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Article ; Online: Carotenoids in Health as Studied by Omics-Related Endpoints.

Bohn, Torsten / Balbuena, Emilio / Ulus, Hande / Iddir, Mohammed / Wang, Genan / Crook, Nathan / Eroglu, Abdulkerim

2023 Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 1538–1578

Abstract: Carotenoids have been associated with risk reduction for several chronic diseases, including the association of their dietary intake/circulating levels with reduced incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and even lower total ... ...

Abstract	Carotenoids have been associated with risk reduction for several chronic diseases, including the association of their dietary intake/circulating levels with reduced incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and even lower total mortality. In addition to some carotenoids constituting vitamin A precursors, they are implicated in potential antioxidant effects and pathways related to inflammation and oxidative stress, including transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Carotenoids and metabolites may also interact with nuclear receptors, mainly retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, which play a role in the immune system and cellular differentiation. Therefore, a large number of downstream targets are likely influenced by carotenoids, including but not limited to genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress and inflammation, antioxidation, and cellular differentiation processes. Furthermore, recent studies also propose an association between carotenoid intake and gut microbiota. While all these endpoints could be individually assessed, a more complete/integrative way to determine a multitude of health-related aspects of carotenoids includes (multi)omics-related techniques, especially transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics, as well as metagenomics, measured in a variety of biospecimens including plasma, urine, stool, white blood cells, or other tissue cellular extracts. In this review, we highlight the use of omics technologies to assess health-related effects of carotenoids in mammalian organisms and models.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Inflammation ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Lutein ; Mammals/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Carotenoids (36-88-4) ; Antioxidants ; Lutein (X72A60C9MT)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2583634-1
ISSN	2156-5376 ; 2156-5376
ISSN (online)	2156-5376
ISSN	2156-5376
DOI	10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.002
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Article ; Online: Influence of Proteins on the Absorption of Lipophilic Vitamins, Carotenoids and Curcumin - A Review.

Iddir, Mohammed / Vahid, Farhad / Merten, Diane / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Molecular nutrition & food research

2022 Volume 66, Issue 13, Page(s) e2200076

Abstract: While proteins have been widely used to encapsulate, protect, and regulate the release of bioactive food compounds, little is known about the influence of co-consumed proteins on the absorption of lipophilic constituents following digestion, such as ... ...

Abstract	While proteins have been widely used to encapsulate, protect, and regulate the release of bioactive food compounds, little is known about the influence of co-consumed proteins on the absorption of lipophilic constituents following digestion, such as vitamins (A, D, E, K), carotenoids, and curcumin. Their bioavailability is often low and very variable, depending on the food matrix and host factors. Some proteins can act as emulsifiers during digestion. Their liberated peptides have amphiphilic properties that can facilitate the absorption of microconstituents, by improving their transition from lipid droplets into mixed micelles. Contrarily, the less well digested proteins could negatively impinge on enzymatic accessibility to the lipid droplets, slowing down their processing into mixed micelles and entrapping apolar food compounds. Interactions with mixed micelles and proteins are also plausible, as shown earlier for drugs. This review focuses on the ability of proteins to act as effective emulsifiers of lipophilic vitamins, carotenoids, and curcumin during digestion. The functional properties of proteins, their chemical interactions with enzymes and food constituents during gastro-intestinal digestion, potentials and limitations for their use as emulsifiers are emphasized and data from human, animal, and in vitro trials are summarized.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Availability ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Curcumin ; Digestion ; Emulsions/chemistry ; Micelles ; Vitamin A/metabolism ; Vitamins
Chemical Substances	Emulsions ; Micelles ; Vitamins ; Vitamin A (11103-57-4) ; Carotenoids (36-88-4) ; Curcumin (IT942ZTH98)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2160372-8
ISSN	1613-4133 ; 1613-4125
ISSN (online)	1613-4133
ISSN	1613-4125
DOI	10.1002/mnfr.202200076
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Article: Influence of Proteins on the Absorption of Lipophilic Vitamins, Carotenoids and Curcumin – A Review

Iddir, Mohammed / Vahid, Farhad / Merten, Diane / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Molecular nutrition & food research. 2022 July, v. 66, no. 13

2022

Abstract: While proteins have been widely used to encapsulate, protect, and regulate the release of bioactive food compounds, little is known about the influence of co‐consumed proteins on the absorption of lipophilic constituents following digestion, such as ... ...

Abstract	While proteins have been widely used to encapsulate, protect, and regulate the release of bioactive food compounds, little is known about the influence of co‐consumed proteins on the absorption of lipophilic constituents following digestion, such as vitamins (A, D, E, K), carotenoids, and curcumin. Their bioavailability is often low and very variable, depending on the food matrix and host factors. Some proteins can act as emulsifiers during digestion. Their liberated peptides have amphiphilic properties that can facilitate the absorption of microconstituents, by improving their transition from lipid droplets into mixed micelles. Contrarily, the less well digested proteins could negatively impinge on enzymatic accessibility to the lipid droplets, slowing down their processing into mixed micelles and entrapping apolar food compounds. Interactions with mixed micelles and proteins are also plausible, as shown earlier for drugs. This review focuses on the ability of proteins to act as effective emulsifiers of lipophilic vitamins, carotenoids, and curcumin during digestion. The functional properties of proteins, their chemical interactions with enzymes and food constituents during gastro‐intestinal digestion, potentials and limitations for their use as emulsifiers are emphasized and data from human, animal, and in vitro trials are summarized.
Keywords	absorption ; bioavailability ; carotenoids ; curcumin ; digestion ; food matrix ; food research ; lipids ; lipophilicity ; micelles ; peptides
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	2160372-8
ISSN	1613-4133 ; 1613-4125
ISSN (online)	1613-4133
ISSN	1613-4125
DOI	10.1002/mnfr.202200076
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Article ; Online: Gastric lipase can significantly increase lipolysis and carotenoid bioaccessibility from plant food matrices in the harmonized INFOGEST static

Iddir, Mohammed / Porras Yaruro, Juan Felipe / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Food & function

2021 Volume 12, Issue 19, Page(s) 9043–9053

Abstract: Gastrointestinal digestion of carotenoids has received much attention, as these lipophilic compounds have been related to several health benefits. Most commonly, static digestion models such as the consensus INFOGEST model are employed to study their ... ...

Abstract	Gastrointestinal digestion of carotenoids has received much attention, as these lipophilic compounds have been related to several health benefits. Most commonly, static digestion models such as the consensus INFOGEST model are employed to study their bioaccessibility from test matrices. However, an aspect that has been much neglected is the use of gastric lipase. Its inclusion to gastro-intestinal (GI) digestion is expected to foster emulsification of lipophilic constituents prior to their incorporation into mixed micelles. In this study, we compared the effect of various lipases from
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Availability ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Digestion/drug effects ; Fruit and Vegetable Juices ; Functional Food ; Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism ; Humans ; Lipase/metabolism ; Lipolysis/drug effects ; Plant Proteins/administration & dosage ; Plant Proteins/pharmacology ; Rabbits
Chemical Substances	Plant Proteins ; Carotenoids (36-88-4) ; Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d1fo00786f
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Article: Gastric lipase can significantly increase lipolysis and carotenoid bioaccessibility from plant food matrices in the harmonized INFOGEST static in vitro digestion model

Iddir, Mohammed / Porras Yaruro, Juan Felipe / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Food & function. 2021 Oct. 4, v. 12, no. 19

2021

Abstract	Gastrointestinal digestion of carotenoids has received much attention, as these lipophilic compounds have been related to several health benefits. Most commonly, static digestion models such as the consensus INFOGEST model are employed to study their bioaccessibility from test matrices. However, an aspect that has been much neglected is the use of gastric lipase. Its inclusion to gastro-intestinal (GI) digestion is expected to foster emulsification of lipophilic constituents prior to their incorporation into mixed micelles. In this study, we compared the effect of various lipases from R. niveus, R. oryzae, and rabbit gastric extracts (RGE), at different concentrations (0, 30, and 60 U mL⁻¹), on carotenoid bioaccessibility from several food matrices (tomato juice, spinach, and carrot juice). We also investigated whether co-digestion of pure proteins (whey and soy protein isolates) at 0, 25, and 50% of the equivalent recommended dietary allowance, would interact with carotenoid bioaccessibility in presence or absence of RGE. Lipolysis was also studied. Considering all matrices combined, lipases significantly improved the bioaccessibility of carotenoids (p < 0.001). Compared to other lipases, RGE consistently increased carotenoid bioaccessibility in all tested matrices, by up to 182% (p < 0.001), this effect was partly maintained in the presence of co-digested proteins. Unexpectedly, all 3 lipases improved gastric lipolysis in all matrices, by an average of 10-fold (p < 0.001). In conclusion, only RGE contributed significantly to improving both lipolysis extent and carotenoid bioaccessibility in all tested matrices, while the presence of proteins mitigated the positive effect of lipases on carotenoid bioaccessibility.
Keywords	anaerobic digestion ; bioavailability ; carboxylic ester hydrolases ; carotenoids ; carrot juice ; emulsifying ; gastrointestinal system ; lipolysis ; lipophilicity ; micelles ; models ; spinach ; tomato juice ; whey
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1004
Size	p. 9043-9053.
Publishing place	The Royal Society of Chemistry
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d1fo00786f
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Whey- and Soy Protein Isolates Added to a Carrot-Tomato Juice Alter Carotenoid Bioavailability in Healthy Adults.

Iddir, Mohammed / Pittois, Denis / Guignard, Cédric / Weber, Bernard / Gantenbein, Manon / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 10, Issue 11

Abstract: Recent findings suggested that proteins can differentially affect carotenoid bioaccessibility during gastro-intestinal digestion. In this crossover, randomized human trial, we aimed to confirm that proteins, specifically whey- and soy-protein isolates ( ... ...

Abstract	Recent findings suggested that proteins can differentially affect carotenoid bioaccessibility during gastro-intestinal digestion. In this crossover, randomized human trial, we aimed to confirm that proteins, specifically whey- and soy-protein isolates (WPI/SPI) impact postprandial carotenoid bioavailability. Healthy adults (
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox10111748
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Article: Whey- and Soy Protein Isolates Added to a Carrot-Tomato Juice Alter Carotenoid Bioavailability in Healthy Adults

Iddir, Mohammed / Pittois, Denis / Guignard, Cédric / Weber, Bernard / Gantenbein, Manon / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Antioxidants. 2021 Oct. 31, v. 10, no. 11

2021

Abstract	Recent findings suggested that proteins can differentially affect carotenoid bioaccessibility during gastro-intestinal digestion. In this crossover, randomized human trial, we aimed to confirm that proteins, specifically whey- and soy-protein isolates (WPI/SPI) impact postprandial carotenoid bioavailability. Healthy adults (n = 12 males, n = 12 females) were recruited. After 2-week washout periods, 350 g of a tomato-carrot juice mixture was served in the absence/presence of WPI or SPI (50% of the recommended dietary allowance, RDA ≈ 60 g/d). Absorption kinetics of carotenoids and triacylglycerols (TAGs) were evaluated via the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction response, at timed intervals up to 10 h after test meal intake, on three occasions separated by 1 week. Maximum TRL-carotenoid concentration (Cₘₐₓ) and corresponding time (Tₘₐₓ) were also determined. Considering both genders and carotenoids/TAGs combined, the estimated area under the curve (AUC) for WPI increased by 45% vs. the control (p = 0.018), to 92.0 ± 1.7 nmol × h/L and by 57% vs. SPI (p = 0.006). Test meal effect was significant in males (p = 0.036), but not in females (p = 0.189). In males, significant differences were found for phytoene (p = 0.026), phytofluene (p = 0.004), α-carotene (p = 0.034), and β-carotene (p = 0.031). Cₘₐₓ for total carotenoids (nmol/L ± SD) was positively influenced by WPI (135.4 ± 38.0), while significantly lowered by SPI (89.6 ± 17.3 nmol/L) vs. the control (119.6 ± 30.9, p < 0.001). Tₘₐₓ did not change. The results suggest that a well-digestible protein could enhance carotenoid bioavailability, whereas the less digestible SPI results in negative effects. This is, to our knowledge, the first study finding effects of proteins on carotenoid absorption in humans.
Keywords	absorption ; bioavailability ; digestion ; humans ; juices ; lipoproteins ; test meals ; triacylglycerols
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1031
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox10111748
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Article: Obesity considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Dohet, François / Loap, Suva / Menzel, Alain / Iddir, Mohammed / Dadoun, Frédéric / Bohn, Torsten / Samouda, Hanen

International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition

2021 Volume 92, Issue 1, Page(s) 67–79

Abstract: The worldwide population is facing a double burden of epidemic, the COVID-19 and obesity. This is even more alarming as obesity increases the COVID-19 severity. However, the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 severity is more complex than a simple ...

Abstract	The worldwide population is facing a double burden of epidemic, the COVID-19 and obesity. This is even more alarming as obesity increases the COVID-19 severity. However, the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 severity is more complex than a simple association with BMI. In particular, obesity has been associated with low death rates in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, a fatal comorbidity to COVID-19, possibly due to the obesity paradox. Also, visceral adiposity could be a major risk factor for COVID-19 severity, due to its immune activation component, release of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and involvement in the cytokine storm, hypercoagulability and embolism. A poor antioxidant nutritional status also weakens the immune system, increasing inflammation and infection risk. Moreover, the COVID-19 lockdown might impact lifestyle patterns, mental health and weight bias, worsening the obesity then COIVD-19 situation. On the other hand, health care expenses and productivity loss are expected to increase during the concomitant epidemics. The co-occurrence of obesity and COVID-19 is a major challenge at both public health and economic levels that should urgently be taken into consideration. The identification of COVID-19 weight related risk factors and the development of appropriate weight management programs are needed to tackle the concomitant epidemics.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Obesity/complications ; Obesity/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	120692-8
ISSN	0300-9831
ISSN	0300-9831
DOI	10.1024/0300-9831/a000695
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Article ; Online: Phytochemicals as modifiers of gut microbial communities.

Dingeo, Giulia / Brito, Alex / Samouda, Hanen / Iddir, Mohammed / La Frano, Michael R / Bohn, Torsten

Food & function

2020 Volume 11, Issue 10, Page(s) 8444–8471

Abstract: A healthy gut microbiota (GM) is paramount for a healthy lifestyle. Alterations of the GM have been involved in the aetiology of several chronic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In ...

Abstract	A healthy gut microbiota (GM) is paramount for a healthy lifestyle. Alterations of the GM have been involved in the aetiology of several chronic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In pathological conditions, the diversity of the GM is commonly reduced or altered, often toward an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The colonic fermentation of dietary fiber has shown to stimulate the fraction of bacteria purported to have beneficial health effects, acting as prebiotics, and to increase the production of short chain fatty acids, e.g. propionate and butyrate, while also improving gut epithelium integrity such as tight junction functionality. However, a variety of phytochemicals, often associated with dietary fiber, have also been proposed to modulate the GM. Many phytochemicals possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may positively affect the GM, including polyphenols, carotenoids, phytosterols/phytostanols, lignans, alkaloids, glucosinolates and terpenes. Some polyphenols may act as prebiotics, while carotenoids have been shown to alter immunoglobulin A expression, an important factor for bacteria colonization. Other phytochemicals may interact with the mucosa, another important factor for colonization, and prevent its degradation. Certain polyphenols have shown to influence bacterial communication, interacting with quorum sensing. Finally, phytochemicals can be metabolized in the gut into bioactive constituents, e.g. equol from daidzein and enterolactone from secoisolariciresinol, while bacteria can use glycosides for energy. In this review, we strive to highlight the potential interactions between prominent phytochemicals and health benefits related to the GM, emphasizing their potential as adjuvant strategies for GM-related diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Alkaloids/metabolism ; Alkaloids/pharmacology ; Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Carotenoids/pharmacology ; Diet ; Dietary Fiber/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Fermentation ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Health ; Humans ; Lignans/metabolism ; Lignans/pharmacology ; Phytochemicals/metabolism ; Phytochemicals/pharmacology ; Phytosterols/metabolism ; Phytosterols/pharmacology ; Polyphenols/metabolism ; Polyphenols/pharmacology ; Prebiotics ; Quorum Sensing
Chemical Substances	Alkaloids ; Dietary Fiber ; Lignans ; Phytochemicals ; Phytosterols ; Polyphenols ; Prebiotics ; Carotenoids (36-88-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2612033-1
ISSN	2042-650X ; 2042-6496
ISSN (online)	2042-650X
ISSN	2042-6496
DOI	10.1039/d0fo01483d
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Article: Impact of Protein-Enriched Plant Food Items on the Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of Carotenoids.

Iddir, Mohammed / Porras Yaruro, Juan Felipe / Cocco, Emmanuelle / Hardy, Emilie M / Appenzeller, Brice M R / Guignard, Cédric / Larondelle, Yvan / Bohn, Torsten

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 10, Issue 7

Abstract: Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments which have been associated with a number of health benefits, partly related to antioxidant effects. However, due to their poor solubility during digestion, carotenoid bioavailability is low and variable. In this study, ...

Abstract	Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments which have been associated with a number of health benefits, partly related to antioxidant effects. However, due to their poor solubility during digestion, carotenoid bioavailability is low and variable. In this study, we investigated the effect of frequently consumed proteins on carotenoid bioaccessibility and cellular uptake. Whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), sodium caseinate (SC), gelatin (GEL), turkey and cod, equivalent to 0/10/25/50% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA, approx. 60g/d), were co-digested gastro-intestinally with carotenoid-rich food matrices (tomato and carrot juice, spinach), and digesta further studied in Caco-2 cell models. Lipid digestion, surface tension and microscopic visualization were also carried out. Co-digested proteins positively influenced the micellization of carotenes (up to 3-fold, depending on type and concentration), especially in the presence of SPI (
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704216-9
ISSN	2076-3921
ISSN	2076-3921
DOI	10.3390/antiox10071005
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