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Article ; Online: Image-dependence of the detectability of optogenetic stimulation in macaque inferotemporal cortex.

Azadi, Reza / Bohn, Simon / Lopez, Emily / Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Wang, Karen / Eldridge, Mark A G / Afraz, Arash

2023 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 581–588.e4

Abstract: Artificial activation of neurons in early visual areas induces perception of simple visual flashes. ...

Abstract	Artificial activation of neurons in early visual areas induces perception of simple visual flashes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta/physiology ; Optogenetics ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.021
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Article ; Online: Paradoxical impact of memory on color appearance of faces.

Hasantash, Maryam / Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Afraz, Arash / Conway, Bevil R

Nature communications

2019 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 3010

Abstract: What is color vision for? Here we compared the extent to which memory modulates color appearance of objects and faces. Participants matched the colors of stimuli illuminated by low-pressure sodium light, which renders scenes monochromatic. Matches for ... ...

Abstract	What is color vision for? Here we compared the extent to which memory modulates color appearance of objects and faces. Participants matched the colors of stimuli illuminated by low-pressure sodium light, which renders scenes monochromatic. Matches for fruit were not predicted by stimulus identity. In contrast, matches for faces were predictable, but surprising: faces appeared green and looked sick. The paradoxical face-color percept could be explained by a Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding. The color-matching data suggest that the face-color prior is established by visual signals arising from the recently evolved L-M cone system, not the older S-cone channel. Taken together, the results show that when retinal mechanisms of color vision are impaired, the impact of memory on color perception is greatest for face color, supporting the idea that trichromatic color plays an important role in social communication.
MeSH term(s)	Bayes Theorem ; Color ; Color Perception/physiology ; Color Vision ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Light ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-019-10073-8
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Article ; Online: #TheDress: Categorical perception of an ambiguous color image.

Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Conway, Bevil R

Journal of vision

2017 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) 25

Abstract: We present a full analysis of data from our preliminary report (Lafer-Sousa, Hermann, & Conway ...

Abstract	We present a full analysis of data from our preliminary report (Lafer-Sousa, Hermann, & Conway, 2015) and test whether #TheDress image is multistable. A multistable image must give rise to more than one mutually exclusive percept, typically within single individuals. Clustering algorithms of color-matching data showed that the dress was seen categorically, as white/gold (W/G) or blue/black (B/K), with a blue/brown transition state. Multinomial regression predicted categorical labels. Consistent with our prior hypothesis, W/G observers inferred a cool illuminant, whereas B/K observers inferred a warm illuminant; moreover, subjects could use skin color alone to infer the illuminant. The data provide some, albeit weak, support for our hypothesis that day larks see the dress as W/G and night owls see it as B/K. About half of observers who were previously familiar with the image reported switching categories at least once. Switching probability increased with professional art experience. Priming with an image that disambiguated the dress as B/K biased reports toward B/K (priming with W/G had negligible impact); furthermore, knowledge of the dress's true colors and any prior exposure to the image shifted the population toward B/K. These results show that some people have switched their perception of the dress. Finally, consistent with a role of attention and local image statistics in determining how multistable images are seen, we found that observers tended to discount as achromatic the dress component that they did not attend to: B/K reporters focused on a blue region, whereas W/G reporters focused on a golden region.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Clothing ; Color Perception/physiology ; Cues ; Humans ; Lighting/standards ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Theoretical ; Recognition, Psychology/physiology ; Regression Analysis ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2106064-2
ISSN	1534-7362 ; 1534-7362
ISSN (online)	1534-7362
ISSN	1534-7362
DOI	10.1167/17.12.25
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Article ; Online: Color-Biased Regions of the Ventral Visual Pathway Lie between Face- and Place-Selective Regions in Humans, as in Macaques.

Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Conway, Bevil R / Kanwisher, Nancy G

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2016 Volume 36, Issue 5, Page(s) 1682–1697

Abstract: ... inferior temporal cortex (Lafer-Sousa and Conway, 2013), and taken together, these results suggest ...

Abstract	The existence of color-processing regions in the human ventral visual pathway (VVP) has long been known from patient and imaging studies, but their location in the cortex relative to other regions, their selectivity for color compared with other properties (shape and object category), and their relationship to color-processing regions found in nonhuman primates remain unclear. We addressed these questions by scanning 13 subjects with fMRI while they viewed two versions of movie clips (colored, achromatic) of five different object classes (faces, scenes, bodies, objects, scrambled objects). We identified regions in each subject that were selective for color, faces, places, and object shape, and measured responses within these regions to the 10 conditions in independently acquired data. We report two key findings. First, the three previously reported color-biased regions (located within a band running posterior-anterior along the VVP, present in most of our subjects) were sandwiched between face-selective cortex and place-selective cortex, forming parallel bands of face, color, and place selectivity that tracked the fusiform gyrus/collateral sulcus. Second, the posterior color-biased regions showed little or no selectivity for object shape or for particular stimulus categories and showed no interaction of color preference with stimulus category, suggesting that they code color independently of shape or stimulus category; moreover, the shape-biased lateral occipital region showed no significant color bias. These observations mirror results in macaque inferior temporal cortex (Lafer-Sousa and Conway, 2013), and taken together, these results suggest a homology in which the entire tripartite face/color/place system of primates migrated onto the ventral surface in humans over the course of evolution. Significance statement: Here we report that color-biased cortex is sandwiched between face-selective and place-selective cortex on the bottom surface of the brain in humans. This face/color/place organization mirrors that seen on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe in macaques, suggesting that the entire tripartite system is homologous between species. This result validates the use of macaques as a model for human vision, making possible more powerful investigations into the connectivity, precise neural codes, and development of this part of the brain. In addition, we find substantial segregation of color from shape selectivity in posterior regions, as observed in macaques, indicating a considerable dissociation of the processing of shape and color in both species.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Facial Recognition/physiology ; Female ; Form Perception/physiology ; Humans ; Macaca ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Species Specificity ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Pathways/physiology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3164-15.2016
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Article ; Online: Paradoxical impact of memory on color appearance of faces

Maryam Hasantash / Rosa Lafer-Sousa / Arash Afraz / Bevil R. Conway

Nature Communications, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 10

Abstract: What is the function of color vision? Here, the authors show that when retinal mechanisms of color are impaired, memory has a paradoxical impact on color appearance that is selective for faces, providing evidence that color contributes to face encoding ... ...

Abstract	What is the function of color vision? Here, the authors show that when retinal mechanisms of color are impaired, memory has a paradoxical impact on color appearance that is selective for faces, providing evidence that color contributes to face encoding and social communication.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Paradoxical impact of memory on color appearance of faces

Maryam Hasantash / Rosa Lafer-Sousa / Arash Afraz / Bevil R. Conway

Nature Communications, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 10

Abstract	What is the function of color vision? Here, the authors show that when retinal mechanisms of color are impaired, memory has a paradoxical impact on color appearance that is selective for faces, providing evidence that color contributes to face encoding and social communication.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Striking individual differences in color perception uncovered by 'the dress' photograph.

Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Hermann, Katherine L / Conway, Bevil R

Current biology : CB

2015 Volume 25, Issue 13, Page(s) R545–6

Abstract: The dress' is a peculiar photograph: by themselves the dress' pixels are brown and blue, colors associated with natural illuminants, but popular accounts (#TheDress) suggest the dress appears either white/gold or blue/black. Could the purported ... ...

Abstract	'The dress' is a peculiar photograph: by themselves the dress' pixels are brown and blue, colors associated with natural illuminants, but popular accounts (#TheDress) suggest the dress appears either white/gold or blue/black. Could the purported categorical perception arise because the original social-media question was an alternative-forced-choice? In a free-response survey (N = 1401), we found that most people, including those naïve to the image, reported white/gold or blue/black, but some said blue/brown. Reports of white/gold over blue/black were higher among older people and women. On re-test, some subjects reported a switch in perception, showing the image can be multistable. In a language-independent measure of perception, we asked subjects to identify the dress' colors from a complete color gamut. The results showed three peaks corresponding to the main descriptive categories, providing additional evidence that the brain resolves the image into one of three stable percepts. We hypothesize that these reflect different internal priors: some people favor a cool illuminant (blue sky), discount shorter wavelengths, and perceive white/gold; others favor a warm illuminant (incandescent light), discount longer wavelengths, and see blue/black. The remaining subjects may assume a neutral illuminant, and see blue/brown. We show that by introducing overt cues to the illumination, we can flip the dress color.
MeSH term(s)	Age Factors ; Color Perception/physiology ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Individuality ; Internet ; Lighting/standards ; Male ; Photography/standards ; Recognition, Psychology/physiology ; Sex Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.053
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Article ; Online: Parallel, multi-stage processing of colors, faces and shapes in macaque inferior temporal cortex.

Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Conway, Bevil R

Nature neuroscience

2013 Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s) 1870–1878

Abstract: Visual-object processing culminates in inferior temporal cortex (IT). To assess the organization of IT, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging responses in alert monkeys to achromatic images (faces, fruit, bodies and places) and colored ... ...

Abstract	Visual-object processing culminates in inferior temporal cortex (IT). To assess the organization of IT, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging responses in alert monkeys to achromatic images (faces, fruit, bodies and places) and colored gratings. IT contained multiple color-biased regions, which were typically ventral to face patches and yoked to them, spaced regularly at four locations predicted by known anatomy. Color and face selectivity increased for more anterior regions, indicative of a broad hierarchical arrangement. Responses to non-face shapes were found across IT, but were stronger outside color-biased regions and face patches, consistent with multiple parallel streams. IT also contained multiple coarse eccentricity maps: face patches overlapped central representations, color-biased regions spanned mid-peripheral representations and place-biased regions overlapped peripheral representations. These results show that IT comprises parallel, multi-stage processing networks subject to one organizing principle.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Color Perception/physiology ; Face ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Oxygen/blood ; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Temporal Lobe/blood supply ; Temporal Lobe/physiology
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1420596-8
ISSN	1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
ISSN (online)	1546-1726
ISSN	1097-6256
DOI	10.1038/nn.3555
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Article ; Online: Color tuning in alert macaque V1 assessed with fMRI and single-unit recording shows a bias toward daylight colors.

Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Liu, Yang O / Lafer-Sousa, Luis / Wiest, Michael C / Conway, Bevil R

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision

2012 Volume 29, Issue 5, Page(s) 657–670

Abstract: Colors defined by the two intermediate directions in color space, "orange-cyan" and "lime-magenta," elicit the same spatiotemporal average response from the two cardinal chromatic channels in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). While we found LGN ... ...

Abstract	Colors defined by the two intermediate directions in color space, "orange-cyan" and "lime-magenta," elicit the same spatiotemporal average response from the two cardinal chromatic channels in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). While we found LGN functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to these pairs of colors were statistically indistinguishable, primary visual cortex (V1) fMRI responses were stronger to orange-cyan. Moreover, linear combinations of single-cell responses to cone-isolating stimuli of V1 cone-opponent cells also yielded stronger predicted responses to orange-cyan over lime-magenta, suggesting these neurons underlie the fMRI result. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that V1 recombines LGN signals into "higher-order" mechanisms tuned to noncardinal color directions. In light of work showing that natural images and daylight samples are biased toward orange-cyan, our findings further suggest that V1 is adapted to daylight. V1, especially double-opponent cells, may function to extract spatial information from color boundaries correlated with scene-structure cues, such as shadows lit by ambient blue sky juxtaposed with surfaces reflecting sunshine.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Color ; Color Perception/physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Light ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Neurons/cytology ; Photic Stimulation ; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology ; Visual Cortex/physiology ; Visual Fields/physiology ; Wakefulness/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-05-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	283633-6
ISSN	1520-8532 ; 1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
ISSN (online)	1520-8532
ISSN	1084-7529 ; 0740-3232
DOI	10.1364/JOSAA.29.000657
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Article ; Online: Stereopsis and artistic talent: poor stereopsis among art students and established artists.

Livingstone, Margaret S / Lafer-Sousa, Rosa / Conway, Bevil R

Psychological science

2011 Volume 22, Issue 3, Page(s) 336–338

MeSH term(s)	Aptitude ; Art ; Depth Perception ; Humans ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Reference Values ; Students/psychology ; Vision Disparity
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/0956797610397958
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