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  1. Article ; Online: A bacterium that is not a microbe.

    Levin, Petra Anne

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2022  Volume 376, Issue 6600, Page(s) 1379–1380

    Abstract: A new discovery challenges the prevailing view of the boundaries of bacterial cell size. ...

    Abstract A new discovery challenges the prevailing view of the boundaries of bacterial cell size.
    MeSH term(s) Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/genetics ; Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/metabolism ; Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria/ultrastructure ; Thiotrichaceae/genetics ; Thiotrichaceae/metabolism ; Thiotrichaceae/ultrastructure ; Vacuoles/metabolism ; Vacuoles/ultrastructure
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.adc9387
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  2. Article ; Online: Nutrient availability as an arbiter of cell size.

    Kellogg, Douglas R / Levin, Petra Anne

    Trends in cell biology

    2022  Volume 32, Issue 11, Page(s) 908–919

    Abstract: Pioneering work carried out over 60 years ago discovered that bacterial cell size is proportional to the growth rate set by nutrient availability. This relationship is traditionally referred to as the 'growth law'. Subsequent studies revealed the growth ... ...

    Abstract Pioneering work carried out over 60 years ago discovered that bacterial cell size is proportional to the growth rate set by nutrient availability. This relationship is traditionally referred to as the 'growth law'. Subsequent studies revealed the growth law to hold across all orders of life, a remarkable degree of conservation. However, recent work suggests the relationship between growth rate, nutrients, and cell size is far more complicated and less deterministic than originally thought. Focusing on bacteria and yeast, here we review efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between growth rate and cell size.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria ; Cell Size ; Humans ; Nutrients ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 30122-x
    ISSN 1879-3088 ; 0962-8924
    ISSN (online) 1879-3088
    ISSN 0962-8924
    DOI 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.008
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  3. Article ; Online: Localization, Assembly, and Activation of the Escherichia coli Cell Division Machinery.

    Levin, Petra Anne / Janakiraman, Anuradha

    EcoSal Plus

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 2, Page(s) eESP00222021

    Abstract: Decades of research, much of it in Escherichia coli, have yielded a wealth of insight into bacterial cell division. Here, we provide an overview of the E. coli division machinery with an emphasis on recent findings. We begin with a short historical ... ...

    Abstract Decades of research, much of it in Escherichia coli, have yielded a wealth of insight into bacterial cell division. Here, we provide an overview of the E. coli division machinery with an emphasis on recent findings. We begin with a short historical perspective into the discovery of FtsZ, the tubulin homolog that is essential for division in bacteria and archaea. We then discuss assembly of the divisome, an FtsZ-dependent multiprotein platform, at the midcell septal site. Not simply a scaffold, the dynamic properties of polymeric FtsZ ensure the efficient and uniform synthesis of septal peptidoglycan. Next, we describe the remodeling of the cell wall, invagination of the cell envelope, and disassembly of the division apparatus culminating in scission of the mother cell into two daughter cells. We conclude this review by highlighting some of the open questions in the cell division field, emphasizing that much remains to be discovered, even in an organism as extensively studied as E. coli.
    MeSH term(s) Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Cell Division ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Escherichia coli Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ISSN 2324-6200
    ISSN (online) 2324-6200
    DOI 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0022-2021
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  4. Article ; Online: Physiological and regulatory convergence between osmotic and nutrient stress responses in microbes.

    Brauer, Adrienne M / Shi, Handuo / Levin, Petra Anne / Huang, Kerwyn Casey

    Current opinion in cell biology

    2023  Volume 81, Page(s) 102170

    Abstract: Bacterial cells are regularly confronted with simultaneous changes in environmental nutrient supply and osmolarity. Despite the importance of osmolarity and osmoregulation in bacterial physiology, the relationship between the cellular response to osmotic ...

    Abstract Bacterial cells are regularly confronted with simultaneous changes in environmental nutrient supply and osmolarity. Despite the importance of osmolarity and osmoregulation in bacterial physiology, the relationship between the cellular response to osmotic perturbations and other stresses has remained largely unexplored. Bacteria cultured in hyperosmotic conditions and bacteria experiencing nutrient stress exhibit similar physiological changes, including metabolic shutdown, increased protein instability, dehydration, and condensation of chromosomal DNA. In this review, we highlight overlapping molecular players between osmotic and nutrient stresses. These connections between two seemingly disparate stress response pathways reinforce the importance of central carbon metabolism as a control point for diverse aspects of homeostatic regulation. We identify important open questions for future research, emphasizing the pressing need to develop and exploit new methods for probing how osmolarity affects phylogenetically diverse species.
    MeSH term(s) Osmoregulation ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Nutrients ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1026381-0
    ISSN 1879-0410 ; 0955-0674
    ISSN (online) 1879-0410
    ISSN 0955-0674
    DOI 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102170
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  5. Article ; Online: Beyond the average: An updated framework for understanding the relationship between cell growth, DNA replication, and division in a bacterial system.

    Sanders, Sara / Joshi, Kunaal / Levin, Petra Anne / Iyer-Biswas, Srividya

    PLoS genetics

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) e1010505

    Abstract: Our understanding of the bacterial cell cycle is framed largely by population-based experiments that focus on the behavior of idealized average cells. Most famously, the contributions of Cooper and Helmstetter help to contextualize the phenomenon of ... ...

    Abstract Our understanding of the bacterial cell cycle is framed largely by population-based experiments that focus on the behavior of idealized average cells. Most famously, the contributions of Cooper and Helmstetter help to contextualize the phenomenon of overlapping replication cycles observed in rapidly growing bacteria. Despite the undeniable value of these approaches, their necessary reliance on the behavior of idealized average cells masks the stochasticity inherent in single-cell growth and physiology and limits their mechanistic value. To bridge this gap, we propose an updated and agnostic framework, informed by extant single-cell data, that quantitatively accounts for stochastic variations in single-cell dynamics and the impact of medium composition on cell growth and cell cycle progression. In this framework, stochastic timers sensitive to medium composition impact the relationship between cell cycle events, accounting for observed differences in the relationship between cell cycle events in slow- and fast-growing cells. We conclude with a roadmap for potential application of this framework to longstanding open questions in the bacterial cell cycle field.
    MeSH term(s) DNA Replication/genetics ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Cell Division/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics ; Chromosomes, Bacterial ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics
    Chemical Substances DNA, Bacterial
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2186725-2
    ISSN 1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
    ISSN (online) 1553-7404
    ISSN 1553-7390
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010505
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  6. Article ; Online: The transcription factor DksA exerts opposing effects on cell division depending on the presence of ppGpp.

    Anderson, Sarah E / Vadia, Stephen E / McKelvy, Jane / Levin, Petra Anne

    mBio

    2023  , Page(s) e0242523

    Abstract: Bacterial cell size is a multifactorial trait that is influenced by variables including nutritional availability and the timing of cell division. Prior work revealed a negative correlation between concentration of the alarmone (p)ppGpp (ppGpp) and cell ... ...

    Abstract Bacterial cell size is a multifactorial trait that is influenced by variables including nutritional availability and the timing of cell division. Prior work revealed a negative correlation between concentration of the alarmone (p)ppGpp (ppGpp) and cell length in
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2557172-2
    ISSN 2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
    ISSN (online) 2150-7511
    ISSN 2161-2129
    DOI 10.1128/mbio.02425-23
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  7. Article ; Online: Bacterial Cell Wall Quality Control during Environmental Stress.

    Mueller, Elizabeth A / Levin, Petra Anne

    mBio

    2020  Volume 11, Issue 5

    Abstract: Single-celled organisms must adapt their physiology to persist and propagate across a wide range of environmental conditions. The growth and division of bacterial cells depend on continuous synthesis of an essential extracellular barrier: the ... ...

    Abstract Single-celled organisms must adapt their physiology to persist and propagate across a wide range of environmental conditions. The growth and division of bacterial cells depend on continuous synthesis of an essential extracellular barrier: the peptidoglycan cell wall, a polysaccharide matrix that counteracts turgor pressure and confers cell shape. Unlike many other essential processes and structures within the bacterial cell, the peptidoglycan cell wall and its synthesis machinery reside at the cell surface and are thus uniquely vulnerable to the physicochemical environment and exogenous threats. In addition to the diversity of stressors endangering cell wall integrity, defects in peptidoglycan metabolism require rapid repair in order to prevent osmotic lysis, which can occur within minutes. Here, we review recent work that illuminates mechanisms that ensure robust peptidoglycan metabolism in response to persistent and acute environmental stress. Advances in our understanding of bacterial cell wall quality control promise to inform the development and use of antimicrobial agents that target the synthesis and remodeling of this essential macromolecule.
    MeSH term(s) Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Wall/genetics ; Peptidoglycan/genetics ; Peptidoglycan/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological/genetics
    Chemical Substances Bacterial Proteins ; Peptidoglycan
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2557172-2
    ISSN 2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
    ISSN (online) 2150-7511
    ISSN 2161-2129
    DOI 10.1128/mBio.02456-20
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  8. Article: The transcription factor DksA exerts opposing effects on cell division depending on the presence of ppGpp.

    Anderson, Sarah E / Vadia, Stephen E / McKelvy, Jane / Levin, Petra Anne

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Bacterial cell size is a multifactorial trait that is influenced by variables including nutritional availability and the timing of cell division. Prior work revealed a negative correlation between the alarmone (p)ppGpp (ppGpp) and cell length in : ... ...

    Abstract Bacterial cell size is a multifactorial trait that is influenced by variables including nutritional availability and the timing of cell division. Prior work revealed a negative correlation between the alarmone (p)ppGpp (ppGpp) and cell length in
    Importance: Cell division is a key step in the bacterial lifecycle that must be appropriately regulated to ensure survival. This work identifies the alarmone ppGpp as a general regulator of cell division, extending our understanding of the role of ppGpp beyond a signal for starvation and other stress. Even in nutrient replete conditions, basal levels of ppGpp are essential for division to occur appropriately and for cell size to be maintained. This study establishes ppGpp as a "switch" that controls whether the transcription factor DksA behaves as a division activator or inhibitor. This unexpected finding enhances our understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms employed by bacteria to coordinate division with diverse aspects of cell growth and stress response. Because division is an essential process, a better understanding the mechanisms governing assembly and activation of the division machinery could contribute to the development of novel therapeutics to treat bacterial infections.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.05.15.540843
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  9. Article ; Online: Evolving to End a Toxic Relationship: ADP Ribosylation in Interbacterial Warfare.

    Mueller, Elizabeth A / Levin, Petra Anne

    Cell

    2018  Volume 175, Issue 5, Page(s) 1182–1184

    Abstract: Long before pathogenic interactions with eukaryotic cells evolved, bacteria were competing with one another for limited resources. In this issue, Ting et al. (2018) identify previously unappreciated players in the interbacterial arms race that may be the ...

    Abstract Long before pathogenic interactions with eukaryotic cells evolved, bacteria were competing with one another for limited resources. In this issue, Ting et al. (2018) identify previously unappreciated players in the interbacterial arms race that may be the evolutionary ancestors of eukaryotic cell-targeting ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins.
    MeSH term(s) ADP Ribose Transferases ; ADP-Ribosylation ; Adenosine Diphosphate ; Bacteria ; Toxins, Biological
    Chemical Substances Toxins, Biological ; Adenosine Diphosphate (61D2G4IYVH) ; ADP Ribose Transferases (EC 2.4.2.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 187009-9
    ISSN 1097-4172 ; 0092-8674
    ISSN (online) 1097-4172
    ISSN 0092-8674
    DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.051
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  10. Article ; Online: Comprehensive analysis of central carbon metabolism illuminates connections between nutrient availability, growth rate, and cell morphology in Escherichia coli.

    Westfall, Corey S / Levin, Petra Anne

    PLoS genetics

    2018  Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) e1007205

    Abstract: Bacterial morphology is a complex trait that is highly sensitive to changes in the environment. For heterotrophic organisms, such as Escherichia coli, increases in nutrient levels are frequently accompanied by several-fold increases in both size and ... ...

    Abstract Bacterial morphology is a complex trait that is highly sensitive to changes in the environment. For heterotrophic organisms, such as Escherichia coli, increases in nutrient levels are frequently accompanied by several-fold increases in both size and growth rate. Despite the dramatic nature of these changes, how alterations in nutrient availability translate into changes in growth and morphology remains a largely open question. To understand the signaling networks coupling nutrient availability with size and shape, we examined the impact of deletions in the entirety of non-essential central carbon metabolic genes on E. coli growth rate and cell size. Our data reveal the presence of multiple metabolic nodes that play important yet distinctive roles in dictating biosynthetic capacity and shaping cell morphology. Specifically, perturbations of acetyl-CoA metabolism impact cell size and division through changes in fatty acid synthesis. Additionally, we identify a genetic pathway linking glucose levels to cell width through the signaling molecule cyclic-AMP. Together our findings highlight a surprising diversity of factors and mechanisms contributing to growth potential and cell morphology, providing a foundation for further studies.
    MeSH term(s) Carbon/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Escherichia coli/cytology ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Food ; Homeostasis/genetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Organisms, Genetically Modified
    Chemical Substances Carbon (7440-44-0)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2186725-2
    ISSN 1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
    ISSN (online) 1553-7404
    ISSN 1553-7390
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007205
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