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  1. Article: Levetiracetam in porphyric status epilepticus: a case report.

    Zaatreh, Megdad M

    Clinical neuropharmacology

    2005  Volume 28, Issue 5, Page(s) 243–244

    Abstract: Status epilepticus in patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) are difficult to treat. In this report the author describes a patient with AIP and status epilepticus who was successfully treated with a combination of intravenous magnesium and ... ...

    Abstract Status epilepticus in patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) are difficult to treat. In this report the author describes a patient with AIP and status epilepticus who was successfully treated with a combination of intravenous magnesium and levetiracetam. This case and the limited experience reported in the literature show that it is probably safe to administer levetiracetam in patients with AIP; however, its role in the treatment of status epilepticus deserves further evaluation.
    MeSH term(s) Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Levetiracetam ; Magnesium/administration & dosage ; Magnesium/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Piracetam/analogs & derivatives ; Piracetam/therapeutic use ; Porphyria, Acute Intermittent/complications ; Status Epilepticus/drug therapy ; Status Epilepticus/etiology
    Chemical Substances Anticonvulsants ; Levetiracetam (44YRR34555) ; Magnesium (I38ZP9992A) ; Piracetam (ZH516LNZ10)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-09-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 199293-4
    ISSN 1537-162X ; 0362-5664
    ISSN (online) 1537-162X
    ISSN 0362-5664
    DOI 10.1097/01.wnf.0000185828.80561.ad
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Anticonvulsant-induced dyskinesia.

    Zaatreh, Megdad M

    Expert opinion on drug safety

    2003  Volume 2, Issue 4, Page(s) 385–393

    Abstract: Anticonvulsant-induced dyskinesia (AID) is an underdiagnosed side effect of many anticonvulsants that may take place during initial or chronic treatment at normal or toxic drug levels. The occurrence of AID subjects the patient to another medical ... ...

    Abstract Anticonvulsant-induced dyskinesia (AID) is an underdiagnosed side effect of many anticonvulsants that may take place during initial or chronic treatment at normal or toxic drug levels. The occurrence of AID subjects the patient to another medical condition and may prompt an extensive work-up. Similarities with other drug-induced dyskinesias and some animal studies suggest that dopaminergic dysfunction in the basal ganglia is pivotal in the occurrence of dyskinesia. Clinical presentation and outcomes are variable; however, in most cases, dyskinesias respond well to anticonvulsant withdrawal. Enhancing the awareness of AID is important in light of the recent development of many new anticonvulsants and their wider clinical use.
    MeSH term(s) Anticonvulsants/adverse effects ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/etiology ; Humans ; Risk Factors
    Chemical Substances Anticonvulsants
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-07-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2088728-0
    ISSN 1744-764X ; 1474-0338
    ISSN (online) 1744-764X
    ISSN 1474-0338
    DOI 10.1517/14740338.2.4.385
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Images in clinical medicine. Disseminated central nervous system nocardiosis.

    Zaatreh, Megdad / Alabulkarim, Wael

    The New England journal of medicine

    2006  Volume 354, Issue 26, Page(s) 2802

    MeSH term(s) Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/pathology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Kidney Transplantation ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nocardia Infections/pathology ; Nocardia asteroides/isolation & purification
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-06-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMicm990952
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

    Zaatreh, Megdad / Finkel, Alan

    Southern medical journal

    2002  Volume 95, Issue 11, Page(s) 1342–1346

    Abstract: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an increasingly recognized syndrome. Postural headache with typical findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the key to diagnosis. Delay in diagnosing this condition may subject patients to ... ...

    Abstract Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an increasingly recognized syndrome. Postural headache with typical findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the key to diagnosis. Delay in diagnosing this condition may subject patients to unnecessary procedures and prolong morbidity. We describe a patient with SIH and outline the important clinical and radiographic features of this syndrome. Headache due to SIH is similar to headache occurring after lumbar puncture. Patients with postural headaches should have brain MRI before lumbar puncture. Meningeal abnormalities with typical clinical features are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. When correctly diagnosed, SIH management, in most cases, is easy and highly effective.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Female ; Headache/etiology ; Humans ; Intracranial Hypotension/complications ; Intracranial Hypotension/diagnosis ; Intracranial Hypotension/therapy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Posture ; Spinal Puncture
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 185329-6
    ISSN 1541-8243 ; 0038-4348
    ISSN (online) 1541-8243
    ISSN 0038-4348
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Temporal lobe tumoral epilepsy: characteristics and predictors of surgical outcome.

    Zaatreh, Megdad M / Firlik, Katrina S / Spencer, Dennis D / Spencer, Susan S

    Neurology

    2003  Volume 61, Issue 5, Page(s) 636–641

    Abstract: Objective: To review the clinical and neurophysiologic features and surgical outcome in patients with intractable temporal lobe tumoral epilepsy.: Methods: Patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent resection of temporal lobe ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To review the clinical and neurophysiologic features and surgical outcome in patients with intractable temporal lobe tumoral epilepsy.
    Methods: Patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent resection of temporal lobe tumors, confirmed by surgical pathology, seen between 1985 and 2000 at Yale University School of Medicine Epilepsy Center, were selected. Medical records were reviewed for age at diagnosis, age at onset of seizures, delay between seizure onset and tumor diagnosis, types and frequencies of seizures, EEG results, use of anticonvulsants, extent of surgery, and pathologic diagnosis.
    Results: Sixty-eight patients were identified, 94.1% of them with low-grade tumors. Complex partial seizure was the most common seizure type. All patients underwent at least one surgical procedure with average follow-up of 9 years after surgical intervention. Eighty-seven percent of patients had significant postoperative seizure improvement (Engel's classes I and II). Gross total tumor resection predicted postoperative seizure freedom (p = 0.002), whereas patients with early surgical intervention, auras, and simple partial seizures had a tendency toward better seizure outcome.
    Conclusions: Long-term follow-up of patients with intractable temporal lobe tumoral epilepsy suggests good response of seizures to surgery, which is unrelated to age at diagnosis, EEG, or pathology. Extent of tumor resection was significantly predictive of outcome, whereas early intervention and presence of simple partial seizures showed trends as predictive factors.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use ; Brain Neoplasms/complications ; Brain Neoplasms/pathology ; Brain Neoplasms/surgery ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/etiology ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Temporal Lobe/surgery ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Anticonvulsants
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-04-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207147-2
    ISSN 1526-632X ; 0028-3878
    ISSN (online) 1526-632X
    ISSN 0028-3878
    DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000079374.78589.1b
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Heart rate variability during interictal epileptiform discharges.

    Zaatreh, Megdad M / Quint, Stephen R / Tennison, Michael B / D'Cruz, O'Neill / Vaughn, Bradley B

    Epilepsy research

    2003  Volume 54, Issue 2-3, Page(s) 85–90

    Abstract: Rationale: Seizures may produce a variety of autonomic alterations. These alterations may occur due to evoked autonomic reflexes or as a direct cortical effect on autonomic control. In animal studies, lock step phenomena of interictal discharges to ... ...

    Abstract Rationale: Seizures may produce a variety of autonomic alterations. These alterations may occur due to evoked autonomic reflexes or as a direct cortical effect on autonomic control. In animal studies, lock step phenomena of interictal discharges to autonomic output have been repeatedly documented. However, the association of interictal discharges and autonomic output is not as well established in humans.
    Methods: RR intervals timely locked to interictal epileptiform discharge (RR(n)) were compared to RR intervals immediately following (RR(n+1)) interictal discharges in 40 patients with focal onset epilepsy and low baseline heart beat variability.
    Results: In 20 patients with 200 left sided interictal epileptiform discharges, RR(n) shortened in 100 and prolonged in 31 when compared to RR(n+1) intervals. While in 20 patients with 200 right sided interictal epileptiform discharges RR(n) intervals shortened in 17 and prolonged in 116 (Chi square P<0.001). No consistent differences in RR(n) intervals variability between frontal versus temporal localization of the interictal discharges from the same side was found.
    Conclusions: Interictal discharges, may influence autonomic control over the cardiac cycle and agree with animal studies. Further study of the relationship of interictal discharges to autonomic output is needed to delineate the potential lateralized influences over autonomic nervous system.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electroencephalography/statistics & numerical data ; Epilepsy/physiopathology ; Female ; Heart Rate/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-04-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632939-1
    ISSN 1872-6844 ; 0920-1211
    ISSN (online) 1872-6844
    ISSN 0920-1211
    DOI 10.1016/s0920-1211(03)00059-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Hypothalamic hamartomas: seven cases and review of the literature.

    Nguyen, Dang / Singh, Sanjay / Zaatreh, Megdad / Novotny, Edward / Levy, Susan / Testa, Francine / Spencer, Susan S

    Epilepsy & behavior : E&B

    2003  Volume 4, Issue 3, Page(s) 246–258

    Abstract: Hypothalamic hamartomas constitute rare developmental lesions associated with gelastic epilepsy and/or precocious puberty (PP). We elected to review cases encountered at our center (7 patients) and the existing literature (277 patients) to obtain a ... ...

    Abstract Hypothalamic hamartomas constitute rare developmental lesions associated with gelastic epilepsy and/or precocious puberty (PP). We elected to review cases encountered at our center (7 patients) and the existing literature (277 patients) to obtain a better understanding of the clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and treatment of this entity. Evidence suggests that gelastic seizures are due to intrinsic epileptogenicity. The cause of the subsequent development of other seizure types, cognitive decline, and diffuse spike-and-wave pattern remains unresolved and is addressed. Anticonvulsants often fail to control seizures and different surgical options are available. Available evidence suggests that a resection through a subtemporal approach is best for lesions that are pedunculated or with a significant prepontine component, while a transcallosal approach is more appropriate for sessile lesions with an intraventricular component. Gamma knife surgery may be especially useful for small sessile lesions, failed partial resections, or patients not appropriate or refusing open surgery.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use ; Brain Diseases/complications ; Brain Diseases/diagnosis ; Brain Diseases/surgery ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsies, Partial/drug therapy ; Epilepsies, Partial/etiology ; Female ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use ; Hamartoma/complications ; Hamartoma/diagnosis ; Hamartoma/surgery ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Hypothalamus/pathology ; Hypothalamus/surgery ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; Puberty, Precocious/drug therapy ; Puberty, Precocious/etiology ; Radiosurgery/instrumentation ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
    Chemical Substances Anticonvulsants ; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (9034-39-3)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-04-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2010587-3
    ISSN 1525-5069 ; 1525-5050
    ISSN (online) 1525-5069
    ISSN 1525-5050
    DOI 10.1016/s1525-5050(03)00086-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Morphometric and neuropsychologic studies in children with arachnoid cysts.

    Zaatreh, Megdad M / Bates, Elizabeth R / Hooper, Stephen R / Palmer, Glen / Elmenshawi, Ebrahim E / Courvoisie, Helen E / Greenwood, Robert S

    Pediatric neurology

    2002  Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 134–138

    Abstract: Temporal lobe arachnoid cysts are common findings during brain imaging. Debate exists regarding whether they result from temporal lobe agenesis or are a malformation of the arachnoid matter. We measured temporal lobe volumes in five children with left ... ...

    Abstract Temporal lobe arachnoid cysts are common findings during brain imaging. Debate exists regarding whether they result from temporal lobe agenesis or are a malformation of the arachnoid matter. We measured temporal lobe volumes in five children with left middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts using morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance imaging scans. Three patients had neuropsychologic testing, and two patients had positron emission tomography scanning. All patients had significantly smaller left temporal lobes compared with the right side. On neuropsychologic testing two patients had cognitive deficits suggestive of left temporal lobe dysfunction. Temporal lobes adjacent to arachnoid cysts are smaller and less metabolically active when compared with the temporal regions on the opposite side. Patients with middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts should undergo careful assessment of temporal lobe structure and function before any therapeutic intervention.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Arachnoid Cysts/congenital ; Arachnoid Cysts/diagnosis ; Cephalometry ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Dominance, Cerebral/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Temporal Lobe/abnormalities ; Temporal Lobe/pathology ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639164-3
    ISSN 1873-5150 ; 0887-8994
    ISSN (online) 1873-5150
    ISSN 0887-8994
    DOI 10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00379-4
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  9. Article: Frontal lobe tumoral epilepsy: clinical, neurophysiologic features and predictors of surgical outcome.

    Zaatreh, Megdad M / Spencer, Dennis D / Thompson, James L / Blumenfeld, Hal / Novotny, Edward J / Mattson, Richard H / Spencer, Susan S

    Epilepsia

    2002  Volume 43, Issue 7, Page(s) 727–733

    Abstract: Purpose: To review the clinical, neurophysiologic features and surgical outcomes in patients with frontal lobe tumors and chronic intractable seizures.: Methods: Medical records of patients with intractable epilepsy who underwent resection or ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To review the clinical, neurophysiologic features and surgical outcomes in patients with frontal lobe tumors and chronic intractable seizures.
    Methods: Medical records of patients with intractable epilepsy who underwent resection or stereotactic biopsy of frontal lobe tumor (confirmed by surgical pathology) seen between 1985 and 1999 at Yale University School of Medicine Epilepsy Center were reviewed for age at diagnosis, age at onset of seizures, delay between seizure onset and tumor diagnosis, types and frequencies of seizures, EEG results, use of anticonvulsants, extent of surgery, pathological diagnosis, and tumor recurrence.
    Results: Thirty-seven patients were included. Mean age at seizure onset was 31.6 years, and at tumor diagnosis was 36.2 years. Mean duration between onset of seizures and tumor diagnosis was 6.1 years. Seventeen patients had auras. Seizure frequency averaged 7.6 seizures per week, with 58% of patients having more than one seizure type. All patients used anticonvulsants, with 90% eventually using polytherapy. All patients eventually underwent at least one surgical procedure. Only 13 (35.1%) patients were class I. Twelve (32.4%) patients were class II, seven (18.9%) class III, and five (13.5%) class IV. No statistically significant differences were seen between good and poor long-term seizure outcome in relation to specific tumor pathology, seizure types, or type of resection.
    Conclusions: Long-term surgical outcomes in tumoral frontal lobe epilepsy are more favorable than those in nontumoral intractable frontal lobe epilepsy (65% class I or II) and less favorable than those in other tumoral epilepsy (overall, 70% class I). Frontal location of intracranial neoplasm may predict a less favorable long-term epilepsy prognosis than tumoral epilepsy in general, an observation for which several explanations are proposed.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms/physiopathology ; Brain Neoplasms/surgery ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electroencephalography/statistics & numerical data ; Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnosis ; Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/physiopathology ; Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/surgery ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiopathology ; Frontal Lobe/surgery ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Physiologic/statistics & numerical data ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 216382-2
    ISSN 1528-1167 ; 0013-9580
    ISSN (online) 1528-1167
    ISSN 0013-9580
    DOI 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.39501.x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Levetiracetam efficacy in refractory partial-onset seizures, especially after failed epilepsy surgery.

    Motamedi, Mahmood / Nguyen, Dang K / Zaatreh, Megdad / Singh, Sanjay P / Westerveld, Michael / Thompson, James L / Mattson, Richard / Blumenfeld, Hal / Novotny, Edward / Spencer, Susan S

    Epilepsia

    2002  Volume 44, Issue 2, Page(s) 211–214

    Abstract: Purpose: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of levetiracetam as adjunctive therapy in patients with localization-related epilepsy, and specifically in the subset of patients for whom epilepsy surgery failed.: Methods: Eighty- ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of levetiracetam as adjunctive therapy in patients with localization-related epilepsy, and specifically in the subset of patients for whom epilepsy surgery failed.
    Methods: Eighty-two patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures treated with levetiracetam were identified; epilepsy surgery had failed for 21 (25.6%; group I), and 61 (74.4%) had no prior surgery (group II). Group I and group II patients were comparable in age (mean, 40.7 vs. 41.5 years) and age at seizure onset (mean, 14.4 vs. 18.2 years). Patients who had >/=50% reduction in seizure frequency were considered responders; the remaining patients were considered nonresponders.
    Results: In patients (group I) for whom surgery had failed, responder rate was 76.1% (16 of 21), including 10 (47.6%) patients who became seizure free. In nonsurgical patients (group II), responder rate was 34.3% (21 of 61), including nine (14.7%) patients who became seizure free. In group I, 11 (91.6%) of 12 temporal resection patients were responders, of whom eight were seizure free; of the remaining nine operated (extratemporal) patients, five (55.5%) were responders, and two were seizure free. In three responders, all in group I, a severe, delayed psychotic syndrome developed 4 to 9 months after levetiracetam introduction, leading to its discontinuation.
    Conclusions: These findings suggest that adjunctive levetiracetam therapy should be considered early after failed epilepsy surgery, especially after temporal resection, and may have implications for its use before surgical intervention. Patients should be under close psychiatric observation in this clinical setting.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage ; Anticonvulsants/adverse effects ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Electroencephalography/drug effects ; Epilepsies, Partial/drug therapy ; Epilepsies, Partial/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Levetiracetam ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Piracetam/administration & dosage ; Piracetam/adverse effects ; Piracetam/analogs & derivatives ; Postoperative Complications/drug therapy ; Postoperative Complications/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Failure ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Anticonvulsants ; Levetiracetam (44YRR34555) ; Piracetam (ZH516LNZ10)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-09-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 216382-2
    ISSN 1528-1167 ; 0013-9580
    ISSN (online) 1528-1167
    ISSN 0013-9580
    DOI 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.26302.x
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