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Article ; Online: Association between Global Myopia Prevalence and International Levels of Education.

Jong, Monica / Naduvilath, Thomas / Saw, Jeanne / Kim, Kunyoung / Flitcroft, Daniel Ian

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

2023 Volume 100, Issue 10, Page(s) 702–707

Abstract: Significance: The Global Myopia Prevalence and International Levels of Education study models national trends in educational performance with myopia prevalence in children; it examines the association of near work with myopia in the form of an ecologic ... ...

Abstract	Significance: The Global Myopia Prevalence and International Levels of Education study models national trends in educational performance with myopia prevalence in children; it examines the association of near work with myopia in the form of an ecologic analysis and also discusses how this may relate to educational frameworks. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between myopia prevalence and national educational performance. Methods: The prevalence of myopia in the 15- to 19-year age group in 35 regions was obtained from a meta-analysis by Holden et al. (Ophthalmology 2016;123:1036-1042) and matched with educational performance quantified by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) testing from 2000 to 2018. A generalized estimating equation was used to describe the relationship between PISA scores and myopia prevalence. Clustering effects of country and chronological year were accounted for in the analysis. Linear and nonlinear terms of PISA scores using lines of best fit were further explored. Results: There is a significant positive relationship between Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PISA educational performance and myopia prevalence in teenagers with higher PISA scores correlating with higher myopia prevalence, even after accounting for chronological year (generalized estimating equation model: P = .001, .008, and .005 for math, science, and reading, respectively). Scatterplots with cubic and logistic fits indicated that PISA math showed the strongest relationship with myopia prevalence ( r2 = 0.64), followed by science ( r2 = 0.41) and reading ( r2 = 0.31). Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that educational achievement at a national level is associated with higher myopia prevalence. Programme for International Student Assessment scores are a significant driver of many countries' education policies, and countries that have a balance between high PISA scores and lower myopia prevalence may be good models of educational policies to address the myopia public health issue.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Educational Status ; Myopia/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Reading ; Young Adult ; Meta-Analysis as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1001706-9
ISSN	1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
ISSN (online)	1538-9235
ISSN	1040-5488
DOI	10.1097/OPX.0000000000002067
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Article ; Online: Time outdoors positively associates with academic performance: a school-based study with objective monitoring of outdoor time.

Wang, Jingjing / Sankaridurg, Padmaja / Naduvilath, Thomas / Li, Wayne / Morgan, Ian G / Rose, Kathryn A / Weng, Rebecca / Xu, Xun / He, Xiangui

BMC public health

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 645

Abstract: Background: To explore the relationship between outdoor time and academic performance among school-aged children.: Methods: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were derived from a school-based prospective children myopia ... ...

Abstract	Background: To explore the relationship between outdoor time and academic performance among school-aged children. Methods: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were derived from a school-based prospective children myopia intervention study (STORM). Outdoor time was recorded by self-developed algorithm-validated wristwatches in real-time and calculated as the cumulative average of 10 months. The academic performance was recorded and provided by the participating schools and further standardized. Other information was collected using an online standardized questionnaire. Mixed-effects model and B-Spline method were used to investigate the association between time spent on different types of daily activity, including outdoor activity and academic performance. Results: A total of 3291 children with mean age 9.25 years were included in the final analysis. Overall, outdoor time was associated with academic performance in a non-linear manner; specifically, not exceeding 2.3 h per day, outdoor time was positively associated with academic performance; exceeding 2.3 h per day, this association became non-significant. Likewise, daily sleep duration and out-of-school learning time were associated with academic performance in a non-linear manner, resulting in turning points of 11.3 and 1.4 h per day, respectively. Separate analysis showed that outdoor time and sleep duration but not out-of-school learning time were positively associated with academic performance in Chinese, mathematics and English. Conclusion: Outdoor time, sleep duration and out-of-school learning time were associated with academic performance in a non-linear manner. Promotion of outdoor time may not negatively impact on academic performance. Trial registration: Our study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02980445).
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Schools ; Organizations ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2041338-5
ISSN	1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
ISSN	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-023-15532-y
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Article ; Online: The Relationship Between Vision and Comfort in Contact Lens Wear.

Diec, Jennie / Naduvilath, Thomas / Tilia, Daniel / Bakaraju, Ravi C

Eye & contact lens

2020 Volume 47, Issue 5, Page(s) 271–276

Abstract: Objective: Understand relationship between vision and comfort in contact lens (CL) wear.: Methods: Retrospective analysis of five trials using similar protocols with nonpresbyopic (NP) myopes or presbyopic participants (Px) wearing various ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Understand relationship between vision and comfort in contact lens (CL) wear. Methods: Retrospective analysis of five trials using similar protocols with nonpresbyopic (NP) myopes or presbyopic participants (Px) wearing various simultaneous-image designs (SM) and single-vision (SV) CL (NP only). Questionnaires (vision satisfaction, vision clarity: distance/intermediate/near, comfort) on 1 to 10 scale were administered 1 week after fitting. Vision/comfort relationship was analyzed using linear mixed model and presented as regression coefficient with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Vision ratings correlated with comfort ratings, although this varied depending on type of vision rating and Px category. Vision satisfaction influenced comfort for the NP-SV group (slope: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.58-1.01, P≤0.001), but was significantly lower in the presbyopic group (slope: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.33-0.42; P≤0.001). Controlling for lens material obtained similar results. In the reverse relationship, comfort had a significant impact on vision satisfaction, although again at varying levels for each Px group. NP-SV demonstrated the weakest relationship (slope: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.35-0.59, P≤0.001) in comparison to NP-SM and P-SM groups. Conclusion: Vision and comfort in CL wear are inter-related. Consideration of Px characteristics, visual stimulus, and CL comfort needs to be accounted for when assessing overall CL experience.
MeSH term(s)	Contact Lenses ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic ; Humans ; Myopia ; Patient Satisfaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Vision, Ocular
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2103049-2
ISSN	1542-233X ; 1542-2321
ISSN (online)	1542-233X
ISSN	1542-2321
DOI	10.1097/ICL.0000000000000743
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Article ; Online: Subjective Ratings and Satisfaction in Contact Lens Wear.

Diec, Jennie / Naduvilath, Thomas / Tilia, Daniel

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

2018 Volume 95, Issue 3, Page(s) 256–263

Abstract: Significance: This study shows satisfaction in contact lens (CL) wear is influenced by both comfort and vision. Eighty-six percent of participants were willing to continue with trial CL wear if satisfied with both comfort and vision, dropping to 50% if ... ...

Abstract	Significance: This study shows satisfaction in contact lens (CL) wear is influenced by both comfort and vision. Eighty-six percent of participants were willing to continue with trial CL wear if satisfied with both comfort and vision, dropping to 50% if either variable was unsatisfactory and 0% if both were unsatisfactory. Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between subjective ratings and satisfaction with CL wear. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of two daily-disposable CL trials (delefilcon A, somofilcon A) on participants 40 years or younger followed over 3 months. Subjective ratings (numerical rating scale 1 to 10, 1-point step) collected at visits following baseline (2 weeks, 1 and 3 months) included comfort (insertion, during day, end of day), vision clarity, and binary response for satisfaction with comfort and vision (yes/no). Willingness to continue with trial CL was obtained at completion. Results: There was no significant association of comfort on insertion with comfort satisfaction (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; P = .30); however, comfort during day (OR, 2.1; P < .001) and end of day (OR, 3.4; P < .001) was associated with comfort satisfaction. For comfort during day ratings of at least 8/10 and end of day of at least 6/10, 90% of participants were considered satisfied. There was a 14% increase in participants satisfied with comfort for each unit increase on the numerical rating scale from ratings of 3 to 8 for comfort during day and a 20% increase from ratings of 3 to 7 for comfort end of day. The percentage of satisfied participants reached its maximum at a lower end of day rating (8/10) compared with during day (10/10). The percentage of participants satisfied with vision reached its maximum (100%) at a vision rating of 9/10. Conclusions: Satisfaction in CL wear is influenced by both comfort and vision. A higher rating for comfort during the day compared with end of day is necessary for participants to attain satisfaction.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic ; Disposable Equipment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Patient Comfort/statistics & numerical data ; Patient Satisfaction/statistics & numerical data ; Refractive Errors/physiopathology ; Refractive Errors/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1001706-9
ISSN	1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
ISSN (online)	1538-9235
ISSN	1040-5488
DOI	10.1097/OPX.0000000000001187
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Article ; Online: Normative data and percentile curves for axial length and axial length/corneal curvature in Chinese children and adolescents aged 4-18 years.

He, Xiangui / Sankaridurg, Padmaja / Naduvilath, Thomas / Wang, Jingjing / Xiong, Shuyu / Weng, Rebecca / Du, Linlin / Chen, Jun / Zou, Haidong / Xu, Xun

The British journal of ophthalmology

2021 Volume 107, Issue 2, Page(s) 167–175

Abstract: Purpose: To develop age-specific and gender-specific reference percentile charts for axial length (AL) and AL/corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) and, to use percentiles to determine probability of myopia and estimate refractive error (RE).: Methods: ...

Abstract	Purpose: To develop age-specific and gender-specific reference percentile charts for axial length (AL) and AL/corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) and, to use percentiles to determine probability of myopia and estimate refractive error (RE). Methods: Analysis of AL, cycloplegic RE and CR of 14 127 Chinese participants aged 4-18 years from 3 studies. AL and AL/CR percentiles estimated using Lambda-Mu-Sigma method and compared for agreement using intraclass correlation (ICC). Logistic regression was used to model risk of myopia based on age, gender, AL and AL/CR percentiles. Accuracy of AL progression and RE estimated using percentiles was validated using an independent sample of 5742 eyes of children aged 7-10 years. Results: Age-specific and gender-specific AL and AL/CR (3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th) percentiles are presented. Concordance between AL and AL/CR percentiles improved with age (0.13 at 4 years to >0.75 from 13 years) and a year-to-year change was observed for all except <10th percentile from 15 years. Increasing age, AL and AL/CR was associated with a more myopic RE (r Conclusion: Age-specific and gender-specific AL and AL/CR percentiles provide reference data, aid in identifying and monitoring individuals at risk of myopia and have utility in screening for myopia. AL/CR percentiles were more accurate in estimating probability of myopia in younger children.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Refraction, Ocular ; Vision Tests ; East Asian People ; Myopia/diagnosis ; Myopia/epidemiology ; Cornea
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80078-8
ISSN	1468-2079 ; 0007-1161
ISSN (online)	1468-2079
ISSN	0007-1161
DOI	10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319431
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Article ; Online: Author's reply.

Wu, Yvonne Tzu-Ying / Ho, Arthur / Naduvilath, Thomas / Lim, Chris / Carnt, Nicole / Keay, Lisa J / Edwards, Katie P / Stapleton, Fiona

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)

2021 Volume 41, Issue 6, Page(s) 1387–1388

Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	604564-9
ISSN	1475-1313 ; 0275-5408
ISSN (online)	1475-1313
ISSN	0275-5408
DOI	10.1111/opo.12883
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Article ; Online: The risk of vision loss in contact lens wear and following LASIK.

Wu, Yvonne Tzu-Ying / Ho, Arthur / Naduvilath, Thomas / Lim, Chris / Carnt, Nicole / Keay, Lisa J / Edwards, Katie P / Stapleton, Fiona

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)

2020 Volume 40, Issue 2, Page(s) 241–248

Abstract: ... t, years) using an exponential model estimated the years of contact lens wear to which the risk ...

Abstract	Purpose: To compare the risk of vision loss following contemporary laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with different types and modality of use of contact lenses. Methods: Data from a previously published study were used to derive the incidence of vision loss (≥ 2 line loss of best corrected spectacle acuity) following microbial keratitis for different contact lens types and wearing modality, stratified by duration of lens wear. A literature search on vision loss following LASIK was performed between 2003 and 2019. The prevalence of vision loss at six months post-surgery was captured from clinical trials published after 2003. A proportion meta-analysis was applied to derive the prevalence of vision loss following LASIK. A least-squares fitting of cumulative vision loss (P, /10 000 wearers) over time (t, years) using an exponential model estimated the years of contact lens wear to which the risk of vision loss with LASIK was equivalent. Results: Vision loss following LASIK occurred in 66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 34-108) per 10 000 wearers. As a conservative estimate based on the lower confidence interval of the estimated equivalent years of contact lens wear, daily wear contact lenses and extended overnight silicone wear hydrogel contact lens need to be worn for 103 (95% [CI] 103-391) and 25 (95% [CI] 25-79) years respectively, to equal the rate of vision loss equivalent to a one-off LASIK procedure. Conclusions: The risk of vision loss to the individual is low with either contact lens wear or refractive surgery. Contact lens wear does not pose a higher risk of vision loss than LASIK surgery for the most common wear modalities.
MeSH term(s)	Contact Lenses/adverse effects ; Corneal Diseases/surgery ; Global Health ; Humans ; Incidence ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ ; Risk Factors ; Vision, Low/epidemiology ; Vision, Low/etiology ; Visual Acuity
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	604564-9
ISSN	1475-1313 ; 0275-5408
ISSN (online)	1475-1313
ISSN	0275-5408
DOI	10.1111/opo.12663
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Article ; Online: Measuring Daily Disposable Contact Lenses against Nonwearer Benchmarks.

Lazon de la Jara, Percy / Diec, Jennie / Naduvilath, Thomas / Papas, Eric B

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

2019 Volume 95, Issue 12, Page(s) 1088–1095

Abstract: Significance: Since becoming a popular form of refractive error correction, contact lenses have aspired to replicate the nonwearer experience. This study assessed how well currently available daily disposable soft lenses have achieved that goal, using a ...

Abstract	Significance: Since becoming a popular form of refractive error correction, contact lenses have aspired to replicate the nonwearer experience. This study assessed how well currently available daily disposable soft lenses have achieved that goal, using a graphical representation to show individual lens behavior relative to benchmarks. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess comfort, vision, and adverse events during daily disposable contact lens wear, relative to emmetropes and spectacle wearers. Method: Three-month clinical studies, where participants either wore one of five daily disposable contact lenses (n = 201), were full-time spectacle wearers with no history of contact lens wear (n = 34), or emmetropic non-contact lens wearers (n = 40). Vision quality and comfort were assessed at the beginning and end of the day (1 to 10). Corneal infiltrative events were recorded. Between-group comparisons were made using a linear mixed model and literature estimates of clinical significance. Results: Initial comfort among emmetropes (mean ± 95% confidence interval, 8.0 ± 0.5) was not significantly different from any of the lens types (range, 7.2 ± 0.4 to 8.0 ± 0.4, all P > .06) or spectacle wearers (7.3 ± 0.5, P = .45). Comfort deteriorated during the day in all groups (P < .05). End-of-day comfort for emmetropes (7.3 ± 0.6) was significantly better, only than lenses B (5.7 ± 0.6, P < .001) and D (6.2 ± 0.5, P = .01). Vision quality for emmetropes (8.6 ± 0.5) was better than spectacle wearers (7.8 ± 0.5, P = .04) and lenses A (7.6 ± 0.4, P = .003) and B (7.5 ± 0.4, P < .001). Corneal infiltrative events occurred in 0% of emmetropes and 2.9% of spectacle wearers and ranged from 2.4 to 7.5% in lens wearers. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, comfort and vision with some contemporary daily disposable contact lenses were indistinguishable from nonwearing emmetropes. Although the contact lens-wearing groups had rates of corneal infiltrative events that were not statistically different from the nonwearers, the study had insufficient power to permit robust conclusions in this respect.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Benchmarking ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic ; Disposable Equipment ; Emmetropia/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Patient Comfort ; Patient Satisfaction ; Refractive Errors/physiopathology ; Refractive Errors/therapy ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1001706-9
ISSN	1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
ISSN (online)	1538-9235
ISSN	1040-5488
DOI	10.1097/OPX.0000000000001304
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Article ; Online: Authors' Response.

Papas, Eric B / Diec, Jennie / Lazon de la Jara, Percy / Naduvilath, Thomas

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

2019 Volume 96, Issue 6, Page(s) 466–467

MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Benchmarking ; Contact Lenses
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1001706-9
ISSN	1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
ISSN (online)	1538-9235
ISSN	1040-5488
DOI	10.1097/OPX.0000000000001390
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Article ; Online: Predicting Short-term Performance of Multifocal Contact Lenses.

Diec, Jennie / Tilia, Daniel / Naduvilath, Thomas / Bakaraju, Ravi C

Eye & contact lens

2017 Volume 43, Issue 6, Page(s) 340–345

Abstract: Objective: To investigate if initial multifocal contact lens (MFCL) performance predicts short-term dispensing performance.: Methods: A retrospective analysis of 55 participants (Px) in a masked, crossover, clinical trial, using ACUVUE OASYS for ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To investigate if initial multifocal contact lens (MFCL) performance predicts short-term dispensing performance. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 55 participants (Px) in a masked, crossover, clinical trial, using ACUVUE OASYS for Presbyopia and AIR OPTIX AQUA Multifocal. Subjective questionnaires were administered at the following instances: initial fitting, two take home questionnaires (THQ) completed between days 2 and 4 and at assessment, ≥5 days after fitting. Questionnaires included vision clarity and lack of ghosting at distance, intermediate and near at day/night time points rated on a 1 to 10 (1-step, 10 most favorable) rating scale. Vision stability, vision while driving, overall vision satisfaction, willingness to purchase and comfort, as well as acuity-based measures were also collected. Results: There were no statistical differences in comfort and vision at all distances, in vision stability or driving at either time points between THQ and assessment (P>0.05). However, there was a statistical decline in subjective overall vision satisfaction and comfort between fitting and assessment visits (P<0.001). Willingness to purchase remained the same at fitting and assessment in 68% of Px, whereas only 4% of Px converted to a positive willingness to purchase at assessment. The majority of acuity-based measures remained constant between fitting and assessment visits. Conclusion: Initial performance at fitting was not able to predict short-term performance of MFCL. Subjective measures peaked at fitting and declined thereafter whereas acuity-based measures remained constant. Utility of subjective rating tools may aid practitioners to gauge success of MFCL.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2103049-2
ISSN	1542-233X ; 1542-2321
ISSN (online)	1542-233X
ISSN	1542-2321
DOI	10.1097/ICL.0000000000000286
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