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  1. Article ; Online: Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City.

    Cordes, Jack / Castro, Marcia C

    Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology

    2020  Volume 34, Page(s) 100355

    Abstract: Identifying areas with low access to testing and high case burden is necessary to understand risk and allocate resources in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using zip code level data for New York City, we analyzed testing rates, positivity rates, and proportion ... ...

    Abstract Identifying areas with low access to testing and high case burden is necessary to understand risk and allocate resources in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using zip code level data for New York City, we analyzed testing rates, positivity rates, and proportion positive. A spatial scan statistic identified clusters of high and low testing rates, high positivity rates, and high proportion positive. Boxplots and Pearson correlations determined associations between outcomes, clusters, and contextual factors. Clusters with less testing and low proportion positive tests had higher income, education, and white population, whereas clusters with high testing rates and high proportion positive tests were disproportionately black and without health insurance. Correlations showed inverse associations of white race, education, and income with proportion positive tests, and positive associations with black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and poverty. We recommend testing and health care resources be directed to eastern Brooklyn, which has low testing and high proportion positives.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data ; Cluster Analysis ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Status Disparities ; Healthcare Disparities/economics ; Healthcare Disparities/ethnology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; New York City/epidemiology ; Pandemics/statistics & numerical data ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment ; Spatial Analysis ; Urban Health/economics ; Urban Health/ethnology ; Urban Population
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-21
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2515896-X
    ISSN 1877-5853 ; 1877-5845
    ISSN (online) 1877-5853
    ISSN 1877-5845
    DOI 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100355
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  2. Article ; Online: Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City

    Cordes, Jack / Castro, Marcia C.

    Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology

    2020  Volume 34, Page(s) 100355

    Keywords Geography, Planning and Development ; Epidemiology ; Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ; Infectious Diseases ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2515896-X
    ISSN 1877-5853 ; 1877-5845
    ISSN (online) 1877-5853
    ISSN 1877-5845
    DOI 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100355
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  3. Article: Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City

    Cordes, Jack / Castro, Marcia C

    Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol

    Abstract: Identifying areas with low access to testing and high case burden is necessary to understand risk and allocate resources in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using zip code level data for New York City, we analyzed testing rates, positivity rates, and proportion ... ...

    Abstract Identifying areas with low access to testing and high case burden is necessary to understand risk and allocate resources in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using zip code level data for New York City, we analyzed testing rates, positivity rates, and proportion positive. A spatial scan statistic identified clusters of high and low testing rates, high positivity rates, and high proportion positive. Boxplots and Pearson correlations determined associations between outcomes, clusters, and contextual factors. Clusters with less testing and low proportion positive tests had higher income, education, and white population, whereas clusters with high testing rates and high proportion positive tests were disproportionately black and without health insurance. Correlations showed inverse associations of white race, education, and income with proportion positive tests, and positive associations with black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and poverty. We recommend testing and health care resources be directed to eastern Brooklyn, which has low testing and high proportion positives.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #608581
    Database COVID19

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  4. Article ; Online: Emergency department visits for infectious oral conditions in Massachusetts, 2014 through 2018.

    Bahdila, Dania / Aldosari, Muath / Cordes, Jack / Klevens, R Monina

    Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)

    2021  Volume 152, Issue 8, Page(s) 604–612.e3

    Abstract: Background: The authors aimed to measure population-based preventable emergency department (ED) visits related to infectious oral conditions (IOCs) in Massachusetts and to examine the associated sociodemographic factors to support prevention efforts.: ...

    Abstract Background: The authors aimed to measure population-based preventable emergency department (ED) visits related to infectious oral conditions (IOCs) in Massachusetts and to examine the associated sociodemographic factors to support prevention efforts.
    Methods: A statewide retrospective analysis of ED visits related to IOCs in Massachusetts from 2014 through 2018 was conducted using a Center for Health Information and Analysis database. The authors described patients' characteristics, dental diagnoses frequencies, emergency severity, lengths of stay, associated treatment, and costs. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with IOC visits.
    Results: IOC visits in 2014 through 2018 were 1.2% (149,777) of the total ED visits, with an estimated cost of $159.7 million. There was an annual decline in the prevalence of IOC visits from 2014 through 2018. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, odds of IOC were higher among males (adjusted odd ratio [AOR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.27), non-Hispanic Blacks compared with non-Hispanic Whites (AOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.06), people residing in dental health care professional shortage areas (AOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.07), public insurance beneficiaries (AOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.87 to 1.93), or uninsured (AOR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.54 to 2.66) compared with privately insured.
    Conclusions: There was an annual decline in the prevalence of IOC visits from 2014 through 2018. Higher odds of IOC visits were associated with young adults, Black patients, uninsured people, public insurance beneficiaries, and people who reside in dental health care professional shortage areas.
    Practical implications: The authors provided statewide data to support proposed policies to improve oral health care in Massachusetts. IOCs are mostly preventable, but well-coordinated care between medicine and dentistry is integral for prevention.
    MeSH term(s) Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Male ; Massachusetts/epidemiology ; Medically Uninsured ; Retrospective Studies ; United States ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 220622-5
    ISSN 1943-4723 ; 0002-8177 ; 1048-6364
    ISSN (online) 1943-4723
    ISSN 0002-8177 ; 1048-6364
    DOI 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.03.014
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  5. Article ; Online: Trends in Fatal Opioid-Related Overdose in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities, 1999-2021.

    Bauer, Cici / Hassan, Ghada H / Bayly, Ric / Cordes, Jack / Bernson, Dana / Woods, Cedric / Li, Xiaona / Li, Wenjun / Ackerson, Leland K / Larochelle, Marc R / Stopka, Thomas J

    American journal of preventive medicine

    2024  

    Abstract: Introduction: Opioid-related overdose mortality rates have increased sharply in the U.S. over the past two decades, and inequities across racial and ethnic groups have been documented. Opioid-related overdose trends among American Indian and Alaska ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Opioid-related overdose mortality rates have increased sharply in the U.S. over the past two decades, and inequities across racial and ethnic groups have been documented. Opioid-related overdose trends among American Indian and Alaska Natives require further quantification and assessment.
    Methods: Observational, U.S. population-based registry data on opioid-related overdose mortality between 1999 and 2021 were extracted in 2023 using ICD-10 codes from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research multiple cause of death file by race, Hispanic ethnicity, sex, and age. Segmented time series analyses were conducted to estimate opioid-related overdose mortality growth rates among the American Indian and Alaska Native population between 1999 and 2021. Analyses were performed in 2023.
    Results: Two distinct time segments revealed significantly different opioid-related overdose mortality growth rates within the overall American Indian and Alaska Native population, from 0.36 per 100,000 (95% CI=0.32, 0.41) between 1999 and 2019 to 6.5 (95% CI=5.7, 7.31) between 2019 and 2021, with the most pronounced increase among those aged 24-44 years. Similar patterns were observed within the American Indian and Alaska Native population with Hispanic ethnicity, but the estimated growth rates were generally steeper across most age groups than across the overall American Indian and Alaska Native population. Patterns of opioid-related overdose mortality growth rates were similar between American Indian and Alaska Native females and males between 2019 and 2021.
    Conclusions: Sharp increases in opioid-related overdose mortality rates among American Indian and Alaska Native communities are evident by age and Hispanic ethnicity, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive fatal opioid-related overdose prevention, opioid use disorder treatment, and harm-reduction efforts. Future research should aim to understand the underlying factors contributing to these high mortality rates and employ interventions that leverage the strengths of American Indian and Alaska Native culture, including the strong sense of community.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632646-8
    ISSN 1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
    ISSN (online) 1873-2607
    ISSN 0749-3797
    DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.01.019
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  6. Article ; Online: Economic gradient of onset of disability in India.

    Mishra, Radhe Shyam / Mohanty, Sanjay K / Cordes, Jack / Sahoo, Umakanta / Singh, Rajeev R / Subramanian, S V

    BMC public health

    2021  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 769

    Abstract: Background: Disability in India is associated with increasing non-communicable diseases, rising longevity, and increasing accidents and injuries. Though studies have examined prevalence, patterns, and socioeconomic correlates of disability, no attempt ... ...

    Abstract Background: Disability in India is associated with increasing non-communicable diseases, rising longevity, and increasing accidents and injuries. Though studies have examined prevalence, patterns, and socioeconomic correlates of disability, no attempt has been made in estimating age of onset of disability in India.
    Objective: This paper investigates the economic gradient of age of onset of locomotor, visual, hearing, speech, mental retardation, mental illness, and other disabilities in India.
    Method: We use nationally representative data of 106,894 disabled individuals from the 76th round of National Sample Survey (NSS), 2018. Descriptive statistics, kernel density, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and linear regression models are used in the analysis.
    Result: The disability rate in India was 2184 per 100,000 persons. The disability rate was highest for locomotor (1353) followed by hearing (296), visual (234), speech (228), mental retardation (158), and mental illness (131). Over 85% of mental retardation and 80% of speech disabilities occur at birth, while 82% of locomotor and 81% of visual disabilities occur after birth. Among those who had disability after birth, the median age for mental retardation was 2 years followed by mental illness (28 years), speech (29 years), locomotor (42 years), visual (55 years), and 56 years for hearing disability. Adjusting for socioeconomic covariates, the age of onset of locomotor and speech disabilities among the poorest individuals were 7 and 11 years earlier than the richest, respectively.
    Conclusion: The economic gradient of onset of locomotive and speech disabilities are strong. The age of onset of disability was earliest for mental retardation followed by mental illness and speech disability.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disabled Persons ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Intellectual Disability/epidemiology ; Poverty ; Prevalence
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-021-10826-5
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  7. Article ; Online: Opioid Prescribing Rates by Congressional Districts, United States, 2016.

    Rolheiser, Lyndsey A / Cordes, Jack / Subramanian, S V

    American journal of public health

    2018  Volume 108, Issue 9, Page(s) 1214–1219

    Abstract: Objectives: To determine the extent to which opioid prescribing rates vary across US congressional districts.: Methods: In an observational cross-sectional framework using secondary data, we constructed 2016 congressional district-level opioid ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: To determine the extent to which opioid prescribing rates vary across US congressional districts.
    Methods: In an observational cross-sectional framework using secondary data, we constructed 2016 congressional district-level opioid prescribing rate estimates using a population-weighted methodology.
    Results: High prescribing rate districts were concentrated in the South, Appalachia, and the rural West. Low-rate districts were concentrated in urban centers.
    Conclusions: In the midst of an opioid overdose crisis, we identified congressional districts of particular concern for opioid prescription saturation. Public Health Implications. The congressional district geography represents a policy-relevant boundary and a politically important level at which to monitor the crisis and determine program funding. Furthermore, in the context of the opioid crisis, knowing how congressional districts rank across the country and in states is useful in the creation of policies targeted to areas in need.
    MeSH term(s) Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage ; Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use ; Appalachian Region ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Databases, Factual ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Inappropriate Prescribing ; Practice Patterns, Physicians' ; Rural Population ; United States ; Urban Population
    Chemical Substances Analgesics, Opioid
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Observational Study
    ZDB-ID 121100-6
    ISSN 1541-0048 ; 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
    ISSN (online) 1541-0048
    ISSN 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
    DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304532
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  8. Article ; Online: Quantifying and explaining variation in life expectancy at census tract, county, and state levels in the United States.

    Boing, Antonio Fernando / Boing, Alexandra Crispim / Cordes, Jack / Kim, Rockli / Subramanian, S V

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2020  Volume 117, Issue 30, Page(s) 17688–17694

    Abstract: Studies on geographic inequalities in life expectancy in the United States have exclusively focused on single-level analyses of aggregated data at state or county level. This study develops a multilevel perspective to understanding variation in life ... ...

    Abstract Studies on geographic inequalities in life expectancy in the United States have exclusively focused on single-level analyses of aggregated data at state or county level. This study develops a multilevel perspective to understanding variation in life expectancy by simultaneously modeling the geographic variation at the levels of census tracts (CTs), counties, and states. We analyzed data from 65,662 CTs, nested within 3,020 counties and 48 states (plus District of Columbia). The dependent variable was age-specific life expectancy observed in each of the CTs. We also considered the following CT-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as independent variables: population density; proportions of population who are black, who are single parents, who are below the federal poverty line, and who are aged 25 or older who have a bachelor's degree or higher; and median household income. Of the total geographic variation in life expectancy at birth, 70.4% of the variation was attributed to CTs, followed by 19.0% for states and 10.7% for counties. The relative importance of CTs was greater for life expectancy at older ages (70.4 to 96.8%). The CT-level independent variables explained 5 to 76.6% of between-state variation, 11.1 to 58.6% of between-county variation, and 0.7 to 44.9% of between-CT variation in life expectancy across different age groups. Our findings indicate that population inequalities in longevity in the United States are primarily a local phenomenon. There is a need for greater precision and targeting of local geographies in public policy discourse aimed at reducing health inequalities in the United States.
    MeSH term(s) Biological Variation, Population ; Censuses ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2003719117
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  9. Article ; Online: Reducing bias in risk indices for COVID-19

    Michał Paweł Michalak / Jack Cordes / Agnieszka Kulawik / Sławomir Sitek / Sławomir Pytel / Elżbieta Zuzańska-Żyśko / Radosław Wieczorek

    Geospatial Health, Vol 17, Iss s

    2022  Volume 1

    Abstract: Spatiotemporal modelling of infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves using a variety of epidemiological metrics such as regional proportion of cases and/or regional positivity rates. Although observing changes of these ... ...

    Abstract Spatiotemporal modelling of infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involves using a variety of epidemiological metrics such as regional proportion of cases and/or regional positivity rates. Although observing changes of these indices over time is critical to estimate the regional disease burden, the dynamical properties of these measures, as well as crossrelationships, are usually not systematically given or explained. Here we provide a spatiotemporal framework composed of six commonly used and newly constructed epidemiological metrics and conduct a case study evaluation. We introduce a refined risk estimate that is biased neither by variation in population size nor by the spatial heterogeneity of testing. In particular, the proposed methodology would be useful for unbiased identification of time periods with elevated COVID-19 risk without sensitivity to spatial heterogeneity of neither population nor testing coverage.We offer a case study in Poland that shows improvement over the bias of currently used methods. Our results also provide insights regarding regional prioritisation of testing and the consequences of potential synchronisation of epidemics between regions. The approach should apply to other infectious diseases and other geographical areas.
    Keywords Relative risk ; dynamics ; COVID-19 ; unbiased metrics ; weighting ; Poland ; Geography (General) ; G1-922
    Subject code 910
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher PAGEPress Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
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  10. Article ; Online: Evaluating the Implementation of a Before-School Physical Activity Program: A Mixed-Methods Approach in Massachusetts, 2018.

    Whooten, Rachel C / Horan, Christine / Cordes, Jack / Dartley, Anna Nicole / Aguirre, Annabelle / Taveras, Elsie M

    Preventing chronic disease

    2020  Volume 17, Page(s) E116

    Abstract: Purpose and objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the implementation of a widely available, before-school, physical activity program in a low-resource, racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse, urban school setting to identify adaptations needed ... ...

    Abstract Purpose and objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the implementation of a widely available, before-school, physical activity program in a low-resource, racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse, urban school setting to identify adaptations needed for successful implementation.
    Intervention approach: We used a collaborative effort with stakeholders to implement the Build Our Kids' Success (BOKS) program in 3 schools in Revere, Massachusetts. Program structure followed a preexisting curriculum, including 60-minute sessions, 3 mornings per week, over 2 sessions (spring and fall 2018). Programs had a capacity of 40 students per school per session and the ability to adapt as needed.
    Evaluation methods: We used a mixed-methods approach, guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. RE-AIM domains were assessed by use of baseline and follow-up student measures, parent interviews, and program administrative records.
    Results: From a district of 11 schools, 3 schools (2 elementary, 1 middle) implemented the BOKS program. Program enrollment reached 82% capacity (188 of 230 potential participants). Of the 188 enrolled students, 128 (68%) had parental consent for study participation. Among the 128 study participants, 61 (48%) were male, 52 (41%) identified as Hispanic/Latino, and mean age was 9.3 years (SD, 2.2). Program duration varied by school (25-60 minutes), with a mean of 33% (SD, 16%) of the session spent in actigraphy-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or mean 16.3 (SD, 9.3) minutes of MVPA. Participants attended a median 90% (interquartile range [IQR], 56%-97%) of sessions. We observed no change in body mass index (BMI) z score or self-reported quality of life from baseline to follow-up assessment. Parents reported positive program effects. Enrollment was sustained in elementary schools and decreased in the middle school during the study period, expanding to 3 additional schools for spring 2019.
    Implications for public health: Implementation and evaluation of an evidence-based physical activity program, in a low-resource setting, are feasible and yield relevant information about program adaptations and future dissemination of similar programs.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child Day Care Centers/economics ; Child Day Care Centers/organization & administration ; Curriculum ; Exercise ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Massachusetts ; Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control ; Program Evaluation ; Quality of Life ; Schools/organization & administration ; Urban Population
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2135684-1
    ISSN 1545-1151 ; 1545-1151
    ISSN (online) 1545-1151
    ISSN 1545-1151
    DOI 10.5888/pcd17.190445
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