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Article ; Online: Impact of rotavirus vaccination on intussusception hospital admissions in England.

McGeoch, Luke J / Finn, Adam / Marlow, Robin D

2020 Volume 38, Issue 35, Page(s) 5618–5626

Abstract: Background: An increased risk of intussusception has been reported following rotavirus vaccination. We sought to determine whether introduction of rotavirus vaccination in England in July 2013 was associated with a change in the burden of total and age ... ...

Abstract	Background: An increased risk of intussusception has been reported following rotavirus vaccination. We sought to determine whether introduction of rotavirus vaccination in England in July 2013 was associated with a change in the burden of total and age group-specific childhood hospital admissions for intussusception. Methods: We identified all children aged 0-36 months admitted to hospitals in England with intussusception using the Hospital Episode Statistics dataset. We performed a retrospective ecological analysis comparing hospital admission rates for intussusception during the periods before (2008/2009-2012/2013) and after (2014/2015-2017/2018) introduction of rotavirus vaccination using modified Poisson regression and interrupted time series analysis. Length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes were also examined. Results: The mean annual admission rate for intussusception in infants over the ten-year study period was 31.5 per 100,000 person-years. An increase in the admission rate in the 8-16 weeks age group (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.12-1.91), those receiving vaccination, was compensated for by decreases in the 17-24 weeks (RR 0.77, 0.63-0.94), 25-32 weeks (RR 0.71, 0.59-0.86) and 41-52 weeks (RR 0.80, 0.66-0.98) age groups. Using interrupted time series analysis, we observed a significant decrease in incidence in the 0-12 months age group (RR 0.80, 0.67-0.96), but not in the overall 0-36 months age group (RR 1.09, 0.98-1.20). There was no significant change in the proportion of children requiring surgical intervention or with major complications of intussusception. Length of hospital stay decreased among infants receiving surgery for intussusception. Conclusions: Our results suggest that introduction of rotavirus vaccination in England has resulted in a downward shift in the age at which intussusception occurs in infants, with no overall increase in hospital admission rate or disease severity. These findings support the view that the benefits of rotavirus vaccination outweigh the small increased risk of intussusception in the early post-vaccination period.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; England/epidemiology ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intussusception/chemically induced ; Intussusception/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Rotavirus ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Rotavirus Vaccines/adverse effects ; Vaccination ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Rotavirus Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-10
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.078
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Article ; Online: Respiratory tract infections and gut microbiome modifications: A systematic review.

Woodall, Claire A / McGeoch, Luke J / Hay, Alastair D / Hammond, Ashley

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) e0262057

Abstract: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common and can cause gastrointestinal tract symptoms and changes to the gut microbiota, yet these effects are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the reported evidence of gut ... ...

Abstract	Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common and can cause gastrointestinal tract symptoms and changes to the gut microbiota, yet these effects are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the reported evidence of gut microbiome alterations in patients with a RTI compared to healthy controls (PROSPERO: CRD42019138853). We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and the Clinical Trial Database for studies published between January 2015 and June 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were human cohorts describing the gut microbiome in patients with an RTI compared to healthy controls and the infection was caused by a viral or bacterial pathogen. Dual data screening and extraction with narrative synthesis was performed. We identified 1,593 articles and assessed 11 full texts for inclusion. Included studies (some nested) reported gut microbiome changes in the context of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 5), influenza (H1N1 and H7N9) (n = 2), Tuberculosis (TB) (n = 4), Community-Acquired Pneumonia CAP (n = 2) and recurrent RTIs (rRTI) (n = 1) infections. We found studies of patients with an RTI compared to controls reported a decrease in gut microbiome diversity (Shannon) of 1.45 units (95% CI, 0.15-2.50 [p, <0.0001]) and a lower abundance of taxa (p, 0.0086). Meta-analysis of the Shannon value showed considerable heterogeneity between studies (I2, 94.42). Unbiased analysis displayed as a funnel plot revealed a depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus and enrichment of Enterococcus. There was an important absence in the lack of cohort studies reporting gut microbiome changes and high heterogeneity between studies may be explained by variations in microbiome methods and confounder effects. Further human cohort studies are needed to understand RTI-induced gut microbiome changes to better understand interplay between microbes and respiratory health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Humans ; Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0262057
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Book ; Online: Fossil and present-day stromatolite ooids contain a meteoritic polymer of glycine and iron

McGeoch, Julie E M / Frommelt, Anton J / Owen, Robin L / Lageson, David / McGeoch, Malcolm W

2023

Abstract: Hemoglycin, a space polymer of glycine and iron, has been identified in the carbonaceous chondritic meteorites Allende, Acfer 086, Kaba, Sutters Mill and Orgueil. Its core form has a mass of 1494Da and is basically an antiparallel pair of polyglycine ... ...

Abstract	Hemoglycin, a space polymer of glycine and iron, has been identified in the carbonaceous chondritic meteorites Allende, Acfer 086, Kaba, Sutters Mill and Orgueil. Its core form has a mass of 1494Da and is basically an antiparallel pair of polyglycine strands linked at each end by an iron atom. The polymer forms two and three dimensional lattices with an inter vertex distance of 4.9nm. Here the extraction technique for meteorites is applied to a 2.1Gya fossil stromatolite to reveal the presence of hemoglycin by mass spectrometry. Intact ooids from a recent 3,000Year stromatolite exhibited the same visible hemoglycin fluorescence in response to x-rays as an intact crystal from the Orgueil meteorite. X-ray analysis of these ooids at wavelengths above and below the iron K absorption edge yielded a set of high order diffraction rings that confirmed the existence and nature of a three dimensional lattice of 4.9nm inter-vertex spacing. The lattice is filled by micro crystals of the aragonite and calcite forms of calcium carbonate. It seems probable that the copious in fall of carbonaceous meteoritic material, from Archaean times onward, has left traces of hemoglycin in sedimentary carbonates and potentially has influenced ooid formation. Comment: 22 pages 8 Figure 4 Tables
Keywords	Physics - Geophysics ; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ; Quantitative Biology - Biomolecules
Publishing date	2023-09-29
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Anti-diabetic effect of vestibular stimulation is mediated via AMP-activated protein kinase.

McGeoch, Paul D / McKeown, Jason

Medical hypotheses

2020 Volume 144, Page(s) 109996

Abstract: There is abundant animal evidence that vestibular stimulation, particularly of the otolith organs, can trigger a shift in body mass composition towards a leaner physique. One way of non-invasively stimulating the otolith organs is via a small electrical ... ...

Abstract	There is abundant animal evidence that vestibular stimulation, particularly of the otolith organs, can trigger a shift in body mass composition towards a leaner physique. One way of non-invasively stimulating the otolith organs is via a small electrical current applied to the skin behind the ears. This technique is called vestibular nerve stimulation, or VeNS, and is believed to have a good safety profile. Thus, it has previously been argued that VeNS could be used in human health as a means of treating the complications of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Weight loss itself is known to improve diabetic control, however, tantalizing evidence is now emerging that the improvements seen in the glycemic control of type 2 diabetics who undergo repeated vestibular stimulation are significantly better than would be expected on the basis of weight loss alone. As vestibular stimulation has been shown to increase levels of an anti-inflammatory protein, called sirtuin 1, we hypothesize here that VeNS will increase levels of an associated enzyme called AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK plays an important role in glucose and fat metabolism and is activated by exercise, as well as being a known target for certain anti-diabetic drugs. This hypothesis is readily amenable to clinical testing as specific assays for testing human AMPK are available. If substantiated, then this hypothesis could prove an important clinical insight and potentially offer a new treatment avenue for patients with type 2 diabetes; a condition which remains a major cause of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide.
MeSH term(s)	AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Metabolic Syndrome ; Obesity/therapy
Chemical Substances	AMP-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.31)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	193145-3
ISSN	1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
ISSN (online)	1532-2777
ISSN	0306-9877
DOI	10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109996
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Article ; Online: The influence of vestibular stimulation on metabolism and body composition.

McKeown, J / McGeoch, P D / Grieve, D J

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association

2019 Volume 37, Issue 1, Page(s) 20–28

Abstract: Obesity, diabetes and metabolic disease represent an ongoing and rapidly worsening public health issue in both the developed, and much of the developing world. Although there are many factors that influence fat storage, it has been clearly demonstrated ... ...

Abstract	Obesity, diabetes and metabolic disease represent an ongoing and rapidly worsening public health issue in both the developed, and much of the developing world. Although there are many factors that influence fat storage, it has been clearly demonstrated that the homeostatic cornerstone of metabolism lies within the hypothalamus. Moreover, neuronal damage to vital areas of the hypothalamus can drive reregulation or dysregulation of endocrine function, energy expenditure and appetite, thereby promoting a shift in overall metabolic function towards a state of obesity. Therefore, identification of treatments that influence the hypothalamus to improve obesity and associated metabolic diseases has long been a medical goal. Interestingly, evidence from animal studies suggests that activating the vestibular system, specifically the macular gravity receptor, influences the hypothalamus in a way that decreases body fat storage and causes a metabolic shift towards a leaner state. Given that the macular element of the vestibular system has been shown to activate with transdermal electrical stimulation applied to the mastoids, this may be a potential therapeutic approach for obesity, diabetes or related metabolic diseases, whereby repetitive stimulation of the vestibular system influences hypothalamic control of metabolic homeostasis, thereby encouraging decreased fat storage. Here, we present an up-to-date review of the current literature surrounding the vestibular influence of the hypothalamus and associated homeostatic sites in the context of current and novel therapeutic approaches for improved clinical management of obesity and diabetes.
MeSH term(s)	Body Composition ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Hypothalamus/physiopathology ; Metabolic Diseases ; Obesity/physiopathology ; Vestibule, Labyrinth/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	605769-x
ISSN	1464-5491 ; 0742-3071 ; 1466-5468
ISSN (online)	1464-5491
ISSN	0742-3071 ; 1466-5468
DOI	10.1111/dme.14166
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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Respiratory tract infections and gut microbiome modifications

Claire A Woodall / Luke J McGeoch / Alastair D Hay / Ashley Hammond

PLoS ONE, Vol 17, Iss 1, p e

A systematic review.

2022 Volume 0262057

Abstract	Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common and can cause gastrointestinal tract symptoms and changes to the gut microbiota, yet these effects are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the reported evidence of gut microbiome alterations in patients with a RTI compared to healthy controls (PROSPERO: CRD42019138853). We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and the Clinical Trial Database for studies published between January 2015 and June 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were human cohorts describing the gut microbiome in patients with an RTI compared to healthy controls and the infection was caused by a viral or bacterial pathogen. Dual data screening and extraction with narrative synthesis was performed. We identified 1,593 articles and assessed 11 full texts for inclusion. Included studies (some nested) reported gut microbiome changes in the context of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 5), influenza (H1N1 and H7N9) (n = 2), Tuberculosis (TB) (n = 4), Community-Acquired Pneumonia CAP (n = 2) and recurrent RTIs (rRTI) (n = 1) infections. We found studies of patients with an RTI compared to controls reported a decrease in gut microbiome diversity (Shannon) of 1.45 units (95% CI, 0.15-2.50 [p, <0.0001]) and a lower abundance of taxa (p, 0.0086). Meta-analysis of the Shannon value showed considerable heterogeneity between studies (I2, 94.42). Unbiased analysis displayed as a funnel plot revealed a depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus and enrichment of Enterococcus. There was an important absence in the lack of cohort studies reporting gut microbiome changes and high heterogeneity between studies may be explained by variations in microbiome methods and confounder effects. Further human cohort studies are needed to understand RTI-induced gut microbiome changes to better understand interplay between microbes and respiratory health.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: The power to detect regional declines in common bird populations using continental monitoring data.

Baker, D J / Clarke, R H / McGeoch, M A

Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America

2019 Volume 29, Issue 5, Page(s) e01918

Abstract: Anthropogenic environmental change is driving the rapid loss of biodiversity. Large declines in the abundance of historically common species are now emerging as a major concern. Identifying declining populations through long-term biodiversity monitoring ... ...

Abstract	Anthropogenic environmental change is driving the rapid loss of biodiversity. Large declines in the abundance of historically common species are now emerging as a major concern. Identifying declining populations through long-term biodiversity monitoring is vital for implementing timely conservation measures. It is, therefore, critical to evaluate the likelihood that persistent long-term population trends of a given size could be detected using existing monitoring data and methods. Here, we test the power to detect declines in Australia's common landbirds using long-term citizen science monitoring. We use spatially explicit simulations of occupancy dynamics and virtual sampling, designed to mimic bird monitoring in better-sampled regions of Australia, to assess likely power in these data to detect trends relevant for conservation. We predict the statistical power for 326 common species that meet minimum requirements for monitoring data across 10 regions of Australia, estimating the number of species for which we would have a high (≥80%) chance of detecting declines of different sizes. The power to detect declines of ≥30% per decade was predicted to be high for at least one-third of the common species in 7 of 10 regions, with a total of 103 (32% of 326) unique species sufficiently monitored in at least one region. These species spanned 12 taxonomic orders, four orders of magnitude in body mass, and a broad diversity of dietary guilds, suggesting the current species pool will likely serve as robust indicators for a broad range of environmental states and pressures. Power was strongly affected by species' detectability, and power to detect even large declines was negligible when species are detected on ≤50% of visits to an occupied site. Predicted power for many species fell just short of the 80% threshold in one or more regions, which suggests an increase in effort targeting these species could greatly enhance the species and regional representation of these data. Against the backdrop of unprecedented biodiversity losses, this study shows how critical evaluation of existing monitoring schemes is valuable both for assessing the contribution of citizen science schemes to biodiversity monitoring and for designing strategic monitoring to significantly improve the knowledge these schemes provide.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Australia ; Biodiversity ; Birds ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Data Collection ; Population Dynamics
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1074505-1
ISSN	1939-5582 ; 1051-0761
ISSN (online)	1939-5582
ISSN	1051-0761
DOI	10.1002/eap.1918
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Article: Impact of rotavirus vaccination on intussusception hospital admissions in England

McGeoch, Luke J / Finn, Adam / Marlow, Robin D

Vaccine. 2020 July 31, v. 38, no. 35

2020

Abstract: An increased risk of intussusception has been reported following rotavirus vaccination. We sought to determine whether introduction of rotavirus vaccination in England in July 2013 was associated with a change in the burden of total and age group- ... ...

Abstract	An increased risk of intussusception has been reported following rotavirus vaccination. We sought to determine whether introduction of rotavirus vaccination in England in July 2013 was associated with a change in the burden of total and age group-specific childhood hospital admissions for intussusception.We identified all children aged 0–36 months admitted to hospitals in England with intussusception using the Hospital Episode Statistics dataset. We performed a retrospective ecological analysis comparing hospital admission rates for intussusception during the periods before (2008/2009–2012/2013) and after (2014/2015–2017/2018) introduction of rotavirus vaccination using modified Poisson regression and interrupted time series analysis. Length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes were also examined.The mean annual admission rate for intussusception in infants over the ten-year study period was 31.5 per 100,000 person-years. An increase in the admission rate in the 8–16 weeks age group (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.12–1.91), those receiving vaccination, was compensated for by decreases in the 17–24 weeks (RR 0.77, 0.63–0.94), 25–32 weeks (RR 0.71, 0.59–0.86) and 41–52 weeks (RR 0.80, 0.66–0.98) age groups. Using interrupted time series analysis, we observed a significant decrease in incidence in the 0–12 months age group (RR 0.80, 0.67–0.96), but not in the overall 0–36 months age group (RR 1.09, 0.98–1.20). There was no significant change in the proportion of children requiring surgical intervention or with major complications of intussusception. Length of hospital stay decreased among infants receiving surgery for intussusception.Our results suggest that introduction of rotavirus vaccination in England has resulted in a downward shift in the age at which intussusception occurs in infants, with no overall increase in hospital admission rate or disease severity. These findings support the view that the benefits of rotavirus vaccination outweigh the small increased risk of intussusception in the early post-vaccination period.
Keywords	childhood ; data collection ; disease severity ; hospitals ; risk ; surgery ; time series analysis ; vaccination ; vaccines ; England
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0731
Size	p. 5618-5626.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.078
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Zs.MO 458: Show issues

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Book ; Online: Hybrid quantum annealing for larger-than-QPU lattice-structured problems

Raymond, Jack / Stevanovic, Radomir / Bernoudy, William / Boothby, Kelly / McGeoch, Catherine / Berkley, Andrew J. / Farré, Pau / King, Andrew D.

2022

Abstract: ... results, and improvement is shown as a function of the generation of D-Wave QPU used. ... Comment: 21 pages ...

Abstract	Quantum processing units (QPUs) executing annealing algorithms have shown promise in optimization and simulation applications. Hybrid algorithms are a natural bridge to additional applications of larger scale. We present a straightforward and effective method for solving larger-than-QPU lattice-structured Ising optimization problems. Performance is compared against simulated annealing with promising results, and improvement is shown as a function of the generation of D-Wave QPU used. Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, supplementary code attachment
Keywords	Quantum Physics ; Computer Science - Emerging Technologies
Publishing date	2022-02-07
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Prognostic value of upper respiratory tract microbes in children presenting to primary care with respiratory infections: A prospective cohort study.

McGeoch, Luke J / Thornton, Hannah V / Blair, Peter S / Christensen, Hannah / Turner, Nicholas L / Muir, Peter / Vipond, Barry / Redmond, Niamh M / Turnbull, Sophie / Hay, Alastair D

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 5, Page(s) e0268131

Abstract: Background: The association between upper respiratory tract microbial positivity and illness prognosis in children is unclear. This impedes clinical decision-making and means the utility of upper respiratory tract microbial point-of-care tests remains ... ...

Abstract	Background: The association between upper respiratory tract microbial positivity and illness prognosis in children is unclear. This impedes clinical decision-making and means the utility of upper respiratory tract microbial point-of-care tests remains unknown. We investigated for relationships between pharyngeal microbes and symptom severity in children with suspected respiratory tract infection (RTI). Methods: Baseline characteristics and pharyngeal swabs were collected from 2,296 children presenting to 58 general practices in Bristol, UK with acute cough and suspected RTI between 2011-2013. Post-consultation, parents recorded the severity of six RTI symptoms on a 0-6 scale daily for ≤28 days. We used multivariable hurdle regression, adjusting for clinical characteristics, antibiotics and other microbes, to investigate associations between respiratory microbes and mean symptom severity on days 2-4 post-presentation. Results: Overall, 1,317 (57%) children with complete baseline, microbiological and symptom data were included. Baseline characteristics were similar in included participants and those lacking microbiological data. At least one virus was detected in 869 (66%) children, and at least one bacterium in 783 (60%). Compared to children with no virus detected (mean symptom severity score 1.52), adjusted mean symptom severity was 0.26 points higher in those testing positive for at least one virus (95% CI 0.15 to 0.38, p<0.001); and was also higher in those with detected Influenza B (0.44, 0.15 to 0.72, p = 0.003); RSV (0.41, 0.20 to 0.60, p<0.001); and Influenza A (0.25, -0.01 to 0.51, p = 0.059). Children positive for Enterovirus had a lower adjusted mean symptom severity (-0.24, -0.43 to -0.05, p = 0.013). Children with detected Bordetella pertussis (0.40, 0.00 to 0.79, p = 0.049) and those with detected Moraxella catarrhalis (-0.76, -1.06 to -0.45, p<0.001) respectively had higher and lower mean symptom severity compared to children without these bacteria. Conclusions: There is a potential role for upper respiratory tract microbiological point-of-care tests in determining the prognosis of childhood RTIs.
MeSH term(s)	Bacteria ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza, Human ; Primary Health Care ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis ; Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology ; Viruses
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0268131
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