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  1. Article ; Online: A critical analysis of the What3Words geocoding algorithm.

    Arthur, Rudy

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 10, Page(s) e0292491

    Abstract: What3Words is a geocoding application that uses triples of words instead of alphanumeric coordinates to identify locations. What3Words has grown rapidly in popularity over the past few years and is used in logistical applications worldwide, including by ... ...

    Abstract What3Words is a geocoding application that uses triples of words instead of alphanumeric coordinates to identify locations. What3Words has grown rapidly in popularity over the past few years and is used in logistical applications worldwide, including by emergency services. What3Words has also attracted criticism for being less reliable than claimed, in particular that the chance of confusing one address with another is high. This paper investigates these claims and shows that the What3Words algorithm for assigning addresses to grid boxes creates many pairs of confusable addresses, some of which are quite close together. The implications of this for the use of What3Words in critical or emergency situations is discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Geographic Mapping ; Geographic Information Systems
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0292491
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Studying the UK job market during the COVID-19 crisis with online job ads.

    Rudy Arthur

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 5, p e

    2021  Volume 0251431

    Abstract: The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules change rapidly and local lockdowns are enacted. This work studies the UK labour market by analysing data from the online job board Reed.co.uk, using topic modelling and geo-inference methods to break down the data by sector and geography. I also study how the salary, contract type, and mode of work have changed since the COVID-19 crisis hit the UK in March. Overall, vacancies were down by 60 to 70% in the first weeks of lockdown. By the end of the year numbers had recovered somewhat, but the total job ad deficit is measured to be over 40%. Broken down by sector, vacancies for hospitality and graduate jobs are greatly reduced, while there were more care work and nursing vacancies during lockdown. Differences by geography are less significant than between sectors, though there is some indication that local lockdowns stall recovery and less badly hit areas may have experienced a smaller reduction in vacancies. There are also small but significant changes in the salary distribution and number of full time and permanent jobs. As well as the analysis, this work presents an open methodology that enables a rapid and detailed survey of the job market in unsettled conditions and describes a web application jobtrender.com that allows others to query this data set.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 910
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Studying the UK job market during the COVID-19 crisis with online job ads.

    Arthur, Rudy

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 5, Page(s) e0251431

    Abstract: The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules change rapidly and local lockdowns are enacted. This work studies the UK labour market by analysing data from the online job board Reed.co.uk, using topic modelling and geo-inference methods to break down the data by sector and geography. I also study how the salary, contract type, and mode of work have changed since the COVID-19 crisis hit the UK in March. Overall, vacancies were down by 60 to 70% in the first weeks of lockdown. By the end of the year numbers had recovered somewhat, but the total job ad deficit is measured to be over 40%. Broken down by sector, vacancies for hospitality and graduate jobs are greatly reduced, while there were more care work and nursing vacancies during lockdown. Differences by geography are less significant than between sectors, though there is some indication that local lockdowns stall recovery and less badly hit areas may have experienced a smaller reduction in vacancies. There are also small but significant changes in the salary distribution and number of full time and permanent jobs. As well as the analysis, this work presents an open methodology that enables a rapid and detailed survey of the job market in unsettled conditions and describes a web application jobtrender.com that allows others to query this data set.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/economics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Communicable Disease Control ; Employment ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0251431
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Book ; Online: Discovering Block Structure in Networks

    Arthur, Rudy

    2022  

    Abstract: A generalization of modularity, called block modularity, is defined. This is a quality function which evaluates a label assignment against an arbitrary block pattern. Therefore, unlike standard modularity or its variants, arbitrary network structures can ...

    Abstract A generalization of modularity, called block modularity, is defined. This is a quality function which evaluates a label assignment against an arbitrary block pattern. Therefore, unlike standard modularity or its variants, arbitrary network structures can be compared and an optimal block matrix can be determined. Some simple algorithms for optimising block modularity are described and applied on networks with planted structure. In many cases the planted structure is recovered. Cases where it is not are analysed and it is found that strong degree-correlations explain the planted structure so that the discovered pattern is more `surprising' than the planted one under the configuration model. Some well studied networks are analysed with this new method, which is found to automatically deconstruct the network in a very useful way for creating a summary of its key features.
    Keywords Physics - Physics and Society ; Computer Science - Social and Information Networks
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2022-09-05
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Does Gaia Play Dice? Simple Models of Non-Darwinian Selection.

    Arthur, Rudy / Nicholson, Arwen

    Astrobiology

    2023  Volume 23, Issue 11, Page(s) 1238–1244

    Abstract: In this article, we introduce some simple models, based on rolling dice, to explore mechanisms proposed to explain planetary habitability. The idea is to study these selection mechanisms in an analytically tractable setting, isolating their consequences ... ...

    Abstract In this article, we introduce some simple models, based on rolling dice, to explore mechanisms proposed to explain planetary habitability. The idea is to study these selection mechanisms in an analytically tractable setting, isolating their consequences from other details which can confound or obscure their effect in more realistic models. We find that the observable of interest, the face value shown on the die, "improves" over time in all models. For two of the more popular ideas, Selection by Survival and Sequential Selection, this is down to sampling effects. A modified version of Sequential Selection, Sequential Selection with Memory, implies a statistical tendency for systems to improve over time. We discuss the implications of this and its relationship to the ideas of the "Inhabitance Paradox" and the "Gaian bottleneck."
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2047736-3
    ISSN 1557-8070 ; 1531-1074
    ISSN (online) 1557-8070
    ISSN 1531-1074
    DOI 10.1089/ast.2023.0036
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  6. Article ; Online: CIDER: Context-sensitive polarity measurement for short-form text.

    Young, James C / Arthur, Rudy / Williams, Hywel T P

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e0299490

    Abstract: Researchers commonly perform sentiment analysis on large collections of short texts like tweets, Reddit posts or newspaper headlines that are all focused on a specific topic, theme or event. Usually, general-purpose sentiment analysis methods are used. ... ...

    Abstract Researchers commonly perform sentiment analysis on large collections of short texts like tweets, Reddit posts or newspaper headlines that are all focused on a specific topic, theme or event. Usually, general-purpose sentiment analysis methods are used. These perform well on average but miss the variation in meaning that happens across different contexts, for example, the word "active" has a very different intention and valence in the phrase "active lifestyle" versus "active volcano". This work presents a new approach, CIDER (Context Informed Dictionary and sEmantic Reasoner), which performs context-sensitive linguistic analysis, where the valence of sentiment-laden terms is inferred from the whole corpus before being used to score the individual texts. In this paper, we detail the CIDER algorithm and demonstrate that it outperforms state-of-the-art generalist unsupervised sentiment analysis techniques on a large collection of tweets about the weather. CIDER is also applicable to alternative (non-sentiment) linguistic scales. A case study on gender in the UK is presented, with the identification of highly gendered and sentiment-laden days. We have made our implementation of CIDER available as a Python package: https://pypi.org/project/ciderpolarity/.
    MeSH term(s) Social Media ; Gender Identity ; Semantics ; Sentiment Analysis ; Algorithms
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0299490
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Studying the UK Job Market During the COVID-19 Crisis with Online Job Ads

    Arthur, Rudy

    Abstract: The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules change rapidly and local lockdowns are enacted. In this work we study the UK labour market by analysing data from the online job board Reed.co.uk. Using topic modelling and geo-inference methods we are able to break down the data by sector and geography. We also study how the salary, contract type and mode of work have changed since the COVID-19 crisis hit the UK in March. Overall, vacancies were down by 60 to 70% in the first weeks of lockdown. By mid September numbers had recovered slightly, though were still down by 40 to 50%. Broken down by sector, vacancies for hospitality and graduate jobs are greatly reduced, while there were more care work and nursing vacancies during lockdown. Differences by geography are less significant than between sectors, though there is some indication that local lockdowns stall recovery and less badly hit areas may have experienced a smaller reduction in vacancies. There are also small but significant changes in the median salary and number of full time and permanent jobs. In addition to these results, this work presents an open methodology that enables a rapid and detailed survey of the job market in these unsettled conditions.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher ArXiv
    Document type Article
    Database COVID19

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  8. Book ; Online: Studying the UK Job Market During the COVID-19 Crisis with Online Job Ads

    Arthur, Rudy

    2020  

    Abstract: The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 global pandemic and the lockdown policies enacted to mitigate it have had profound effects on the labour market. Understanding these effects requires us to obtain and analyse data in as close to real time as possible, especially as rules change rapidly and local lockdowns are enacted. In this work we study the UK labour market by analysing data from the online job board Reed.co.uk. Using topic modelling and geo-inference methods we are able to break down the data by sector and geography. We also study how the salary, contract type and mode of work have changed since the COVID-19 crisis hit the UK in March. Overall, vacancies were down by 60 to 70\% in the first weeks of lockdown. By the end of the year numbers had recovered somewhat, but the total job ad deficit is measured to be over 40\%. Broken down by sector, vacancies for hospitality and graduate jobs are greatly reduced, while there were more care work and nursing vacancies during lockdown. Differences by geography are less significant than between sectors, though there is some indication that local lockdowns stall recovery and less badly hit areas may have experienced a smaller reduction in vacancies. There are also small but significant changes in the salary distribution and number of full time and permanent jobs. In addition to these results, this work presents an open methodology that enables a rapid and detailed survey of the job market in these unsettled conditions and we describe a web application \url{jobtrender.com} that allows others to query this data set.

    Comment: 33 pages, 20 figures
    Keywords Computer Science - Computers and Society ; Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ; covid19
    Subject code 910
    Publishing date 2020-10-07
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Book ; Online: Does Gaia Play Dice?

    Arthur, Rudy / Nicholson, Arwen

    Simple Models of non-Darwinian Selection

    2023  

    Abstract: In this paper we introduce some simple models, based on rolling dice, to explore mechanisms proposed to explain planetary habitability. The idea is to study these selection mechanisms in an analytically tractable setting, isolating their consequences ... ...

    Abstract In this paper we introduce some simple models, based on rolling dice, to explore mechanisms proposed to explain planetary habitability. The idea is to study these selection mechanisms in an analytically tractable setting, isolating their consequences from other details which can confound or obscure their effect in more realistic models. We find that while the observable of interest, the face value shown on the die, `improves' over time in all models, for two of the more popular ideas: Selection by Survival and Sequential Selection, this is down to sampling effects. A modified version of Sequential Selection, Sequential Selection with Memory, implies a statistical tendency for systems to improve over time. We discuss the implications of this and its relationship to the ideas of the `inhabitance paradox' and the `Gaian bottleneck'.
    Keywords Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
    Publishing date 2023-01-06
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  10. Book ; Online: A Gaian Habitable Zone

    Arthur, Rudy / Nicholson, Arwen

    2023  

    Abstract: When searching for inhabited exoplanets, understanding the boundaries of the habitable zone around the parent star is key. If life can strongly influence its global environment, then we would expect the boundaries of the habitable zone to be influenced ... ...

    Abstract When searching for inhabited exoplanets, understanding the boundaries of the habitable zone around the parent star is key. If life can strongly influence its global environment, then we would expect the boundaries of the habitable zone to be influenced by the presence of life. Here using a simple abstract model of `tangled-ecology' where life can influence a global parameter, labelled as temperature, we investigate the boundaries of the habitable zone of our model system. As with other models of life-climate interactions, the species act to regulate the temperature. However, the system can also experience `punctuations', where the system's state jumps between different equilibria. Despite this, an ensemble of systems still tends to sustain or even improve conditions for life on average, a feature we call Entropic Gaia. The mechanism behind this is sequential selection with memory which is discussed in detail. With this modelling framework we investigate questions about how Gaia can affect and ultimately extend the habitable zone to what we call the Gaian habitable zone. This generates concrete predictions for the size of the habitable zone around stars, suggests directions for future work on the simulation of exoplanets and provides insight into the Gaian bottleneck hypothesis and the habitability/inhabitance paradox.
    Keywords Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ; Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
    Publishing date 2023-01-05
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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