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Article: Major Advances in Brain Glycogen Research: Understanding of the Roles of Glycogen Have Evolved from Emergency Fuel Reserve to Dynamic, Regulated Participant in Diverse Brain Functions.

Dienel, Gerald A / Carlson, Gerald M

2019 Volume 23, Page(s) 1–16

Abstract: Brain glycogen is extremely difficult to study because it is very labile to physiological status and postmortem autolysis, and glycogen degradative enzymes are rapidly activated by metabolites and signaling molecules. Glycogen is predominantly located ... ...

Abstract	Brain glycogen is extremely difficult to study because it is very labile to physiological status and postmortem autolysis, and glycogen degradative enzymes are rapidly activated by metabolites and signaling molecules. Glycogen is predominantly located within astrocytes in adult brain, and abnormal glycogen metabolism in neurons has lethal consequences. Diverse distribution of glycogen among subcellular compartments suggests local regulation and different functional roles, and recent studies have revealed critically important roles for glycogen in normal brain function and Lafora disease. This brief overview highlights some of the major advances in elucidation of glycogen's roles in astrocytic functions and neurotransmission and the severe consequences of aberrant neuronal glycogen metabolism.
MeSH term(s)	Astrocytes/metabolism ; Biomedical Research ; Brain/cytology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Humans ; Lafora Disease/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Glycogen (9005-79-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2190-5215
ISSN	2190-5215
DOI	10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_1
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Article ; Online: Compartmentalization of specialized metabolites across vegetative and reproductive tissues in two sympatric Psychotria species.

Schneider, Gerald F / Carlson, Cole A / Jos, Elsa M / Beckman, Noelle G

American journal of botany

2023 Volume 110, Issue 7, Page(s) e16191

Abstract: Premise: The specialized metabolites of plants are recognized as key chemical traits in mediating the ecology and evolution of sundry plant-biotic interactions, from pollination to seed predation. Intra- and interspecific patterns of specialized ... ...

Abstract	Premise: The specialized metabolites of plants are recognized as key chemical traits in mediating the ecology and evolution of sundry plant-biotic interactions, from pollination to seed predation. Intra- and interspecific patterns of specialized metabolite diversity have been studied extensively in leaves, but the diverse biotic interactions that contribute to specialized metabolite diversity encompass all plant organs. Focusing on two species of Psychotria shrubs, we investigated and compared patterns of specialized metabolite diversity in leaves and fruit with respect to each organ's diversity of biotic interactions. Methods: To evaluate associations between biotic interaction diversity and specialized metabolite diversity, we combined UPLC-MS metabolomic analysis of foliar and fruit specialized metabolites with existing surveys of leaf- and fruit-centered biotic interactions. We compared patterns of specialized metabolite richness and variance among vegetative and reproductive tissues, among plants, and between species. Results: In our study system, leaves interact with a far larger number of consumer species than do fruit, while fruit-centric interactions are more ecologically diverse in that they involve antagonistic and mutualistic consumers. This aspect of fruit-centric interactions was reflected in specialized metabolite richness-leaves contained more than fruit, while each organ contained over 200 organ-specific specialized metabolites. Within each species, leaf- and fruit-specialized metabolite composition varied independently of one another across individual plants. Contrasts in specialized metabolite composition were stronger between organs than between species. Conclusions: As ecologically disparate plant organs with organ-specific specialized metabolite traits, leaves and fruit can each contribute to the tremendous overall diversity of plant specialized metabolites.
MeSH term(s)	Psychotria ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Seeds ; Fruit ; Plants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.16191
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Article ; Online: What Mutagenesis Can and Cannot Reveal About Allostery.

Carlson, Gerald M / Fenton, Aron W

Biophysical journal

2016 Volume 110, Issue 12, Page(s) 2809

Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	218078-9
ISSN	1542-0086 ; 0006-3495
ISSN (online)	1542-0086
ISSN	0006-3495
DOI	10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.025
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Article ; Online: Compartmentalization of specialized metabolites across vegetative and reproductive tissues in two sympatric Psychotria species

Schneider, Gerald F. / Carlson, Cole A. / Jos, Elsa M. / Beckman, Noelle G.

American Journal of Botany. 2023 July, v. 110, no. 7 p.e16191-

2023

Abstract: PREMISE: The specialized metabolites of plants are recognized as key chemical traits in mediating the ecology and evolution of sundry plant-biotic interactions, from pollination to seed predation. Intra‐ and interspecific patterns of specialized ... ...

Abstract	PREMISE: The specialized metabolites of plants are recognized as key chemical traits in mediating the ecology and evolution of sundry plant-biotic interactions, from pollination to seed predation. Intra‐ and interspecific patterns of specialized metabolite diversity have been studied extensively in leaves, but the diverse biotic interactions that contribute to specialized metabolite diversity encompass all plant organs. Focusing on two species of Psychotria shrubs, we investigated and compared patterns of specialized metabolite diversity in leaves and fruit with respect to each organ's diversity of biotic interactions. METHODS: To evaluate associations between biotic interaction diversity and specialized metabolite diversity, we combined UPLC‐MS metabolomic analysis of foliar and fruit specialized metabolites with existing surveys of leaf‐ and fruit‐centered biotic interactions. We compared patterns of specialized metabolite richness and variance among vegetative and reproductive tissues, among plants, and between species. RESULTS: In our study system, leaves interact with a far larger number of consumer species than do fruit, while fruit‐centric interactions are more ecologically diverse in that they involve antagonistic and mutualistic consumers. This aspect of fruit‐centric interactions was reflected in specialized metabolite richness-leaves contained more than fruit, while each organ contained over 200 organ‐specific specialized metabolites. Within each species, leaf‐ and fruit‐specialized metabolite composition varied independently of one another across individual plants. Contrasts in specialized metabolite composition were stronger between organs than between species. CONCLUSIONS: As ecologically disparate plant organs with organ‐specific specialized metabolite traits, leaves and fruit can each contribute to the tremendous overall diversity of plant specialized metabolites.
Keywords	Psychotria ; biocenosis ; evolution ; fruits ; metabolites ; metabolomics ; pollination ; seed predation ; sympatry ; variance
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.16191
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Article ; Online: Introduction to the Thematic Minireview Series: Brain glycogen metabolism.

Carlson, Gerald M / Dienel, Gerald A / Colbran, Roger J

The Journal of biological chemistry

2018 Volume 293, Issue 19, Page(s) 7087–7088

Abstract: The synthesis of glycogen allows for efficient intracellular storage of glucose molecules in a soluble form that can be rapidly released to enter glycolysis in response to energy demand. Intensive studies of glucose and glycogen metabolism, predominantly ...

Abstract	The synthesis of glycogen allows for efficient intracellular storage of glucose molecules in a soluble form that can be rapidly released to enter glycolysis in response to energy demand. Intensive studies of glucose and glycogen metabolism, predominantly in skeletal muscle and liver, have produced innumerable insights into the mechanisms of hormone action, resulting in the award of several Nobel Prizes over the last one hundred years. Glycogen is actually present in all cells and tissues, albeit at much lower levels than found in muscle or liver. However, metabolic and physiological roles of glycogen in other tissues are poorly understood. This series of Minireviews summarizes what is known about the enzymes involved in brain glycogen metabolism and studies that have linked glycogen metabolism to multiple brain functions involving metabolic communication between astrocytes and neurons. Recent studies unexpectedly linking some forms of epilepsy to mutations in two poorly understood proteins involved in glycogen metabolism are also reviewed.
MeSH term(s)	Brain/enzymology ; Brain/metabolism ; Glycogen/biosynthesis ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Glycogenolysis ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; Review Literature as Topic ; Synaptic Transmission
Chemical Substances	Glycogen (9005-79-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Introductory Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2997-x
ISSN	1083-351X ; 0021-9258
ISSN (online)	1083-351X
ISSN	0021-9258
DOI	10.1074/jbc.TM118.002642
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Article ; Online: The regulatory α and β subunits of phosphorylase kinase directly interact with its substrate, glycogen phosphorylase.

Thompson, Jackie A / Carlson, Gerald M

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

2017 Volume 482, Issue 2, Page(s) 221–225

Abstract: The selective phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) by its only known kinase, phosphorylase kinase (PhK), keeps glycogen catabolism tightly regulated. In addition to the obligatory interaction between the catalytic γ subunit of PhK and the ... ...

Abstract	The selective phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) by its only known kinase, phosphorylase kinase (PhK), keeps glycogen catabolism tightly regulated. In addition to the obligatory interaction between the catalytic γ subunit of PhK and the phosphorylatable region of GP, previous studies have suggested additional sites of interaction between this kinase and its protein substrate. Using short chemical crosslinkers, we have identified direct interactions of GP with the large regulatory α and β subunits of PhK. These newfound interactions were found to be sensitive to ligands that bind PhK.
MeSH term(s)	Binding Sites ; Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry ; Enzyme Activation ; Glycogen Phosphorylase/chemistry ; Glycogen Phosphorylase/ultrastructure ; Multienzyme Complexes/chemistry ; Multienzyme Complexes/ultrastructure ; Phosphorylase Kinase/chemistry ; Phosphorylase Kinase/ultrastructure ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Mapping/methods ; Protein Subunits ; Substrate Specificity
Chemical Substances	Cross-Linking Reagents ; Multienzyme Complexes ; Protein Subunits ; Glycogen Phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.-) ; Phosphorylase Kinase (EC 2.7.1.19)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205723-2
ISSN	1090-2104 ; 0006-291X ; 0006-291X
ISSN (online)	1090-2104 ; 0006-291X
ISSN	0006-291X
DOI	10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.044
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Article ; Online: How I became a biochemist.

Carlson, Gerald M

IUBMB life

2010 Volume 62, Issue 2, Page(s) 158–161

MeSH term(s)	Biochemistry/education ; Biochemistry/history ; Career Choice ; History, 20th Century ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Autobiography ; Biography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1492141-8
ISSN	1521-6551 ; 1521-6543
ISSN (online)	1521-6551
ISSN	1521-6543
DOI	10.1002/iub.267
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Article ; Online: What Mutagenesis Can and Cannot Reveal About Allostery.

Carlson, Gerald M / Fenton, Aron W

Biophysical journal

2016 Volume 110, Issue 9, Page(s) 1912–1923

Abstract: Allosteric regulation of protein function is recognized to be widespread throughout biology; however, knowledge of allosteric mechanisms, the molecular changes within a protein that couple one binding site to another, is limited. Although mutagenesis is ... ...

Abstract	Allosteric regulation of protein function is recognized to be widespread throughout biology; however, knowledge of allosteric mechanisms, the molecular changes within a protein that couple one binding site to another, is limited. Although mutagenesis is often used to probe allosteric mechanisms, we consider herein what the outcome of a mutagenesis study truly reveals about an allosteric mechanism. Arguably, the best way to evaluate the effects of a mutation on allostery is to monitor the allosteric coupling constant (Qax), a ratio of the substrate binding constants in the absence versus presence of an allosteric effector. A range of substitutions at a given residue position in a protein can reveal when a particular substitution causes gain-of-function, which addresses a key challenge in interpreting mutation-dependent changes in the magnitude of Qax. Thus, whole-protein mutagenesis studies offer an acceptable means of identifying residues that contribute to an allosteric mechanism. With this focus on monitoring Qax, and keeping in mind the equilibrium nature of allostery, we consider alternative possibilities for what an allosteric mechanism might be. We conclude that different possible mechanisms (rotation-of-solid-domains, movement of secondary structure, side-chain repacking, changes in dynamics, etc.) will result in different findings in whole-protein mutagenesis studies.
MeSH term(s)	Allosteric Regulation ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Proteins/chemistry ; Proteins/genetics ; Proteins/metabolism ; Thermodynamics
Chemical Substances	Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	218078-9
ISSN	1542-0086 ; 0006-3495
ISSN (online)	1542-0086
ISSN	0006-3495
DOI	10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.021
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Article ; Online: The regulation of glycogenolysis in the brain.

Nadeau, Owen W / Fontes, Joseph D / Carlson, Gerald M

The Journal of biological chemistry

2018 Volume 293, Issue 19, Page(s) 7099–7107

Abstract: The key regulatory enzymes of glycogenolysis are phosphorylase kinase, a hetero-oligomer with four different types of subunits, and glycogen phosphorylase, a homodimer. Both enzymes are activated by phosphorylation and small ligands, and both enzymes ... ...

Abstract	The key regulatory enzymes of glycogenolysis are phosphorylase kinase, a hetero-oligomer with four different types of subunits, and glycogen phosphorylase, a homodimer. Both enzymes are activated by phosphorylation and small ligands, and both enzymes have distinct isoforms that are predominantly expressed in muscle, liver, or brain; however, whole-transcriptome high-throughput sequencing analyses show that in brain both of these enzymes are likely composed of subunit isoforms representing all three tissues. This Minireview examines the regulatory properties of the isoforms of these two enzymes expressed in the three tissues, focusing on their potential regulatory similarities and differences. Additionally, the activity, structure, and regulation of the remaining enzyme necessary for glycogenolysis, glycogen-debranching enzyme, are also reviewed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/enzymology ; Brain/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism ; Glycogen/metabolism ; Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System/chemistry ; Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System/metabolism ; Glycogen Phosphorylase/chemistry ; Glycogen Phosphorylase/metabolism ; Glycogenolysis ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; Ligands ; Phosphorylase Kinase/chemistry ; Phosphorylase Kinase/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transcriptome
Chemical Substances	Glycogen Debranching Enzyme System ; Isoenzymes ; Ligands ; Glycogen (9005-79-2) ; Glycogen Phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.-) ; Phosphorylase Kinase (EC 2.7.1.19)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2997-x
ISSN	1083-351X ; 0021-9258
ISSN (online)	1083-351X
ISSN	0021-9258
DOI	10.1074/jbc.R117.803023
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Article: Cancer spectrum in TP53-deficient golden Syrian hamsters: A new model for Li-Fraumeni syndrome.

Miao, Jinxin / Li, Rong / Wettere, Arnaud J Van / Guo, Haoran / Tabaran, Alexandru-Flaviu / O'Sullivan, M Gerald / Carlson, Timothy / Scott, Patricia M / Chen, Kuisheng / Gao, Dongling / Li, Huixiang / Wang, Yaohe / Wang, Zhongde / Cormier, Robert T

Journal of carcinogenesis

2021 Volume 20, Page(s) 18

Abstract: Background: The : Materials and methods: The recent application of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic engineering technology has permitted the emergence of golden Syrian hamsters as genetic models for wide range of diseases, including cancer. Here, the first cancer ...

Abstract	Background: The Materials and methods: The recent application of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic engineering technology has permitted the emergence of golden Syrian hamsters as genetic models for wide range of diseases, including cancer. Here, the first cancer phenotype of Results: Hamsters that are homozygous for Conclusions: Overall, hamsters may provide insights into how
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-07
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2098237-9
ISSN	1477-3163
ISSN	1477-3163
DOI	10.4103/jcar.jcar_18_21
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