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Article ; Online: A unified model of arithmetic with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.

Braithwaite, David W / Siegler, Robert S

2023 Volume 131, Issue 2, Page(s) 431–455

Abstract: ... Braithwaite et al., 2017), a model of children's fraction arithmetic. Whereas FARRA-like all previous models ...

Abstract	This article describes UMA (Unified Model of Arithmetic), a theory of children's arithmetic implemented as a computational model. UMA builds on FARRA (Fraction Arithmetic Reflects Rules and Associations; Braithwaite et al., 2017), a model of children's fraction arithmetic. Whereas FARRA-like all previous models of arithmetic-focused on arithmetic with only one type of number, UMA simulates arithmetic with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. The model was trained on arithmetic problems from the first to sixth grade volumes of a math textbook series; its performance on tests administered at the end of each grade was compared to the performance of children in prior empirical research. In whole number arithmetic (Study 1), fraction arithmetic (Study 2), and decimal arithmetic (Study 3), UMA displayed types of errors, effects of problem features on error rates, and individual differences in strategy use that resembled those documented in the previous studies of children. Further, UMA generated correlations between individual differences in basic and advanced arithmetic skills similar to those observed in longitudinal studies of arithmetic development (Study 4). The results support UMA's main theoretical assumptions regarding arithmetic development: (a) most errors reflect small deviations from standard procedures via two mechanisms, overgeneralization and omission; (b) between-problem variations in error rates reflect effects of intrinsic difficulty and differential amounts of practice; and (c) individual differences in strategy use reflect underlying variation in parameters governing learning and decision making. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Learning ; Cognition ; Mathematics ; Individuality
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209907-x
ISSN	1939-1471 ; 0033-295X
ISSN (online)	1939-1471
ISSN	0033-295X
DOI	10.1037/rev0000440
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Article ; Online: Conceptual Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge, and Metacognition in Routine and Nonroutine Problem Solving.

Braithwaite, David W / Sprague, Lauren

Cognitive science

2021 Volume 45, Issue 10, Page(s) e13048

Abstract: When, how, and why students use conceptual knowledge during math problem solving is not well understood. We propose that when solving routine problems, students are more likely to recruit conceptual knowledge if their procedural knowledge is weak than if ...

Abstract	When, how, and why students use conceptual knowledge during math problem solving is not well understood. We propose that when solving routine problems, students are more likely to recruit conceptual knowledge if their procedural knowledge is weak than if it is strong, and that in this context, metacognitive processes, specifically feelings of doubt, mediate interactions between procedural and conceptual knowledge. To test these hypotheses, in two studies (Ns = 64 and 138), university students solved fraction and decimal arithmetic problems while thinking aloud; verbal protocols and written work were coded for overt uses of conceptual knowledge and displays of doubt. Consistent with the hypotheses, use of conceptual knowledge during calculation was not significantly positively associated with accuracy, but was positively associated with displays of doubt, which were negatively associated with accuracy. In Study 1, participants also explained solutions to rational arithmetic problems; using conceptual knowledge in this context was positively correlated with calculation accuracy, but only among participants who did not use conceptual knowledge during calculation, suggesting that the correlation did not reflect "online" effects of using conceptual knowledge. In Study 2, participants also completed a nonroutine problem-solving task; displays of doubt on this task were positively associated with accuracy, suggesting that metacognitive processes play different roles when solving routine and nonroutine problems. We discuss implications of the results regarding interactions between procedural knowledge, conceptual knowledge, and metacognitive processes in math problem solving.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Knowledge ; Mathematics ; Metacognition ; Problem Solving ; Students
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2002940-8
ISSN	1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
ISSN (online)	1551-6709
ISSN	0364-0213
DOI	10.1111/cogs.13048
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Article ; Online: People with painful knee osteoarthritis hold negative implicit attitudes towards activity.

Pulling, Brian W / Braithwaite, Felicity A / Mignone, Joanne / Butler, David S / Caneiro, J P / Lipp, Ottmar V / Stanton, Tasha R

Pain

2024

Abstract: Abstract: Negative attitudes/beliefs surrounding osteoarthritis, pain, and activity contribute to reduced physical activity in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). These attitudes/beliefs are assessed using self-report questionnaires, relying on ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: Negative attitudes/beliefs surrounding osteoarthritis, pain, and activity contribute to reduced physical activity in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). These attitudes/beliefs are assessed using self-report questionnaires, relying on information one is consciously aware of and willing to disclose. Automatic (ie, implicit) assessment of attitudes does not rely on conscious reflection and may identify features unique from self-report. We developed an implicit association test that explored associations between images of a person moving/twisting their knee (activity) or sitting/standing (rest), and perceived threat (safe vs dangerous). We hypothesised that people with KOA would have greater implicit threat-activity associations (vs pain-free and non-knee pain controls), with implicit attitudes only weakly correlating with self-reported measures (pain knowledge, osteoarthritis/pain/activity beliefs, fear of movement). Participants (n = 558) completed an online survey: 223 had painful KOA (n = 157 female, 64.5 ± 8.9 years); 207 were pain free (n = 157 female, 49.3 ± 15.3 years); and 99 had non-KOA lower limb pain (n = 74 female, 47.5 ± 15.04 years). An implicit association between "danger" and "activity" was present in those with and without limb pain (KOA: 0.36, 95% CI 0.28-0.44; pain free: 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.22; non-KOA lower limb pain 0.11, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.24) but was significantly greater in the KOA group than in the pain free (P < 0.001) and non-KOA lower limb pain (P = 0.004) groups. Correlations between implicit and self-reported measures were nonsignificant or weak (rho = -0.29 to 0.19, P < 0.001 to P = 0.767). People with painful KOA hold heightened implicit threat-activity associations, capturing information unique to that from self-report questionnaires. Evaluating links between implicit threat-activity associations and real-world behaviour, including physical activity levels, is warranted.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	193153-2
ISSN	1872-6623 ; 0304-3959
ISSN (online)	1872-6623
ISSN	0304-3959
DOI	10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003210
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Article ; Online: Cross-notation knowledge of fractions and decimals.

Braithwaite, David W / McMullen, Jake / Hurst, Michelle A

Journal of experimental child psychology

2021 Volume 213, Page(s) 105210

Abstract: Understanding fractions and decimals requires not only understanding each notation separately, or within-notation knowledge, but also understanding relations between notations, or cross-notation knowledge. Multiple notations pose a challenge for learners ...

Abstract	Understanding fractions and decimals requires not only understanding each notation separately, or within-notation knowledge, but also understanding relations between notations, or cross-notation knowledge. Multiple notations pose a challenge for learners but could also present an opportunity, in that cross-notation knowledge could help learners to achieve a better understanding of rational numbers than could easily be achieved from within-notation knowledge alone. This hypothesis was tested by reanalyzing three published datasets involving fourth- to eighth-grade children from the United States and Finland. All datasets included measures of rational number arithmetic, within-notation magnitude knowledge (e.g., accuracy in comparing fractions vs. fractions and decimals vs. decimals), and cross-notation magnitude knowledge (e.g., accuracy in comparing fractions vs. decimals). Consistent with the hypothesis, cross-notation magnitude knowledge predicted fraction and decimal arithmetic when controlling for within-notation magnitude knowledge. Furthermore, relations between within-notation magnitude knowledge and arithmetic were not notation specific; fraction magnitude knowledge did not predict fraction arithmetic more than decimal arithmetic, and decimal magnitude knowledge did not predict decimal arithmetic more than fraction arithmetic. Implications of the findings for assessing rational number knowledge and learning and teaching about rational numbers are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Finland ; Humans ; Language ; Learning ; Mathematics ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	218137-x
ISSN	1096-0457 ; 0022-0965
ISSN (online)	1096-0457
ISSN	0022-0965
DOI	10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105210
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Article ; Online: Transcatheter embolisation in chronic musculoskeletal disorders.

Braithwaite, Simon / Qamhawi, Zahi / Briggs, James / Little, Mark W

The British journal of radiology

2023 Volume 96, Issue 1149, Page(s) 20220728

Abstract: Chronic musculoskeletal conditions affect millions of patients worldwide resulting in disability, reduced quality of life, and have a profound economic impact on the individual and society. Current treatment strategies fail patients who have not ... ...

Abstract	Chronic musculoskeletal conditions affect millions of patients worldwide resulting in disability, reduced quality of life, and have a profound economic impact on the individual and society. Current treatment strategies fail patients who have not responded to conservative management but are not surgical candidates. Over the last decade, transcatheter embolisation has emerged as a potential treatment for these difficult to treat patients. By exploiting pathological neovascularisation within conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, adhesive capsulitis, and tendinopathy, embolisation has been used to improve patients' pain and function. This review explores the rationale for musculoskeletal transcatheter embolisation, illustrating the technique, and latest evidence for the most common procedures.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome ; Pain ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; Musculoskeletal Diseases/therapy ; Chronic Disease
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2982-8
ISSN	1748-880X ; 0007-1285
ISSN (online)	1748-880X
ISSN	0007-1285
DOI	10.1259/bjr.20220728
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Article: Iron Sulfate and Phosphorous Acid Affect Turfgrass Surface pH and Microdochium Patch Severity on Annual Bluegrass.

Mattox, Clint M / Dumelle, Michael J / McDonald, Brian W / Gould, Micah A / Olsen, Conner J / Braithwaite, Emily T / Kowalewski, Alec R

Plant disease

2023 Volume 107, Issue 10, Page(s) 3131–3138

Abstract: Microdochium patch is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal ... ...

Abstract	Microdochium patch is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal pathogen
MeSH term(s)	Poa/microbiology ; Xylariales ; Water ; Sulfates ; Iron ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Chemical Substances	phosphonic acid (13598-36-2) ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Sulfates ; Iron (E1UOL152H7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	754182-x
ISSN	0191-2917
ISSN	0191-2917
DOI	10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1960-RE
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Article ; Online: Item development and pre-testing of an Osteoarthritis Conceptualisation Questionnaire to assess knowledge and beliefs in people with knee pain.

Pulling, Brian W / Braithwaite, Felicity A / Butler, David S / Vogelzang, Anna R / Moseley, G Lorimer / Catley, Mark J / Murray, Carolyn M / Stanton, Tasha R

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 9, Page(s) e0286114

Abstract: Many people with osteoarthritis hold beliefs that physical activity is unhelpful or dangerous for their joints, despite high-level evidence suggesting otherwise. Recent advances in scientific understanding of osteoarthritis have led to new treatments ... ...

Abstract	Many people with osteoarthritis hold beliefs that physical activity is unhelpful or dangerous for their joints, despite high-level evidence suggesting otherwise. Recent advances in scientific understanding of osteoarthritis have led to new treatments that target an individual's understanding both of their condition and the importance of best-practice management strategies, such as physical activity. Conceptual change has been proposed as an important mechanism by which cognitive interventions, such as pain science education, may reduce pain and improve function. There are currently no specific assessments of osteoarthritis conceptualisation to determine the effectiveness of cognitive interventions in effecting conceptual change in people with knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, we aimed to develop an item bank, as the first phase of developing a questionnaire to assess people's conceptualisations about their knee osteoarthritis and the role of physical activity in managing their osteoarthritis. Using a guideline-informed mixed method design, a panel of experts identified domains relevant to conceptualisation about knee osteoarthritis and physical activity (knowledge, beliefs, understanding) based upon available evidence. The panel created 33 provisional items. Qualitative and quantitative pretesting were used to explore how people with knee osteoarthritis understood the provisional items. Eighteen people with knee osteoarthritis completed cognitive interviews about their comprehension of the wording/grammar of each provisional item. The provisional item bank was field tested with 100 people with knee osteoarthritis. Readability was adequate with a Flesch reading ease score of 57.7. Although 14.7% used the 'Strongly agree' response option, only 3.4% of responses used the 'Strongly disagree' option, suggesting possible response bias. Predictive quality testing identified relevant modifications to the questionnaire instructions. The panel of experts appraised the qualitative data to assess whether and how items should be modified to address the problems identified, resulting in a final item bank of 45 items that can be evaluated for psychometric properties in future research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/psychology ; Concept Formation ; Pain ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Exercise
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0286114
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Toward a unified theory of rational number arithmetic.

Braithwaite, David W / Sprague, Lauren / Siegler, Robert S

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2021 Volume 48, Issue 10, Page(s) 1470–1483

Abstract: To explain children's difficulties learning fraction arithmetic, Braithwaite et al. (2017) proposed ...

Abstract	To explain children's difficulties learning fraction arithmetic, Braithwaite et al. (2017) proposed FARRA, a theory of fraction arithmetic implemented as a computational model. The present study tested predictions of the theory in a new domain, decimal arithmetic, and investigated children's use of conceptual knowledge in that domain. Sixth and eighth grade children (
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Problem Solving ; Learning ; Knowledge ; Cognition
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0001073
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Zs.A 2253: Show issues

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Article: Breast Cancer Patient Prognosis Is Determined by the Interplay between

Lasham, Annette / Knowlton, Nicholas / Mehta, Sunali Y / Braithwaite, Antony W / Print, Cristin G

Cancers

2021 Volume 13, Issue 7

Abstract: ... ...

Abstract	The
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-26
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527080-1
ISSN	2072-6694
ISSN	2072-6694
DOI	10.3390/cancers13071531
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Article: Pediatric Patients with Osteomyelitis and/or Septic Joint Undergoing Surgical Debridement Have Equivalent Short-Term Outcomes with or without Preoperative MRI.

Englert, E Graham / Braithwaite, Collin L / Aguirre-Flores, Maria E / Lam, Aaron W / Sarraj, Mohamed / Kumagai, Abigail / Bednar, E Dimitra / Gordon, Adam M / Salama, Ibrahim / Keeley, Jacob / Pathak, Indu / Kishta, Waleed / Thabet, Ahmed M / Abdelgawad, Amr / Saleh, Ehab

Children (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 11, Issue 3

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if short-term outcomes differed for pediatric patients with suspected musculoskeletal infection with or without a preoperative MRI. This was a multicenter, retrospective review of patients aged 0-16 years who ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this study was to determine if short-term outcomes differed for pediatric patients with suspected musculoskeletal infection with or without a preoperative MRI. This was a multicenter, retrospective review of patients aged 0-16 years who presented with atraumatic extremity pain, underwent irrigation and debridement (I&D), and received at least one preoperative or postoperative MRI over a 10-year period. Primary outcomes were time to OR, total I&Ds, readmission rate, time from OR to discharge, and total number of MRIs. Secondary outcomes entailed the rate at which concurrent osteomyelitis was identified in patients with septic arthritis and the extent of the resulting surgical debridement. Of the 104 patients, 72.1% had a preoperative MRI. Patients with a preoperative MRI were significantly less likely to have surgery on the day of admission. No difference was found between groups regarding total I&Ds, readmission rate, time from OR to discharge, and total number of MRIs. Of the 57 patients diagnosed with septic arthritis, those with a preoperative MRI were significantly more likely to have concurrent osteomyelitis identified and to undergo bony debridement in addition to arthrotomy of the joint. In conclusion, patient outcomes are not adversely affected by obtaining a preoperative MRI despite the delay in time to OR. Although preoperative MRI can be beneficial in ruling out other pathologies and identifying the extent of concurrent osteomyelitis, the decision to obtain a preoperative MRI and timing of surgery should be left to the discretion of the treating surgeon.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2732685-8
ISSN	2227-9067
ISSN	2227-9067
DOI	10.3390/children11030300
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