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Article: Comparison of the performance of aerosol sampling devices for measuring infectious SARS-CoV-2 aerosols.

Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna / Bohannon, Kyle / Williams, Gregory / Holland, Brian / Krause, Melissa / Green, Brian / Freeburger, Denise / Dabisch, Paul

Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research

2023 Volume 55, Issue 8, Page(s) 975–986

Abstract: To assess the risk of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, measurements of the airborne viral concentrations in proximity to infected individuals, the persistence of the virus in aerosols, and the dose of the virus needed to cause infection following ... ...

Abstract	To assess the risk of aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, measurements of the airborne viral concentrations in proximity to infected individuals, the persistence of the virus in aerosols, and the dose of the virus needed to cause infection following inhalation are required. For studies aimed at quantifying these parameters, an aerosol sampling device needs to be employed. A number of recent studies have reported the detection of both genetic material and infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus in air samples collected in clinical settings. Previous studies have demonstrated that the efficiency of different samplers for collection and preservation of the infectivity of microorganisms can vary as a function of the specific microorganism. In the present study, the performance of eight common low-flow aerosol sampling devices were compared for their ability to collect and preserve the infectivity of airborne SARS-CoV-2 contained in small particle aerosols. The influence of sampling duration on recovery of infectious virus was also evaluated. Similar concentrations of infectious SARS-CoV-2 were measured in aerosols for the majority of the samplers tested, with the exception of the midget impingers, which measured significantly lower concentrations of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, in three of the four impingers tested, additional clean airflow through the device following collection of infectious virus resulted in a decrease of the infectious concentration of virus over time, suggesting that virus was being inactivated and these devices may not be suitable for sampling for long durations. Further, RNA copies in the samples over time did not correspond with the losses of infectious SARS-CoV-2 observed in the impingers samples. These data can be utilized to inform interpretation of current studies on the SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in air samples, as well as inform sampling device selection in future studies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0278-6826
ISSN	0278-6826
DOI	10.1080/02786826.2021.1910137
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Article ; Online: The size and culturability of patient-generated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol.

Santarpia, Joshua L / Herrera, Vicki L / Rivera, Danielle N / Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna / Reid, St Patrick / Ackerman, Daniel N / Denton, Paul W / Martens, Jacob W S / Fang, Ying / Conoan, Nicholas / Callahan, Michael V / Lawler, James V / Brett-Major, David M / Lowe, John J

Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology

2021 Volume 32, Issue 5, Page(s) 706–711

Abstract: Background: Aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is the subject of ongoing policy debate. Characterizing aerosol produced by people with COVID-19 is critical to understanding the role of aerosols in transmission.: Objective: We investigated the presence ... ...

Abstract	Background: Aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is the subject of ongoing policy debate. Characterizing aerosol produced by people with COVID-19 is critical to understanding the role of aerosols in transmission. Objective: We investigated the presence of virus in size-fractioned aerosols from six COVID-19 patients admitted into mixed acuity wards in April of 2020. Methods: Size-fractionated aerosol samples and aerosol size distributions were collected from COVID-19 positive patients. Aerosol samples were analyzed for viral RNA, positive samples were cultured in Vero E6 cells. Serial RT-PCR of cells indicated samples where viral replication was likely occurring. Viral presence was also investigated by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by rRT-PCR in all samples. Three samples confidently indicated the presence of viral replication, all of which were from collected sub-micron aerosol. Western blot indicated the presence of viral proteins in all but one of these samples, and intact virions were observed by TEM in one sample. Significance: Observations of viral replication in the culture of submicron aerosol samples provides additional evidence that airborne transmission of COVID-19 is possible. These results support the use of efficient respiratory protection in both healthcare and by the public to limit transmission.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Proteins
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral ; Viral Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2218551-3
ISSN	1559-064X ; 1559-0631
ISSN (online)	1559-064X
ISSN	1559-0631
DOI	10.1038/s41370-021-00376-8
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by ultraviolet radiation and visible light is dependent on wavelength and sample matrix.

Schuit, Michael A / Larason, Thomas C / Krause, Melissa L / Green, Brian M / Holland, Brian P / Wood, Stewart P / Grantham, Steven / Zong, Yuqin / Zarobila, Clarence J / Freeburger, Denise L / Miller, David M / Bohannon, Jordan K / Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna A / Blatchley, Ernest R / Li, Xing / Dabisch, Paul A / Miller, C Cameron

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2022 Volume 233, Page(s) 112503

Abstract: Numerous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can be inactivated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, there are few data available on the relative efficacy of different wavelengths of UV radiation and visible light, which complicates assessments ... ...

Abstract	Numerous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can be inactivated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, there are few data available on the relative efficacy of different wavelengths of UV radiation and visible light, which complicates assessments of UV decontamination interventions. The present study evaluated the effects of monochromatic radiation at 16 wavelengths from 222 nm through 488 nm on SARS-CoV-2 in liquid aliquots and dried droplets of water and simulated saliva. The data were used to generate a set of action spectra which quantify the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to genome damage and inactivation across the tested wavelengths. UVC wavelengths (≤280 nm) were most effective for inactivating SARS-CoV-2, although inactivation rates were dependent on sample type. Results from this study suggest that UV radiation can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in liquids and dried droplets, and provide a foundation for understanding the factors which affect the efficacy of different wavelengths in real-world settings.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Disinfection/methods ; Humans ; Light ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Virus Inactivation/radiation effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112503
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Article: The influence of temperature, humidity, and simulated sunlight on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols.

Dabisch, Paul / Schuit, Michael / Herzog, Artemas / Beck, Katie / Wood, Stewart / Krause, Melissa / Miller, David / Weaver, Wade / Freeburger, Denise / Hooper, Idris / Green, Brian / Williams, Gregory / Holland, Brian / Bohannon, Jordan / Wahl, Victoria / Yolitz, Jason / Hevey, Michael / Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna

Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research

2020 Volume 55, Issue 2, Page(s) 142–153

Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that respiratory aerosols may play a role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that simulated sunlight inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on surfaces. In ...

Abstract	Recent evidence suggests that respiratory aerosols may play a role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that simulated sunlight inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on surfaces. In the present study, we extend these findings to include the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols across a range of temperature, humidity, and simulated sunlight levels using an environmentally controlled rotating drum aerosol chamber. The results demonstrate that temperature, simulated sunlight, and humidity are all significant factors influencing the persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols, but that simulated sunlight and temperature have a greater influence on decay than humidity across the range of conditions tested. The time needed for a 90% decrease in infectious virus ranged from 4.8 min at 40 °C, 20% relative humidity, and high intensity simulated sunlight representative of noon on a clear day on the summer solstice at 4°N latitude, to greater than two hours under conditions representative of those expected indoors or at night. These results suggest that the persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in naturally occurring aerosols may be affected by environmental conditions, and that aerosolized virus could remain infectious for extended periods of time under some environmental conditions. The present study provides a comprehensive dataset on the influence of environmental parameters on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols that can be utilized, along with data on viral shedding from infected individuals and the inhalational infectious dose, to inform future modeling and risk assessment efforts.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0278-6826
ISSN	0278-6826
DOI	10.1080/02786826.2020.1829536
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Article ; Online: Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight.

Schuit, Michael / Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna / Yolitz, Jason / Williams, Gregory / Weaver, Wade / Green, Brian / Miller, David / Krause, Melissa / Beck, Katie / Wood, Stewart / Holland, Brian / Bohannon, Jordan / Freeburger, Denise / Hooper, Idris / Biryukov, Jennifer / Altamura, Louis A / Wahl, Victoria / Hevey, Michael / Dabisch, Paul

The Journal of infectious diseases

2020 Volume 222, Issue 4, Page(s) 564–571

Abstract: Aerosols represent a potential transmission route of COVID-19. This study examined effect of simulated sunlight, relative humidity, and suspension matrix on stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Simulated sunlight and matrix significantly affected decay ... ...

Abstract	Aerosols represent a potential transmission route of COVID-19. This study examined effect of simulated sunlight, relative humidity, and suspension matrix on stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Simulated sunlight and matrix significantly affected decay rate of the virus. Relative humidity alone did not affect the decay rate; however, minor interactions between relative humidity and other factors were observed. Mean decay rates (± SD) in simulated saliva, under simulated sunlight levels representative of late winter/early fall and summer were 0.121 ± 0.017 min-1 (90% loss, 19 minutes) and 0.306 ± 0.097 min-1 (90% loss, 8 minutes), respectively. Mean decay rate without simulated sunlight across all relative humidity levels was 0.008 ± 0.011 min-1 (90% loss, 286 minutes). These results suggest that the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be dependent on environmental conditions, particularly sunlight. These data may be useful to inform mitigation strategies to minimize the potential for aerosol transmission.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Air Microbiology ; Animals ; Betacoronavirus/radiation effects ; COVID-19 ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Computer Simulation ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Culture Media ; Humidity ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Regression Analysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saliva/chemistry ; Saliva/virology ; Sunlight ; Vero Cells
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; Culture Media
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiaa334
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Article ; Online: Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces.

Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna / Williams, Gregory / Green, Brian / Krause, Melissa / Holland, Brian / Wood, Stewart / Bohannon, Jordan / Boydston, Jeremy / Freeburger, Denise / Hooper, Idris / Beck, Katie / Yeager, John / Altamura, Louis A / Biryukov, Jennifer / Yolitz, Jason / Schuit, Michael / Wahl, Victoria / Hevey, Michael / Dabisch, Paul

The Journal of infectious diseases

2020 Volume 222, Issue 2, Page(s) 214–222

Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is stable on surfaces for extended periods under indoor conditions. In the present study, simulated sunlight rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2 suspended in either simulated saliva or culture media and dried ...

Abstract	Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is stable on surfaces for extended periods under indoor conditions. In the present study, simulated sunlight rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2 suspended in either simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. Ninety percent of infectious virus was inactivated every 6.8 minutes in simulated saliva and every 14.3 minutes in culture media when exposed to simulated sunlight representative of the summer solstice at 40°N latitude at sea level on a clear day. Significant inactivation also occurred, albeit at a slower rate, under lower simulated sunlight levels. The present study provides the first evidence that sunlight may rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, suggesting that persistence, and subsequently exposure risk, may vary significantly between indoor and outdoor environments. Additionally, these data indicate that natural sunlight may be effective as a disinfectant for contaminated nonporous materials.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sunlight
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiaa274
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Article ; Online: The Stability of an Isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage in Aerosols Is Similar to 3 Earlier Isolates.

The Journal of infectious diseases

2021 Volume 224, Issue 10, Page(s) 1641–1648

Abstract: Background: Our laboratory previously examined the influence of environmental conditions on the stability of an early isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (hCoV-19/USA/WA-1/2020) in aerosols generated from culture medium or simulated saliva. However, genetic ... ...

Abstract	Background: Our laboratory previously examined the influence of environmental conditions on the stability of an early isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (hCoV-19/USA/WA-1/2020) in aerosols generated from culture medium or simulated saliva. However, genetic differences have emerged among SARS-CoV-2 lineages, and it is possible that these differences may affect environmental stability and the potential for aerosol transmission. Methods: The influence of temperature, relative humidity, and simulated sunlight on the decay of 4 SARS-CoV-2 isolates in aerosols, including 1 belonging to the recently emerged B.1.1.7 lineage, were compared in a rotating drum chamber. Aerosols were generated from simulated respiratory tract lining fluid to represent aerosols originating from the deep lung. Results: No differences in the stability of the isolates were observed in the absence of simulated sunlight at either 20°C or 40°C. However, a small but statistically significant difference in the stability was observed between some isolates in simulated sunlight at 20°C and 20% relative humidity. Conclusions: The stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols does not vary greatly among currently circulating lineages, including B.1.1.7, suggesting that the increased transmissibility associated with recent SARS-CoV-2 lineages is not due to enhanced survival in the environment.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Humans ; Humidity ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3019-3
ISSN	1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
ISSN (online)	1537-6613
ISSN	0022-1899
DOI	10.1093/infdis/jiab171
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Article ; Online: Extraction of Aerosol-Deposited Yersinia pestis from Indoor Surfaces To Determine Bacterial Environmental Decay.

Gut, Ian M / Bartlett, Ryan A / Yeager, John J / Leroux, Brian / Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna / Dabisch, Paul / Karaolis, David K R

Applied and environmental microbiology

2016 Volume 82, Issue 9, Page(s) 2809–2818

Abstract: Unlabelled: Public health and decontamination decisions following an event that causes indoor contamination with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. The goals of this study were to develop methods for ... ...

Abstract	Unlabelled: Public health and decontamination decisions following an event that causes indoor contamination with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. The goals of this study were to develop methods for experimentally depositing bacteria onto indoor surfaces via aerosol, evaluate methods for sampling and enumerating the agent on surfaces, and use these methods to determine bacterial surface decay. A specialized aerosol deposition chamber was constructed, and methods were established for reproducible and uniform aerosol deposition of bacteria onto four coupon types. The deposition chamber facilitated the control of relative humidity (RH; 10 to 70%) following particle deposition to mimic the conditions of indoor environments, as RH is not controlled by standard heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Extraction and culture-based enumeration methods to quantify the viable bacteria on coupons were shown to be highly sensitive and reproducible. To demonstrate the usefulness of the system for decay studies,Yersinia pestis persistence as a function of surface type at 21 °C and 40% RH was determined to be >40%/min for all surfaces. Based upon these results, at typical indoor temperature and RH, a 6-log reduction in titer would expected to be achieved within 1 h as the result of environmental decay on surfaces without active decontamination. The developed approach will facilitate future persistence and decontamination studies with a broad range of biological agents and surfaces, providing agent decay data to inform both assessments of risk to personnel entering a contaminated site and decontamination decisions following biological contamination of an indoor environment. Importance: Public health and decontamination decisions following contamination of an indoor environment with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. Previous studies on Y. pestis persistence have utilized large liquid droplet deposition to provide persistence data. As a result, methods were developed to deposit aerosols containing bacteria onto indoor surfaces, reproducibly enumerate bacteria harvested from coupons, and determine surface decay utilizing Y. pestis The results of this study provide foundational methods required to evaluate surface decay of bacteria and potentially other biological agents, such as viruses, in aerosol particles as a function of surface type and environment. Integrating the data from both aerosol and liquid deposition surface decay studies will provide medical and public health personnel with a more complete understanding of agent persistence on surfaces in contaminated areas for assessment of health risks and to inform decontamination decisions.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Decontamination/methods ; Environmental Microbiology ; Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Equipment Contamination ; Equipment Design ; Heating ; Humidity ; Microbial Viability ; Particle Size ; Sonication/methods ; Spores, Bacterial/isolation & purification ; Surface Properties ; Temperature ; Yersinia pestis/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/AEM.03989-15
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Article: SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by ultraviolet radiation and visible light is dependent on wavelength and sample matrix

Schuit, Michael A. / Larason, Thomas C. / Krause, Melissa L. / Green, Brian M. / Holland, Brian P. / Wood, Stewart P. / Grantham, Steven / Zong, Yuqin / Zarobila, Clarence J. / Freeburger, Denise L. / Miller, David M. / Bohannon, Jordan K. / Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna A. / Blatchley, Ernest R. / Li, Xing / Dabisch, Paul A. / Miller, C. Cameron

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. 2022 June 18,

2022

Abstract	Numerous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can be inactivated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, there are few data available on the relative efficacy of different wavelengths of UV radiation and visible light, which complicates assessments of UV decontamination interventions. The present study evaluated the effects of monochromatic radiation at 16 wavelengths from 222 nm through 488 nm on SARS-CoV-2 in liquid aliquots and dried droplets of water and simulated saliva. The data were used to generate a set of action spectra which quantify the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to genome damage and inactivation across the tested wavelengths. UVC wavelengths (≤280 nm) were most effective for inactivating SARS-CoV-2, although inactivation rates were dependent on sample type. Results from this study suggest that UV radiation can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in liquids and dried droplets, and provide a foundation for understanding the factors which affect the efficacy of different wavelengths in real-world settings.
Keywords	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; decontamination ; genome ; liquids ; photobiology ; photochemistry ; saliva ; ultraviolet radiation ; wavelengths
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0618
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112503
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Article ; Online: Increasing Temperature and Relative Humidity Accelerates Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces.

mSphere

2020 Volume 5, Issue 4

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in China in late 2019 and is caused by newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies had reported the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture media ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in China in late 2019 and is caused by newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies had reported the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture media and deposited onto surfaces under a limited set of environmental conditions. Here, we broadly investigated the effects of relative humidity, temperature, and droplet size on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in a simulated clinically relevant matrix dried on nonporous surfaces. The results show that SARS-CoV-2 decayed more rapidly when either humidity or temperature was increased but that droplet volume (1 to 50 μl) and surface type (stainless steel, plastic, or nitrile glove) did not significantly impact decay rate. At room temperature (24°C), virus half-life ranged from 6.3 to 18.6 h depending on the relative humidity but was reduced to 1.0 to 8.9 h when the temperature was increased to 35°C. These findings suggest that a potential for fomite transmission may persist for hours to days in indoor environments and have implications for assessment of the risk posed by surface contamination in indoor environments.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution, Indoor ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Fomites/virology ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Humidity ; Models, Theoretical ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Plastics ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Porosity ; SARS Virus/physiology ; Saliva/chemistry ; Saliva/virology ; Stainless Steel ; Surface Properties ; Temperature ; Virus Inactivation
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Stainless Steel (12597-68-1)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2379-5042
ISSN (online)	2379-5042
DOI	10.1128/mSphere.00441-20
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