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Article ; Online: The evolutionary impact of population size, mutation rate and virulence on pathogen niche width.

Fisher, Adam M

2021 Volume 34, Issue 8, Page(s) 1256–1265

Abstract: Understanding the evolution of pathogen niche width is important for predicting disease spread and the probability that pathogens can emerge in novel hosts. Findings from previous theoretical studies often suggest that pathogens will evolve to be ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the evolution of pathogen niche width is important for predicting disease spread and the probability that pathogens can emerge in novel hosts. Findings from previous theoretical studies often suggest that pathogens will evolve to be specialists in specific host environments. However, several of these studies make unrealistic assumptions regarding demographic stochasticity and the ability of pathogens to select their hosts. Here, an individual-based model was used to predict how population size, virulence and pathogen mutation rate affects the evolution niche specialism in pathogens. Pathogen specialism evolved regardless of virulence or populations size; thus, the findings of this study are somewhat consistent with those of previous work. However, because specialist pathogens had only a weak selective advantage over generalist pathogens, high mutation rates caused random trait variation to accumulate, preventing the evolution of specialism. Mutation rate varies greatly across different species and strains of pathogen. By showing that high mutation rates may prevent pathogen specialism evolving, this study highlights an intrinsic pathogen trait that may influence the evolution of pathogen niche width.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Evolution ; Mutation Rate ; Phenotype ; Population Density ; Virulence/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1465318-7
ISSN	1420-9101 ; 1010-061X
ISSN (online)	1420-9101
ISSN	1010-061X
DOI	10.1111/jeb.13882
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The evolutionary impact of population size, mutation rate and virulence on pathogen niche width

Fisher, Adam M.

Journal of evolutionary biology. 2021 Aug., v. 34, no. 8

2021

Abstract	Understanding the evolution of pathogen niche width is important for predicting disease spread and the probability that pathogens can emerge in novel hosts. Findings from previous theoretical studies often suggest that pathogens will evolve to be specialists in specific host environments. However, several of these studies make unrealistic assumptions regarding demographic stochasticity and the ability of pathogens to select their hosts. Here, an individual‐based model was used to predict how population size, virulence and pathogen mutation rate affects the evolution niche specialism in pathogens. Pathogen specialism evolved regardless of virulence or populations size; thus, the findings of this study are somewhat consistent with those of previous work. However, because specialist pathogens had only a weak selective advantage over generalist pathogens, high mutation rates caused random trait variation to accumulate, preventing the evolution of specialism. Mutation rate varies greatly across different species and strains of pathogen. By showing that high mutation rates may prevent pathogen specialism evolving, this study highlights an intrinsic pathogen trait that may influence the evolution of pathogen niche width.
Keywords	models ; mutation ; mutation rate ; pathogens ; population size ; probability ; virulence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-08
Size	p. 1256-1265.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1465318-7
ISSN	1420-9101 ; 1010-061X
ISSN (online)	1420-9101
ISSN	1010-061X
DOI	10.1111/jeb.13882
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Sex ratio distorting microbes exacerbate arthropod extinction risk in variable environments.

Fisher, Adam M / Knell, Robert J / Price, Tom A R / Bonsall, Michael B

Ecology and evolution

2024 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) e11216

Abstract: Maternally-inherited sex ratio distorting microbes (SRDMs) are common among arthropod species. Typically, these microbes cause female-biased sex ratios in host broods, either by; killing male offspring, feminising male offspring, or inducing ... ...

Abstract	Maternally-inherited sex ratio distorting microbes (SRDMs) are common among arthropod species. Typically, these microbes cause female-biased sex ratios in host broods, either by; killing male offspring, feminising male offspring, or inducing parthenogenesis. As a result, infected populations can experience drastic ecological and evolutionary change. The mechanism by which SRDMs operate is likely to alter their impact on host evolutionary ecology; despite this, the current literature is heavily biased towards a single mechanism of sex ratio distortion, male-killing. Furthermore, amidst the growing concerns surrounding the loss of arthropod diversity, research into the impact of SRDMs on the viability of arthropod populations is generally lacking. In this study, using a theoretical approach, we model the epidemiology of an understudied mechanism of microbially-induced sex ratio distortion-feminisation-to ask an understudied question-how do SRDMs impact extinction risk in a changing environment? We constructed an individual-based model and measured host population extinction risk under various environmental and epidemiological scenarios. We also used our model to identify the precise mechanism modulating extinction. We find that the presence of feminisers increases host population extinction risk, an effect that is exacerbated in highly variable environments. We also identified transmission rate as the dominant epidemiological trait responsible for driving extinction. Finally, our model shows that sex ratio skew is the mechanism driving extinction. We highlight feminisers and, more broadly, SRDMs as important determinants of the resilience of arthropod populations to environmental change.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2635675-2
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.11216
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Functional compensation in a savanna scavenger community.

Walker, Alice E L / Robertson, Mark P / Eggleton, Paul / Fisher, Adam M / Parr, Catherine L

The Journal of animal ecology

2024

Abstract: Functional redundancy, the potential for the functional role of one species to be fulfilled by another, is a key determinant of ecosystem viability. Scavenging transfers huge amount of energy through ecosystems and is, therefore, crucial for ecosystem ... ...

Abstract	Functional redundancy, the potential for the functional role of one species to be fulfilled by another, is a key determinant of ecosystem viability. Scavenging transfers huge amount of energy through ecosystems and is, therefore, crucial for ecosystem viability and healthy ecosystem functioning. Despite this, relatively few studies have examined functional redundancy in scavenger communities. Moreover, the results of these studies are mixed and confined to a very limited range of habitat types and taxonomic groups. This study attempts to address this knowledge gap by conducting a field experiment in an undisturbed natural environment assessing functional roles and redundancy in vertebrate and invertebrate scavenging communities in a South African savanna. We used a large-scale field experiment to suppress ants in four 1 ha plots in a South African savanna and paired each with a control plot. We distributed three types of small food bait: carbohydrate, protein and seed, across the plots and excluded vertebrates from half the baits using cages. Using this combination of ant suppression and vertebrate exclusion, allowed us explore the contribution of non-ant invertebrates, ants and vertebrates in scavenging and also to determine whether either ants or vertebrates were able to compensate for the loss of one another. In this study, we found the invertebrate community carried out a larger proportion of overall scavenging services than vertebrates. Moreover, although scavenging was reduced when either invertebrates or vertebrates were absent, the presence of invertebrates better mitigated the functional loss of vertebrates than did the presence of vertebrates against the functional loss of invertebrates. There is a commonly held assumption that the functional role of vertebrate scavengers exceeds that of invertebrate scavengers; our results suggest that this is not true for small scavenging resources. Our study highlights the importance of invertebrates for securing healthy ecosystem functioning both now and into the future. We also build upon many previous studies which show that ants can have particularly large effects on ecosystem functioning. Importantly, our study suggests that scavenging in some ecosystems may be partly resilient to changes in the scavenging community, due to the potential for functional compensation by vertebrates and ants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.14083
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Article ; Online: Snack frequency, size, and energy density are associated with diet quality among US adolescents.

Tripicchio, Gina L / Bailey, Regan L / Davey, Adam / Croce, Christina M / Fisher, Jennifer Orlet

Public health nutrition

2023 Volume 26, Issue 11, Page(s) 2374–2382

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate snacking and diet quality among US adolescents.: Design: Cross-sectional analysis examined snack frequency (snacks/day), size (kcal/snack) and energy density (kcal/g/snack) as predictors of diet quality using the mean of two 24- ...

Abstract	Objective: To evaluate snacking and diet quality among US adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional analysis examined snack frequency (snacks/day), size (kcal/snack) and energy density (kcal/g/snack) as predictors of diet quality using the mean of two 24-h dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015, 0-100), a mean adequacy ratio (MAR, 0-100) for under-consumed nutrients (potassium, fibre, Ca, vitamin D) and mean percentage of recommended limits for over-consumed nutrients (added sugar, saturated fat, Na). Linear regression models examined total snacks, food only snacks and beverage only snacks, as predictors of diet quality adjusting for demographic characteristics and estimated energy reporting accuracy. Setting: 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants: Adolescents 12-19 years ( Results: Snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 ( Conclusions: Smaller, frequent, less energy-dense food only snacks are associated with higher diet quality in adolescents; beverages consumed as snacks are associated with greater intake of over-consumed nutrients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adolescent ; Snacks ; Feeding Behavior ; Nutrition Surveys ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Energy Intake
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1436024-x
ISSN	1475-2727 ; 1368-9800
ISSN (online)	1475-2727
ISSN	1368-9800
DOI	10.1017/S1368980023001635
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Article ; Online: The Golden Age Is Behind Us: How the Status Quo Impacts the Evaluation of Technology.

Smiley, Adam H / Fisher, Matthew

Psychological science

2022 Volume 33, Issue 9, Page(s) 1605–1614

Abstract: New technology invariably provokes concerns over potential societal impacts. Even as risks often fail to materialize, the fear continues. The current research explored the psychological underpinnings of this pattern. Across four studies ( ...

Abstract	New technology invariably provokes concerns over potential societal impacts. Even as risks often fail to materialize, the fear continues. The current research explored the psychological underpinnings of this pattern. Across four studies (
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attitude ; Humans ; Technology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/09567976221102868
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Article ; Online: Snack frequency, size, and energy density are associated with diet quality among US adolescents

Gina L Tripicchio / Regan L Bailey / Adam Davey / Christina M Croce / Jennifer Orlet Fisher

Public Health Nutrition, Vol 26, Pp 2374-

2023 Volume 2382

Abstract: Abstract Objective: To evaluate snacking and diet quality among US adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional analysis examined snack frequency (snacks/day), size (kcal/snack) and energy density (kcal/g/snack) as predictors of diet quality using the mean of ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective: To evaluate snacking and diet quality among US adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional analysis examined snack frequency (snacks/day), size (kcal/snack) and energy density (kcal/g/snack) as predictors of diet quality using the mean of two 24-h dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015, 0–100), a mean adequacy ratio (MAR, 0–100) for under-consumed nutrients (potassium, fibre, Ca, vitamin D) and mean percentage of recommended limits for over-consumed nutrients (added sugar, saturated fat, Na). Linear regression models examined total snacks, food only snacks and beverage only snacks, as predictors of diet quality adjusting for demographic characteristics and estimated energy reporting accuracy. Setting: 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants: Adolescents 12–19 years (n 4985). Results: Snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 (β = 0·7 (0·3), P < 0·05) but also with higher intake of over-consumed nutrients (β = 3·0 (0·8), P ≤ 0·001). Snack size was associated with lower HEI (β = –0·005 (0·001), P ≤ 0·001) and MAR (β = –0·005 (0·002), P < 0·05) and higher intake of over-consumed nutrients (β = 0·03 (0·005), P ≤ 0·001). Associations differed for food only and beverage only snacks. Food only snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 (β = 1·7 (0·03), P ≤ 0·001), while food only snack size (β = –0·006 (0·0009), P ≤ 0·001) and food only snack energy density (β = –1·1 (0·2), P ≤ 0·001) were associated with lower HEI-2015. Conversely, beverage only snack frequency (β = 4·4 (2·1) P < 0·05) and beverage only snack size (β = 0·03 (0·01), P ≤ 0·001) were associated with higher intake of over-consumed nutrients. Conclusions: Smaller, frequent, less energy-dense food only snacks are associated with higher diet quality in adolescents; beverages consumed as snacks are associated with greater intake of over-consumed nutrients.
Keywords	Diet ; Snacking ; Adolescents ; Behavioural health ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ; RC620-627
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Author Correction: Feasibility of continuous fever monitoring using wearable devices.

Smarr, Benjamin L / Aschbacher, Kirstin / Fisher, Sarah M / Chowdhary, Anoushka / Dilchert, Stephan / Puldon, Karena / Rao, Adam / Hecht, Frederick M / Mason, Ashley E

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 4427

Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-08621-2
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Article ; Online: Guideline for the management of

Patel, Priya / Robinson, Paula D / Fisher, Brian T / Phillips, Robert / Morgan, Jessica E / Lehrnbecher, Thomas / Kuczynski, Susan / Koenig, Christa / Haeusler, Gabrielle M / Esbenshade, Adam / Elgarten, Caitlin / Duong, Nathan / Diorio, Caroline / Castagnola, Elio / Beauchemin, Melissa P / Ammann, Roland A / Dupuis, L Lee / Sung, Lillian

EClinicalMedicine

2024 Volume 72, Page(s) 102604

Abstract: Our objective was to update a clinical practice guideline for the prevention and treatment ... ...

Abstract	Our objective was to update a clinical practice guideline for the prevention and treatment of
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2589-5370
ISSN (online)	2589-5370
DOI	10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102604
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Article ; Online: The impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the epidemiology of male‐killing bacteria

Fisher, Adam M. / Knell, Robert J. / Price, Tom A. R. / Bonsall, Michael B.

Oikos. 2022 Dec., v. 2022, no. 12 p.e09392-

2022

Abstract: Many arthropod species are vulnerable to infection by bacteria that kill the male offspring of their female hosts. These male‐killing bacteria (MKB) can greatly impact the ecology and evolution of their hosts, particularly when MKB prevalence is high and ...

Abstract	Many arthropod species are vulnerable to infection by bacteria that kill the male offspring of their female hosts. These male‐killing bacteria (MKB) can greatly impact the ecology and evolution of their hosts, particularly when MKB prevalence is high and persistent through time. However, we still do not have a holistic understanding of the key determinants of MKB ecological epidemiology, particularly regarding the interplay between host‐MKB traits and environmental conditions. Here, we derived a mathematical model to analyse the role that several intrinsic and extrinsic factors play in determining MKB epidemiology, and how these factors interact with one another. We found that the invasion threshold and prevalence of MKB is determined by transmission rate and the rate at which female hosts recover from MKB infections. The invasion and prevalence of MKB is also highly sensitive to the extent that MKB can reduce intra‐brood competition by killing male offspring. Environmentally‐induced periodic changes to the epidemiological characteristics of MKB caused a sharp decline and a slow recovery of MKB prevalence and, in some cases, environmental disturbance can drive MKB extinct. Furthermore, the magnitude of the impact that environmental disturbance had on the dynamics of MKB prevalence was heavily modulated by intrinsic factors, particularly intra‐brood competition. This is the first study to explore how both intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact to influence the dynamics of MKB infections over large timescales; our findings are central to predicting the current and future impacts of MKB on host populations.
Keywords	arthropods ; ecology ; epidemiology ; evolution ; females ; males ; mathematical models ; progeny
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-12
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.09392
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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