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  1. Article ; Online: Risk and benefit of statins in stroke secondary prevention.

    Laloux, Patrice

    Current vascular pharmacology

    2014  Volume 11, Issue 6, Page(s) 812–816

    Abstract: Statin is now recommended in secondary prevention after stroke or transient ischemic attacks to reduce the risk of a new stroke or major cardiovascular events. However, some issues about the extent of the benefit in some stroke patients and the risk of ... ...

    Abstract Statin is now recommended in secondary prevention after stroke or transient ischemic attacks to reduce the risk of a new stroke or major cardiovascular events. However, some issues about the extent of the benefit in some stroke patients and the risk of cerebral hemorrhage remain debated. This review shows that statins are significantly effective in decreasing the risk of further strokes despite an increase in the risk of brain hemorrhage. A significant benefit was observed in men and women, in aged patients and possibly to a greater extent in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Intensive statin therapy lowering the LDL-cholesterol beyond the cut-off value of 1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dl) seems to be more effective than less intensive treatment and without an increased risk of side effects. Overall, statins are well tolerated. Further prospective studies should clarify whether the effect is of the same magnitude in small vessel disease and how to select the patients to reduce the risk of cerebral hemorrhage.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/blood ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/chemically induced ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood ; Clinical Trials as Topic/methods ; Clinical Trials as Topic/trends ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; Secondary Prevention/methods ; Secondary Prevention/trends ; Stroke/blood ; Stroke/prevention & control ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Cholesterol, LDL ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-01-16
    Publishing country United Arab Emirates
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2192362-0
    ISSN 1875-6212 ; 1570-1611
    ISSN (online) 1875-6212
    ISSN 1570-1611
    DOI 10.2174/157016111106140128113121
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Steroid-responsive leucoencephalopathy due to cholesterol embolism.

    Laloux, Patrice

    Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry

    2007  Volume 78, Issue 2, Page(s) 112

    MeSH term(s) Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use ; Brain Diseases/drug therapy ; Brain Diseases/etiology ; Embolism, Cholesterol/complications ; Humans
    Chemical Substances Adrenal Cortex Hormones
    Language English
    Publishing date 2007-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Comment ; Editorial
    ZDB-ID 3087-9
    ISSN 1468-330X ; 0022-3050
    ISSN (online) 1468-330X
    ISSN 0022-3050
    DOI 10.1136/jnnp.2006.105981
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Preserved motor skill learning in acute stroke patients.

    Baguma, Marius / Yeganeh Doost, Maral / Riga, Audrey / Laloux, Patrice / Bihin, Benoît / Vandermeeren, Yves

    Acta neurologica Belgica

    2020  Volume 120, Issue 2, Page(s) 365–374

    Abstract: Recovery is dynamic during acute stroke, but whether new motor skills can be acquired with the paretic upper limb (UL) during this recovery period is unknown. Clarifying this unknown is important, because neurorehabilitation largely relies on motor ... ...

    Abstract Recovery is dynamic during acute stroke, but whether new motor skills can be acquired with the paretic upper limb (UL) during this recovery period is unknown. Clarifying this unknown is important, because neurorehabilitation largely relies on motor learning. The aim was to investigate whether, during acute stroke, patients achieved motor skill learning and retention with the paretic UL. Over 3 consecutive days (D1-D3), 14 patients practiced with their paretic UL the CIRCUIT, a motor skill learning task with a speed/accuracy trade-off (SAT). A Learning Index (LI) was used to quantify normalised SAT changes in comparison with baseline. Spontaneous motor recovery was quantified by another task without SAT constraint (EASY), by grip force (GF), and the Box and Blocks test (BBT). In patients, CIRCUIT LI improved 98% ± 66.2 (mean ± SD). This improvement was similar to that of young healthy individuals (n = 30) who trained with a slightly different protocol for 3 consecutive days (83.8% ± 58.8%). Generalisation of SAT gains to an untrained circuit was observed in both groups. From D1 to D3, stroke patients improved their performance on EASY, while changes in GF and BBT were heterogeneous. During acute stroke, patients retained SAT gains for a motor skill learned with the paretic UL in a manner similar to that of healthy individuals. These results demonstrate acute stroke patients achieved motor skill learning and retention that exceeded paretic UL improvements explained by spontaneous recovery.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Skills/physiology ; Stroke ; Stroke Rehabilitation/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-09
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Clinical Trial ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 127315-2
    ISSN 2240-2993 ; 0300-9009
    ISSN (online) 2240-2993
    ISSN 0300-9009
    DOI 10.1007/s13760-020-01304-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Bimanual motor skill learning and robotic assistance for chronic hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.

    Yeganeh Doost, Maral / Herman, Benoît / Denis, Adrien / Sapin, Julien / Galinski, Daniel / Riga, Audrey / Laloux, Patrice / Bihin, Benoît / Vandermeeren, Yves

    Neural regeneration research

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 8, Page(s) 1566–1573

    Abstract: Using robotic devices might improve recovery post-stroke, but the optimal way to apply robotic assistance has yet to be determined. The current study aimed to investigate whether training under the robotic active-assisted mode improves bimanual motor ... ...

    Abstract Using robotic devices might improve recovery post-stroke, but the optimal way to apply robotic assistance has yet to be determined. The current study aimed to investigate whether training under the robotic active-assisted mode improves bimanual motor skill learning (biMSkL) more than training under the active mode in stroke patients. Twenty-six healthy individuals (HI) and 23 chronic hemiparetic stroke patients with a detectable lesion on MRI or CT scan, who demonstrated motor deficits in the upper limb, were randomly allocated to two parallel groups. The protocol included a two-day training on a new bimanual cooperative task, LIFT-THE-TRAY, under either the active or active-assisted modes (where assistance decreased in a pre-determined stepwise fashion) with the bimanual version of the REAplan® robotic device. The hypothesis was that the active-assisted mode would result in greater biMSkL than the active mode. The biMSkL was quantified by a speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) before (T1) and immediately after (T2) training on days 1 and 2 (T3 and T4). The change in SAT after 2 days of training (T4/T1) indicated that both HI and stroke patients learned and retained the bimanual cooperative task. After 2 days of training, the active-assisted mode did not improve biMSkL more than the active mode (T4/T1) in HI nor stroke patients. Whereas HI generalized the learned bimanual skill to different execution speeds in both the active and active-assisted subgroups, the stroke patients generalized the learned skill only in the active subgroup. Taken together, the active-assisted mode, applied in a pre-determined stepwise decreasing fashion, did not improve biMSkL more than the active mode in HI and stroke subjects. Stroke subjects might benefit more from robotic assistance when applied "as-needed." This study was approved by the local ethical committee (Comité d'éthique médicale, CHU UCL Namur, Mont-Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium; Internal number: 54/2010, EudraCT number: NUB B039201317382) on July 14, 2016 and was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03974750) on June 5, 2019.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-11
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2388460-5
    ISSN 1876-7958 ; 1673-5374
    ISSN (online) 1876-7958
    ISSN 1673-5374
    DOI 10.4103/1673-5374.301030
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Cost of acute stroke. A review.

    Laloux, Patrice

    Acta neurologica Belgica

    2003  Volume 103, Issue 2, Page(s) 71–77

    Abstract: The annual incidence of cerebrovascular diseases in Belgium is between 200 and 230/100,000 inhabitants. Mortality after stroke is about 21% and approximately 30% of stroke patients will be dependent on others. Cost is mainly related to the length of ... ...

    Abstract The annual incidence of cerebrovascular diseases in Belgium is between 200 and 230/100,000 inhabitants. Mortality after stroke is about 21% and approximately 30% of stroke patients will be dependent on others. Cost is mainly related to the length of hospital stay but also to outpatient care. Length of stay is dependent on stroke severity at entry, stroke location (total infarct in the anterior circulation costs twice as much as small lacunar infarcts), and the social status (patients living alone or in a nursing home have a longer length of stay gene-rating a higher cost). Stroke units by using rationalized acute stroke therapy (including thrombolysis) reduce death and disability and decrease the length of stay by acting on stroke severity and co-morbidities. Stroke units also facilitate early discharge by coordinating outpatient care with the general practitioners, rehab centers, and nursing home. A global stroke-based prospective payment should be implemented in Belgium.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Belgium/epidemiology ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Hospital Units/economics ; Hospitalization/economics ; Humans ; Length of Stay/economics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stroke/economics ; Stroke/epidemiology ; Stroke/mortality
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-06
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 127315-2
    ISSN 2240-2993 ; 0300-9009
    ISSN (online) 2240-2993
    ISSN 0300-9009
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Could dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduce spasticity after stroke?

    Vandermeeren, Yves / Lefebvre, Stéphanie / Desfontaines, Philippe / Laloux, Patrice

    Acta neurologica Belgica

    2013  Volume 113, Issue 1, Page(s) 87–89

    MeSH term(s) Double-Blind Method ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Spasticity/etiology ; Muscle Spasticity/rehabilitation ; Paresis/etiology ; Paresis/rehabilitation ; Stroke/complications ; Stroke Rehabilitation ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-03
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 127315-2
    ISSN 2240-2993 ; 0300-9009
    ISSN (online) 2240-2993
    ISSN 0300-9009
    DOI 10.1007/s13760-012-0163-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Learning a Bimanual Cooperative Skill in Chronic Stroke Under Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    Doost, Maral Yeganeh / Orban de Xivry, Jean-Jacques / Herman, Benoît / Vanthournhout, Léna / Riga, Audrey / Bihin, Benoît / Jamart, Jacques / Laloux, Patrice / Raymackers, Jean-Marc / Vandermeeren, Yves

    Neurorehabilitation and neural repair

    2019  Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) 486–498

    Abstract: ... ...

    Abstract Background
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Cross-Over Studies ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Cortex/physiopathology ; Motor Skills/physiology ; Paresis/etiology ; Paresis/physiopathology ; Paresis/rehabilitation ; Placebos ; Retention, Psychology/physiology ; Stroke/complications ; Stroke/physiopathology ; Stroke/therapy ; Stroke Rehabilitation ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemical Substances Placebos
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1491637-x
    ISSN 1552-6844 ; 1545-9683 ; 0888-4390
    ISSN (online) 1552-6844
    ISSN 1545-9683 ; 0888-4390
    DOI 10.1177/1545968319847963
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Increased functional connectivity one week after motor learning and tDCS in stroke patients.

    Lefebvre, Stéphanie / Dricot, Laurence / Laloux, Patrice / Desfontaines, Philippe / Evrard, Frédéric / Peeters, André / Jamart, Jacques / Vandermeeren, Yves

    Neuroscience

    2017  Volume 340, Page(s) 424–435

    Abstract: Recent studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) demonstrated that changes in functional connectivity (FC) after stroke correlate with recovery. The aim of this study was to explore whether combining motor learning to ... ...

    Abstract Recent studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) demonstrated that changes in functional connectivity (FC) after stroke correlate with recovery. The aim of this study was to explore whether combining motor learning to dual transcranial direct current stimulation (dual-tDCS, applied over both primary motor cortices (M1)) modulated FC in stroke patients. Twenty-two chronic hemiparetic stroke patients participated in a baseline rs-fMRI session. One week later, dual-tDCS/sham was applied during motor skill learning (intervention session); one week later, the retention session started with the acquisition of a run of rs-fMRI imaging. The intervention+retention sessions were performed once with dual-tDCS and once with sham in a randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. A whole-brain independent component analysis based analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated no changes between baseline and sham sessions in the somatomotor network, whereas a FC increase was observed one week after dual-tDCS compared to baseline (qFDR <0.05, t
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Chronic Disease ; Cross-Over Studies ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Motor Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Motor Cortex/physiopathology ; Motor Skills/physiology ; Neural Pathways/diagnostic imaging ; Neural Pathways/physiopathology ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Paresis/diagnostic imaging ; Paresis/etiology ; Paresis/physiopathology ; Paresis/rehabilitation ; Stroke/complications ; Stroke/diagnostic imaging ; Stroke/physiopathology ; Stroke Rehabilitation ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017--06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 196739-3
    ISSN 1873-7544 ; 0306-4522
    ISSN (online) 1873-7544
    ISSN 0306-4522
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.066
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Brain activations underlying different patterns of performance improvement during early motor skill learning.

    Lefebvre, Stéphanie / Dricot, Laurence / Gradkowski, Wojciech / Laloux, Patrice / Vandermeeren, Yves

    NeuroImage

    2012  Volume 62, Issue 1, Page(s) 290–299

    Abstract: Background/introduction: Motor learning plays a central role in daily life and in neurorehabilitation. Several forms of motor learning have been described, among which motor skill learning, i.e. reaching a superior level of performance (a skill) through ...

    Abstract Background/introduction: Motor learning plays a central role in daily life and in neurorehabilitation. Several forms of motor learning have been described, among which motor skill learning, i.e. reaching a superior level of performance (a skill) through a shift of the speed/accuracy trade-off. During the first stage of learning a visuomotor skill, we observed differential patterns of evolution of the speed/accuracy trade-off in normal subjects. Half of the subjects rapidly achieved successful motor skill learning with an early shift of the speed/accuracy trade-off leading to a superior level of performance (shift pattern). The other subjects attained only minimal global improvement due to a converse evolution of speed and accuracy (i.e. a respect of the speed/accuracy trade-off: fit pattern). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to explore the neural substrates underlying these differential patterns during the first stage of motor skill learning in normal subjects.
    Methods: Twenty right-handed normal subjects performed an implicit visuomotor learning task with their non-dominant hand. The task ("circuit game") consisted in learning to navigate a pointer along a circuit as quickly and accurately as possible using a fMRI-compatible mouse. Velocity, accuracy, and performance indexes were used to characterise the motor learning pattern (shift/fit) and to perform fMRI correlation analysis in order to find the neural substrate associated with the shift and fit patterns during early motor skill learning.
    Results: Nine subjects showed a fit pattern (fitters), and eleven, a shift pattern ("shifters"). fMRI analyses at whole group level (ANOVA) and at sub-group level demonstrated that the supplementary motor area (SMA) was more activated in "shifters" than in the "fitters" groups and that the BOLD activation within the SMA correlated significantly with the on-line shift of the speed/accuracy trade-off in the "shifters" group.
    Conclusion: Despite identical instructions and experimental conditions, during the first stage of motor skill learning normal subjects spontaneously adopted different patterns that can be differentiated based on distinct fMRI activation patterns. In this implicit visuomotor task, the SMA proper was the key area underlying the achievement of early successful motor skill learning, i.e. on-line shift of the speed/accuracy trade-off.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Skills/physiology ; Movement/physiology ; Reference Values ; Task Performance and Analysis ; User-Computer Interface ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-08-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1147767-2
    ISSN 1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
    ISSN (online) 1095-9572
    ISSN 1053-8119
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.052
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Single session of dual-tDCS transiently improves precision grip and dexterity of the paretic hand after stroke.

    Lefebvre, Stéphanie / Thonnard, Jean-Louis / Laloux, Patrice / Peeters, André / Jamart, Jacques / Vandermeeren, Yves

    Neurorehabilitation and neural repair

    2014  Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 100–110

    Abstract: Background: After stroke, deregulated interhemispheric interactions influence residual paretic hand function. Anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can rebalance these abnormal interhemispheric interactions and improve motor ... ...

    Abstract Background: After stroke, deregulated interhemispheric interactions influence residual paretic hand function. Anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can rebalance these abnormal interhemispheric interactions and improve motor function.
    Objective: We explored whether dual-hemisphere tDCS (dual-tDCS) in participants with chronic stroke can improve fine hand motor function in 2 important aspects: precision grip and dexterity.
    Methods: In all, 19 chronic hemiparetic individuals with mild to moderate impairment participated in a double-blind, randomized trial. During 2 separate cross-over sessions (real/sham), they performed 10 precision grip movements with a manipulandum and the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) before, during, immediately after, and 20 minutes after dual-tDCS applied simultaneously over the ipsilesional (anodal) and contralateral (cathodal) primary motor cortices.
    Results: The precision grip performed with the paretic hand improved significantly 20 minutes after dual-tDCS, with reduction of the grip force/load force ratio by 7% and in the preloading phase duration by 18% when compared with sham. The dexterity of the paretic hand started improving during dual-tDCS and culminated 20 minutes after the end of dual-tDCS (PPT score +38% vs +5% after sham). The maximal improvements in precision grip and dexterity were observed 20 minutes after dual-tDCS. These improvements correlated negatively with residual hand function quantified with ABILHAND.
    Conclusions: One bout of dual-tDCS improved the motor control of precision grip and digital dexterity beyond the time of stimulation. These results suggest that dual-tDCS should be tested in longer protocols for neurorehabilitation and with moderate to severely impaired patients. The precise timing of stimulation after stroke onset and associated training should be defined.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Double-Blind Method ; Electric Stimulation ; Female ; Hand/physiopathology ; Hand Strength/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Paralysis/physiopathology ; Paralysis/therapy ; Stroke/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1491637-x
    ISSN 1552-6844 ; 1545-9683 ; 0888-4390
    ISSN (online) 1552-6844
    ISSN 1545-9683 ; 0888-4390
    DOI 10.1177/1545968313478485
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