be healthier than gay/lesbian and bisexual respondents they still experiences poorer health than heterosexuals. Health promotion interventions are needed for these other and PNS individuals, who might not participate in interventions targeted toward known sexual minority groups.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184600-0
ISSN	1096-0260 ; 0091-7435
ISSN (online)	1096-0260
ISSN	0091-7435
DOI	10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.010
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Article ; Online: The mental health impact of COVID-19 and pandemic related stressors among adults in the UK

Chandola, Tarani / Kumari, Meena / Booker, Cara L / Benzeval, Michaela J

Abstract: Background: The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in a wide range of social and economic changes that could, in turn, have affected the mental health of the UK adult population. Previous research has not been able to measure the broad range of potential ... ...

Abstract	Background: The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in a wide range of social and economic changes that could, in turn, have affected the mental health of the UK adult population. Previous research has not been able to measure the broad range of potential stressors, nor examine whether recent changes in those stressors have positively or negatively impacted on common mental disorders. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the stressful impact of the lockdown on mental health has accumulated over time or whether people have adapted to the new conditions of lockdown. This study examines whether there was an increase in the prevalence and incidence of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in the UK adult population during the first few months of lockdown related to the coronavirus pandemic and whether changes in CMD were associated with an increase in stressors related to lockdown and the pandemic. Methods: Longitudinal data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (wave 9: 2017-2019 and waves 1 and 2 of the Coronavirus survey in April and May 2020 respectively), a representative sample of UK population, were analysed. Common mental disorders (CMD) were measured using the GHQ-12 (cut off >2) at all waves. The difference in the GHQ-12 (using Likert scores) between waves measured changes in psychological well-being. The incidence of CMD and changes in psychological well-being were analysed in relation to pandemic specific stressors and changes in economic, financial, household and psychosocial stressors. Findings: Around 30% of UKHLS adults without CMD in 2017/9 had a CMD in April 2020. However from April to May 2020, the incidence reduced considerably to below 13%. Much of the increase in incident CMD between April and May was associated with an increase in feelings of loneliness, but some of this increase was also associated with increasing domestic work demands (arising out of childcare and home-schooling), working from home, and the receipt of care from outside the home. The reduction in the incidence of many of these stressors in May (compared to April) coincided with a reduction in the incidence of CMD in May. Conclusion: The pandemic and resultant lockdown were associated with an increase in the incidence of CMD in the UK adult population initially in April 2020. These changes were associated with increases in feelings of loneliness and stressors related to work and domestic life and receipt of care. There was some evidence of adaptation to many of these stressors over the lockdown period by May 2020. However, if levels of unemployment and redundancy increase in the near future, the implications for the mental health of the population need careful thought and monitoring.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	MedRxiv; WHO
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	WHO #Covidence: #20146738
DOI	10.1101/2020.07.05.20146738
Database	COVID19

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Book ; Online: In sickness and in health?

Booker, Cara L / Pudney, Stephen

comorbidity in older couples

(ISER Working Paper Series ; 2013-30)

2013

Abstract: We investigate the nature and origin of comorbidity, defined as the tendency of members of marital couples to display correlated patterns of ill-health in later life. In the absence of long-term prospective data on couples, we use long-range recall data ... ...

Author's details	Cara L. Booker; Stephen Pudney
Series title	ISER Working Paper Series ; 2013-30
Abstract	We investigate the nature and origin of comorbidity, defined as the tendency of members of marital couples to display correlated patterns of ill-health in later life. In the absence of long-term prospective data on couples, we use long-range recall data from the pan-European SHARELife survey and estimate a latent variable model of the health states of marital partners in childhood, early adulthood and late adulthood. We find strong persistence in health states and a strong comorbidity correlation, attributable almost equally to homogamy in relation to early health and common factors operating within marriage.
Keywords	Health ; disability ; lifecourse ; homogamy ; SHARE
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource (32 S.), graph. Darst.
Edition	This version: December 5, 2013
Publisher	ISER
Publishing place	Colchester
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	IMD-Felder maschinell generiert
Database	ECONomics Information System

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