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Article ; Online: Corrigendum to "Examining the impact of different social class mechanisms on health inequalities: A cross-sectional analysis of an all-age UK household panel study" [Soc. Sci. Med. 312 (2022) 115383].

Whitley, Elise / McCartney, Gerard / Bartley, Mel / Benzeval, Michaela

Social science & medicine (1982)

2023 Volume 318, Page(s) 115627

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115627
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Article ; Online: Impact of subjective and objective neighbourhood characteristics and individual socioeconomic position on allostatic load: A cross-sectional analysis of an all-age UK household panel study.

Whitley, Elise / Olsen, Jonathan / Benzeval, Michaela

Health & place

2022 Volume 78, Page(s) 102930

Abstract: Research suggests that individuals living in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods experience higher levels of stress but this has generally been based on self-reported stress. We used survey-based neighbourhood quality indicators and biomarker data from ... ...

Abstract	Research suggests that individuals living in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods experience higher levels of stress but this has generally been based on self-reported stress. We used survey-based neighbourhood quality indicators and biomarker data from Understanding Society, linked to census and crime statistics to explore associations of allostatic load (AL), an objective biomarker-based measure of cumulative stress, with subjective and objective neighbourhood characteristics. Analyses of 6887 respondents living in England show greater AL among those living in more disadvantaged areas, with objective measure associations stronger than subjective. Neighbourhood inequalities in AL were lower among respondents with higher individual SEP. These results suggest that individual-level SEP mitigates against the impact of negative, particularly objective, neighbourhood characteristics. Policies to reduce health inequalities should consider both individual and neighbourhood circumstances.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Allostasis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Neighborhood Characteristics ; Residence Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Biomarkers ; United Kingdom
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1262540-1
ISSN	1873-2054 ; 1353-8292
ISSN (online)	1873-2054
ISSN	1353-8292
DOI	10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102930
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Article ; Online: Re. Sensitivity Analyses Without Assumptions.

Popham, Frank / Whitley, Elise

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

2019 Volume 30, Issue 5, Page(s) e31

MeSH term(s)	Epidemiologic Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1053263-8
ISSN	1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
ISSN	1044-3983
DOI	10.1097/EDE.0000000000001043
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Article: Are housing and neighbourhood empowerment beneficial for mental health and wellbeing? Evidence from disadvantaged communities experiencing regeneration.

Kearns, Ade / Whitley, Elise

SSM - population health

2020 Volume 12, Page(s) 100645

Abstract: Community engagement and empowerment are central to delivery and outcomes from regeneration programmes, yet evidence for health gains in such contexts is sparse and mixed. This study addresses this issue in respect of mental health and wellbeing in ... ...

Abstract	Community engagement and empowerment are central to delivery and outcomes from regeneration programmes, yet evidence for health gains in such contexts is sparse and mixed. This study addresses this issue in respect of mental health and wellbeing in disadvantaged communities in the UK, using a sample of 2862 householders living through housing improvements and regeneration in Glasgow. Feelings of empowerment were more strongly associated with mental wellbeing (WEMWBS) than mental health (SF-12 MCS). Neighbourhood empowerment was more strongly associated with mental wellbeing and mental health than housing empowerment, although its association with mental health disappeared in the period of welfare reform and austerity. Proactive forms of empowerment, such as influencing decisions affecting an area or taking action oneself to improve things, were more strongly associated with mental wellbeing than reactive or passive forms of empowerment. There is much scope to improve feelings of empowerment in disadvantaged communities and to contribute to national objectives to enhance mental wellbeing.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100645
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Article ; Online: Are housing and neighbourhood empowerment beneficial for mental health and wellbeing? Evidence from disadvantaged communities experiencing regeneration

Ade Kearns / Elise Whitley

SSM: Population Health, Vol 12, Iss , Pp 100645- (2020)

2020

Abstract	Community engagement and empowerment are central to delivery and outcomes from regeneration programmes, yet evidence for health gains in such contexts is sparse and mixed. This study addresses this issue in respect of mental health and wellbeing in disadvantaged communities in the UK, using a sample of 2862 householders living through housing improvements and regeneration in Glasgow. Feelings of empowerment were more strongly associated with mental wellbeing (WEMWBS) than mental health (SF-12 MCS). Neighbourhood empowerment was more strongly associated with mental wellbeing and mental health than housing empowerment, although its association with mental health disappeared in the period of welfare reform and austerity. Proactive forms of empowerment, such as influencing decisions affecting an area or taking action oneself to improve things, were more strongly associated with mental wellbeing than reactive or passive forms of empowerment. There is much scope to improve feelings of empowerment in disadvantaged communities and to contribute to national objectives to enhance mental wellbeing.
Keywords	Mental health ; Mental wellbeing ; Disadvantaged communities ; Empowerment ; Regeneration ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Examining the impact of different social class mechanisms on health inequalities: A cross-sectional analysis of an all-age UK household panel study.

Whitley, Elise / McCartney, Gerard / Bartley, Mel / Benzeval, Michaela

Social science & medicine (1982)

2022 Volume 312, Page(s) 115383

Abstract: Background: Socioeconomic inequalities are well established across health, morbidity and mortality measures. Social class theory describes how social groups relate, interact and accrue advantages/disadvantages relative to one another, with different ... ...

Abstract	Background: Socioeconomic inequalities are well established across health, morbidity and mortality measures. Social class theory describes how social groups relate, interact and accrue advantages/disadvantages relative to one another, with different theorists emphasising different dimensions. In the context of health inequalities, different social class measures are used interchangeably to rank population groups in terms of health rather than directly exploring the role of social class in creating inequalities. We aim to better understand how four distinct social class mechanisms explain differences in a range of self-reported and biological health outcomes. Methods: We use data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a representative population survey of UK adults, to identify measures pertaining to Early years, Bourdieusian, Marxist, and Weberian social class mechanisms. Using logistic and least-squares regression we consider the relative extent to which these mechanisms explain differences in health (Self-reported health, SF12 Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) Component Scores, General Health Questionnaire; N = 21,446) and allostatic load, a biomarker-based measure of cumulative stress (N = 5003). Results: Respondents with higher social position according to all social class measures had better self-rated, physical and mental health, and lower allostatic load. Associations with Marxist social class were among the strongest (e.g. Relative Index of Inequality for very good/excellent self-rated health comparing highest versus lowest Marxist social class: 4.96 (4.45, 5.52), with the Weberian measure also strongly associated with self-rated (4.35 (3.90, 4.85)) and physical health (Slope Index of Inequality for SF12-PCS: 7.94 (7.39, 8.48)). Health outcome associations with Bourdieusian and Marxist measures were generally stronger for women and older respondents, and physical health associations with all measures were stronger among those aged 50+ years. Conclusions: The impact of social class on health is multi-faceted. Policies to reduce health inequalities should focus more on unequal capital ownership, economic democracy and educational inequalities, reflecting Marxist and Weberian mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115383
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Article: Standard multiple imputation of survey data didn't perform better than simple substitution in enhancing an administrative dataset: the example of self-rated health in England.

Popham, Frank / Whitley, Elise / Molaodi, Oarabile / Gray, Linsay

Emerging themes in epidemiology

2021 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 9

Abstract: Background: Health surveys provide a rich array of information but on relatively small numbers of individuals and evidence suggests that they are becoming less representative as response levels fall. Routinely collected administrative data offer more ... ...

Abstract	Background: Health surveys provide a rich array of information but on relatively small numbers of individuals and evidence suggests that they are becoming less representative as response levels fall. Routinely collected administrative data offer more extensive population coverage but typically comprise fewer health topics. We explore whether data combination and multiple imputation of health variables from survey data is a simple and robust way of generating these variables in the general population. Methods: We use the UK Integrated Household Survey and the English 2011 population census both of which included self-rated general health. Setting aside the census self-rated health data we multiply imputed self-rated health responses for the census using the survey data and compared these with the actual census results in 576 unique groups defined by age, sex, housing tenure and geographic region. Results: Compared with original census data across the groups, multiply imputed proportions of bad or very bad self-rated health were not a markedly better fit than those simply derived from the survey proportions. Conclusion: While multiple imputation may have the potential to augment population data with information from surveys, further testing and refinement is required.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2164388-X
ISSN	1742-7622
ISSN	1742-7622
DOI	10.1186/s12982-021-00099-z
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Tracking the mental health of home-carers during the first COVID-19 national lockdown: evidence from a nationally representative UK survey.

Whitley, Elise / Reeve, Kelly / Benzeval, Michaela

Psychological medicine

2021 Volume 53, Issue 3, Page(s) 1096–1105

Abstract: Background: Unpaid carers who look after another member of their household (home-carers) have poorer mental health than the general population. The first COVID-19 national lockdown led to an increasing reliance on home-carers and we investigate the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Unpaid carers who look after another member of their household (home-carers) have poorer mental health than the general population. The first COVID-19 national lockdown led to an increasing reliance on home-carers and we investigate the short- and longer-term impacts of lockdown on their mental health. Methods: Data from 9737 adult participants (aged 16+) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) were used to explore changes in 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score between (a) pre-pandemic (2019) and early lockdowns (April 2020) and (b) early and later (July 2020) lockdowns. Results: GHQ-12 scores among home-carers were higher pre-lockdown and increased more than for non-carers from 2019 to April 2020 with further increases for home-carers compared with non-carers between April and July. Compared with respondents caring for a spouse/partner, those caring for a child under 18 had a particularly marked increase in GHQ-12 score between 2019 and April, as did those caring for someone with a learning disability. Home-carers of children under 18 improved from April to July while those caring for adult children saw a marked worsening of their mental health. Home-carers with greater care burden saw larger increases in GHQ-12 score from 2019 to April and from April to July, and increases through both periods were greater for home-carers who had formal help prior to lockdown but then lost it. Conclusions: The mental health of home-carers deteriorated more during lockdown than non-carers. Policies that reinstate support for them and their care-recipients will benefit the health of both vulnerable groups.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Mental Health ; Longitudinal Studies ; Communicable Disease Control ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	217420-0
ISSN	1469-8978 ; 0033-2917
ISSN (online)	1469-8978
ISSN	0033-2917
DOI	10.1017/S0033291721002555
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Article ; Online: Associations of internet access with social integration, wellbeing and physical activity among adults in deprived communities: evidence from a household survey.

Kearns, Ade / Whitley, Elise

BMC public health

2019 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 860

Abstract: Background: There are arguments for and against the wellbeing effects of internet use, with evidence shifting from negative to positive over time, although the effects are partly dependent upon the population sub-group concerned. There are good grounds ... ...

Abstract	Background: There are arguments for and against the wellbeing effects of internet use, with evidence shifting from negative to positive over time, although the effects are partly dependent upon the population sub-group concerned. There are good grounds for anticipating that the internet could be beneficial to people living in deprived communities, but this group has rarely been studied. Methods: Data are from a cross-sectional, face-to-face survey of adult householders (n = 3804) in 15 deprived communities in Glasgow, UK. Respondents were asked whether they used the internet and, if so, how they usually accessed it: at home, via a mobile phone, in a public venue, or other means. Data were also collected on social contact and support, use of amenities, sense of community, wellbeing, loneliness, and physical activity. Results: There were inequalities in internet access within deprived communities, with use of the internet lowest among older people, those with a long-standing illness, and those with no educational qualifications. Some social benefits were associated with internet access, such as frequency of contact with neighbours, available financial social support, and greater use of social amenities and shops. Internet users were also less likely to report feeling lonely and had higher mental wellbeing scores. Respondents who used the internet were also more physically active. However, community cohesion and empowerment variables were very similar among internet users and non-users. Several of the positive associations with internet access were more marked for those who accessed the internet at home and for older people. These are new findings in respect of deprived communities. Conclusions: Extending internet access for people in deprived communities is worthy of further consideration in the context of government objectives for tackling social isolation and increasing wellbeing. The results also suggest that greater digitisation of public services may not result in greater cohesion and empowerment in deprived communities, as is often assumed, but rather has the potential to reinforce social inequalities.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Internet Access/statistics & numerical data ; Loneliness/psychology ; Male ; Mental Health/statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Poverty Areas ; Social Behavior ; Social Isolation ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-019-7199-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Associations of internet access with social integration, wellbeing and physical activity among adults in deprived communities

Ade Kearns / Elise Whitley

BMC Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

evidence from a household survey

2019 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Background There are arguments for and against the wellbeing effects of internet use, with evidence shifting from negative to positive over time, although the effects are partly dependent upon the population sub-group concerned. There are good ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background There are arguments for and against the wellbeing effects of internet use, with evidence shifting from negative to positive over time, although the effects are partly dependent upon the population sub-group concerned. There are good grounds for anticipating that the internet could be beneficial to people living in deprived communities, but this group has rarely been studied. Methods Data are from a cross-sectional, face-to-face survey of adult householders (n = 3804) in 15 deprived communities in Glasgow, UK. Respondents were asked whether they used the internet and, if so, how they usually accessed it: at home, via a mobile phone, in a public venue, or other means. Data were also collected on social contact and support, use of amenities, sense of community, wellbeing, loneliness, and physical activity. Results There were inequalities in internet access within deprived communities, with use of the internet lowest among older people, those with a long-standing illness, and those with no educational qualifications. Some social benefits were associated with internet access, such as frequency of contact with neighbours, available financial social support, and greater use of social amenities and shops. Internet users were also less likely to report feeling lonely and had higher mental wellbeing scores. Respondents who used the internet were also more physically active. However, community cohesion and empowerment variables were very similar among internet users and non-users. Several of the positive associations with internet access were more marked for those who accessed the internet at home and for older people. These are new findings in respect of deprived communities. Conclusions Extending internet access for people in deprived communities is worthy of further consideration in the context of government objectives for tackling social isolation and increasing wellbeing. The results also suggest that greater digitisation of public services may not result in greater cohesion and empowerment in ...
Keywords	Internet access ; Deprived communities ; Loneliness ; Wellbeing ; Older people ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	303
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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