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  1. Article ; Online: The “save the earth!” narrative creates a narrative trap for climate advocates

    Frank N. Laird

    Frontiers in Climate, Vol

    2022  Volume 4

    Abstract: The phrase “Save the Earth!” encapsulates a common narrative among climate advocates, one of environmentalists battling polluters to save Mother Earth from being despoiled. In this narrative the moral boundaries are clear and the stakes are apocalyptic, ... ...

    Abstract The phrase “Save the Earth!” encapsulates a common narrative among climate advocates, one of environmentalists battling polluters to save Mother Earth from being despoiled. In this narrative the moral boundaries are clear and the stakes are apocalyptic, leaving no room for doubt or compromise. Nonetheless, the narrative has not been an effective one for climate activists. Most importantly, it does not lay out a path for overcoming the deeply institutionalized barriers to transforming a large sociotechnical system. Climate advocates need a new narrative, one that continues to stress decarbonizing the economy but also emphasizes adapting to climate change that is already in the pipeline and ensuring a just transition that does not harm the most vulnerable parts of the population nor frustrate the aspirations of people around the world who seek better lives for themselves. The burgeoning field of just energy transitions encompasses these concerns, but it too needs a new story, one that avoids the narrative traps that have hampered climate policy more generally.
    Keywords climate change governance ; climate justice ; climate policy ; climate politics ; environmentalism ; narrative analysis ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article: Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States.

    Laird, Frank N

    Minerva

    2020  Volume 58, Issue 4, Page(s) 513–533

    Abstract: Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher ... ...

    Abstract Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2003600-0
    ISSN 1573-1871 ; 0026-4695
    ISSN (online) 1573-1871
    ISSN 0026-4695
    DOI 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2
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  3. Article ; Online: Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States

    Laird, Frank N.

    Minerva

    Abstract: Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher ... ...

    Abstract Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher PMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1007/s11024-020-09409-2
    Database COVID19

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  4. Article: Avoiding transitions, layering change

    Laird, Frank N

    Germany's energy transition : a comparative perspective , p. 111-131

    the evolution of American energy policy

    2016  , Page(s) 111–131

    Author's details Frank N. Laird
    Language English
    Publisher Palgrave Macmillan
    Publishing place New York
    Document type Article
    ISBN 978-1-137-44287-1 ; 1-137-44287-5
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  5. Book: Solar energy, technology policy, and institutional values

    Laird, Frank N

    2001  

    Author's details Frank N. Laird
    Keywords Solar energy. ; Energy policy.
    Language English
    Size xvii, 248 p. :, ill. ;, 24 cm.
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Publishing place Cambridge ; New York
    Document type Book
    ISBN 0521782473 ; 9780521782470
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Book: Solar energy, technology policy, and institutional values

    Laird, Frank N

    2001  

    Author's details Frank N. Laird
    Language English
    Size xvii, 248 S, 24 cm
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Publishing place Cambridge ;New York
    Document type Book
    Note Includes bibliographical references and index
    ISBN 0521782473 ; 9780521782470
    Database Former special subject collection: coastal and deep sea fishing

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  7. Book ; Online: Solar energy, technology policy, and institutional values

    Laird, Frank N

    2001  

    Abstract: Solar Energy, Technology Policy, and Institutional Values provides a historical case study that analyzes US renewable energy policy from the end of World War II through the energy crisis of the 1970s. The book illuminates the ways beliefs and values come ...

    Institution ebrary, Inc
    Author's details Frank N. Laird
    Abstract Solar Energy, Technology Policy, and Institutional Values provides a historical case study that analyzes US renewable energy policy from the end of World War II through the energy crisis of the 1970s. The book illuminates the ways beliefs and values come to dominate official problem frames and get entrenched in institutions
    Keywords Energy policy ; Solar energy
    Language English
    Size Online-Ressource (xvii, 248 p), 24 cm
    Publisher Cambridge University Press
    Publishing place Cambridge ;New York
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note Includes bibliographical references and index
    ISBN 0521782473 ; 9780521782470
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  8. Article: Pharmacokinetic and Toxicodynamic Characterization of a Novel Doxorubicin Derivative.

    Alrushaid, Samaa / Sayre, Casey L / Yáñez, Jaime A / Forrest, M Laird / Senadheera, Sanjeewa N / Burczynski, Frank J / Löbenberg, Raimar / Davies, Neal M

    Pharmaceutics

    2017  Volume 9, Issue 3

    Abstract: Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective anti-cancer medication with poor oral bioavailability and systemic toxicities. DoxQ was developed by conjugating Dox to the lymphatically absorbed antioxidant quercetin to improve Dox's bioavailability and tolerability. ... ...

    Abstract Doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective anti-cancer medication with poor oral bioavailability and systemic toxicities. DoxQ was developed by conjugating Dox to the lymphatically absorbed antioxidant quercetin to improve Dox's bioavailability and tolerability. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and safety of Dox after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of DoxQ or Dox (10 mg/kg) and investigate the intestinal lymphatic delivery of Dox after PO DoxQ administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug concentrations in serum, urine, and lymph were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. DoxQ intact IV showed a 5-fold increase in the area under the curve (AUC)-18.6 ± 1.98 compared to 3.97 ± 0.71 μg * h/mL after Dox-and a significant reduction in the volume of distribution (V
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2527217-2
    ISSN 1999-4923
    ISSN 1999-4923
    DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030035
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Association between molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer and patient survival.

    Phipps, Amanda I / Limburg, Paul J / Baron, John A / Burnett-Hartman, Andrea N / Weisenberger, Daniel J / Laird, Peter W / Sinicrope, Frank A / Rosty, Christophe / Buchanan, Daniel D / Potter, John D / Newcomb, Polly A

    Gastroenterology

    2014  Volume 148, Issue 1, Page(s) 77–87.e2

    Abstract: ... with invasive CRC from 1998 through 2007 in western Washington State (N = 2706), and followed for survival ...

    Abstract Background and aims: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease that can develop via several pathways. Different CRC subtypes, identified based on tumor markers, have been proposed to reflect these pathways. We evaluated the significance of these previously proposed classifications to survival.
    Methods: Participants in the population-based Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry were diagnosed with invasive CRC from 1998 through 2007 in western Washington State (N = 2706), and followed for survival through 2012. Tumor samples were collected from 2050 participants and classified into 5 subtypes based on combinations of tumor markers: type 1 (microsatellite instability [MSI]-high, CpG island methylator phenotype [CIMP] -positive, positive for BRAF mutation, negative for KRAS mutation); type 2 (microsatellite stable [MSS] or MSI-low, CIMP-positive, positive for BRAF mutation, negative for KRAS mutation); type 3 (MSS or MSI low, non-CIMP, negative for BRAF mutation, positive for KRAS mutation); type 4 (MSS or MSI-low, non-CIMP, negative for mutations in BRAF and KRAS); and type 5 (MSI-high, non-CIMP, negative for mutations in BRAF and KRAS). Multiple imputation was used to impute tumor markers for those missing data on 1-3 markers. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of subtypes with disease-specific and overall mortality, adjusting for age, sex, body mass, diagnosis year, and smoking history.
    Results: Compared with participants with type 4 tumors (the most predominant), participants with type 2 tumors had the highest disease-specific mortality (HR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.47-3.31); subjects with type 3 tumors also had higher disease-specific mortality (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.63). Subjects with type 5 tumors had the lowest disease-specific mortality (HR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.66). Associations with overall mortality were similar to those with disease-specific mortality.
    Conclusions: Based on a large, population-based study, CRC subtypes, defined by proposed etiologic pathways, are associated with marked differences in survival. These findings indicate the clinical importance of studies into the molecular heterogeneity of CRC.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality ; Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology ; Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy ; CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Male ; Microsatellite Instability ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; Registries ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Washington ; Young Adult ; ras Proteins/genetics
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers, Tumor ; KRAS protein, human ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; BRAF protein, human (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) (EC 3.6.5.2) ; ras Proteins (EC 3.6.5.2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-09-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 80112-4
    ISSN 1528-0012 ; 0016-5085
    ISSN (online) 1528-0012
    ISSN 0016-5085
    DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.038
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  10. Article ; Online: Onset and Heterogeneity of Responsiveness to FSH in Mouse Preantral Follicles in Culture.

    Hardy, Kate / Fenwick, Mark / Mora, Jocelyn / Laird, Mhairi / Thomson, Kacie / Franks, Stephen

    Endocrinology

    2016  Volume 158, Issue 1, Page(s) 134–147

    Abstract: ... cultured for up to 96 hours in medium alone (n = 511) or with recombinant human FSH 10 ng/mL (n = 546 ...

    Abstract The obligatory role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in normal development and function of ovarian antral follicles is well recognized, but its function in preantral growth is less clear. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the response, in culture, to FSH of mouse preantral follicles of increasing size, focusing particularly on growth rate and gene expression. Preantral follicles were mechanically isolated from ovaries of C57BL/6 mice, 12 to 16 days postpartum, and single follicles cultured for up to 96 hours in medium alone (n = 511) or with recombinant human FSH 10 ng/mL (n = 546). Data were grouped according to initial follicle diameter in 6 strata ranging from <100 to >140 μm. Follicles of all sizes grew in the absence of FSH (P < 0.01, paired t test). All follicles grew at a faster rate (P < 0.0001) in the presence of 10 ng/mL FSH but larger follicles showed the greatest change in response to FSH. Even the smallest follicles expressed FSH receptor messenger RNA (mRNA). FSH-induced growth was inhibited by KT5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), implicating the PKA pathway in FSH-induced follicle growth. In response to FSH in vitro, FSH receptor mRNA (measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction) was reduced (P < 0.01), as was Amh (P < 0.01), whereas expression of StAR (P < 0.0001) and the steroidogenic enzymes Cyp11a1 (P < 0.01) and Cyp19 (P < 0.0001) was increased. These results show heterogeneous responses to FSH according to initial follicle size, smaller follicles being less FSH dependent than larger preantral follicles. These findings strongly suggest that FSH has a physiological role in preantral follicle growth and function.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/physiology ; Gene Expression ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovarian Follicle/growth & development ; Ovarian Follicle/metabolism ; Receptors, FSH/metabolism ; Tissue Culture Techniques
    Chemical Substances Receptors, FSH ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone (9002-68-0) ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.11)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-11-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/en.2016-1435
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