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Article ; Online: The face behind the Covid-19 mask - A comprehensive review.

Ganesapillai, Mahesh / Mondal, Bidisha / Sarkar, Ishita / Sinha, Aritro / Ray, Saikat Sinha / Kwon, Young-Nam / Nakamura, Kazuho / Govardhan, K

Environmental technology & innovation

2022 Volume 28, Page(s) 102837

Abstract: The threat of epidemic outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2 is growing owing to the exponential growth of the global population and the continual increase in human mobility. Personal protection against viral infections was enforced using ambient air filters, face ... ...

Abstract	The threat of epidemic outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2 is growing owing to the exponential growth of the global population and the continual increase in human mobility. Personal protection against viral infections was enforced using ambient air filters, face masks, and other respiratory protective equipment. Available facemasks feature considerable variation in efficacy, materials usage and characteristic properties. Despite their widespread use and importance, face masks pose major potential threats due to the uncontrolled manufacture and disposal techniques. Improper solid waste management enables viral propagation and increases the volume of associated biomedical waste at an alarming rate. Polymers used in single-use face masks include a spectrum of chemical constituents: plasticisers and flame retardants leading to health-related issues over time. Despite ample research in this field, the efficacy of personal protective equipment and its impact post-disposal is yet to be explored satisfactorily. The following review assimilates information on the different forms of personal protective equipment currently in use. Proper waste management techniques pertaining to such special wastes have also been discussed. The study features a holistic overview of innovations made in face masks and their corresponding impact on human health and environment. Strategies with SDG3 and SDG12, outlining safe and proper disposal of solid waste, have also been discussed. Furthermore, employing the CFD paradigm, a 3D model of a face mask was created based on fluid flow during breathing techniques. Lastly, the review concludes with possible future advancements and promising research avenues in personal protective equipment.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2352-1864
ISSN (online)	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2022.102837
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Microplastics waste in environment: A perspective on recycling issues from PPE kits and face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ray, Saikat Sinha / Lee, Hyung Kae / Huyen, Dao Thi Thanh / Chen, Shiao-Shing / Kwon, Young-Nam

Environmental technology & innovation

2022 Volume 26, Page(s) 102290

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the extensive use of face masks and protective personal equipment (PPE) kits has led to increasing degree of microplastic pollution (MP) because they are typically discarded into the seas, rivers, streets, and other parts of ...

Abstract	During the COVID-19 pandemic, the extensive use of face masks and protective personal equipment (PPE) kits has led to increasing degree of microplastic pollution (MP) because they are typically discarded into the seas, rivers, streets, and other parts of the environment. Currently, microplastic (MP) pollution has a negative impact on the environment because of high-level fragmentation. Typically, MP pollution can be detected by various techniques, such as microscopic analysis, density separation, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. However, there are limited studies on disposable face masks and PPE kits. A wide range of marine species ingest MPs in the form of fibers and fragments, which directly affect the environment and human health; thus, more research and development are needed on the effect of MP pollution on human health. This article provides a perspective on the origin and distribution of MP pollution in waterbodies (e.g., rivers, ponds, lakes, and seas) and wastewater treatment plants, and reviews the possible remediation of MP pollution related to the excessive disposal of face masks and PPE kits to aquatic environments.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2352-1864
ISSN (online)	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2022.102290
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The face behind the Covid-19 mask - A comprehensive review

Ganesapillai, Mahesh / Mondal, Bidisha / Sarkar, Ishita / Sinha, Aritro / Ray, Saikat Sinha / Kwon, Young-Nam / Nakamura, Kazuho / Govardhan, K.

Environmental technology & innovation. 2022 July 16,

2022

Abstract	The threat of epidemic outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2 is growing owing to the exponential growth of the global population and the continual increase in human mobility. Personal protection against viral infections was enforced using ambient air filters, face masks, and other respiratory protective equipment. Available facemasks feature considerable variation in efficacy, materials usage and characteristic properties. Despite their widespread use and importance, face masks pose major potential threats due to the uncontrolled manufacture and disposal techniques. Improper solid waste management enables viral propagation and increases the volume of associated biomedical waste at an alarming rate. Polymers used in single-use face masks include a spectrum of chemical constituents: plasticizers and flame retardants leading to health-related issues over time. Despite ample research in this field, the efficacy of personal protective equipment and its impact post-disposal is yet to be explored satisfactorily. The following review assimilates information on the different forms of personal protective equipment currently in use. Proper waste management techniques pertaining to such special wastes have also been discussed. The study features a holistic overview of innovations made in face masks and their corresponding impact on human health and environment. Strategies with SDG3 and SDG12, outlining safe and proper disposal of solid waste, have also been discussed. Furthermore, employing the CFD paradigm, a 3D model of a face mask was created based on fluid flow during breathing techniques. Lastly, the review concludes with possible future advancements and promising research avenues in personal protective equipment.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; air ; environmental technology ; face ; face masks ; human health ; humans ; manufacturing ; models ; safety equipment ; solid wastes ; waste management
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0716
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ISSN	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2022.102837
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Review on Blueprint of Designing Anti-Wetting Polymeric Membrane Surfaces for Enhanced Membrane Distillation Performance.

Ray, Saikat Sinha / Lee, Hyung-Kae / Kwon, Young-Nam

Polymers

2019 Volume 12, Issue 1

Abstract: Recently, membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a versatile technology for treating saline water and industrial wastewater. However, the long-term use of MD wets the polymeric membrane and prevents the membrane from working as a semi-permeable ... ...

Abstract	Recently, membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a versatile technology for treating saline water and industrial wastewater. However, the long-term use of MD wets the polymeric membrane and prevents the membrane from working as a semi-permeable barrier. Currently, the concept of antiwetting interfaces has been utilized for reducing the wetting issue of MD. This review paper discusses the fundamentals and roles of surface energy and hierarchical structures on both the hydrophobic characteristics and wetting tolerance of MD membranes. Designing stable antiwetting interfaces with their basic working principle is illustrated with high scientific discussions. The capability of antiwetting surfaces in terms of their self-cleaning properties has also been demonstrated. This comprehensive review paper can be utilized as the fundamental basis for developing antiwetting surfaces to minimize fouling, as well as the wetting issue in the MD process.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym12010023
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Microplastics waste in environment: A perspective on recycling issues from PPE kits and face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

Ray, Saikat Sinha / Lee, Hyung Kae / Huyen, Dao Thi Thanh / Chen, Shiao-Shing / Kwon, Young-Nam

Environmental technology & innovation. 2022 May, v. 26

2022

Abstract	During the COVID-19 pandemic, the extensive use of face masks and protective personal equipment (PPE) kits has led to increasing degree of microplastic pollution (MP) because they are typically discarded into the seas, rivers, streets, and other parts of the environment. Currently, microplastic (MP) pollution has a negative impact on the environment because of high-level fragmentation. Typically, MP pollution can be detected by various techniques, such as microscopic analysis, density separation, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. However, there are limited studies on disposable face masks and PPE kits. A wide range of marine species ingest MPs in the form of fibers and fragments, which directly affect the environment and human health; thus, more research and development are needed on the effect of MP pollution on human health. This article provides a perspective on the origin and distribution of MP pollution in waterbodies (e.g., rivers, ponds, lakes, and seas) and wastewater treatment plants, and reviews the possible remediation of MP pollution related to the excessive disposal of face masks and PPE kits to aquatic environments.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; environmental impact ; environmental technology ; equipment ; face ; human health ; microplastics ; pollution ; remediation ; research and development ; surface water ; wastes ; wastewater treatment
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2022.102290
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Surface innovation for fabrication of superhydrophobic sand grains with improved water holding capacity for various environmental applications

Ray, Saikat Sinha / Soni, Ritesh / Kim, In-Chul / Park, You-In / Lee, Chang Young / Kwon, Young-Nam

Environmental technology & innovation. 2022 Nov., v. 28

2022

Abstract: The extreme evaporative loss of water from topsoil complicates cultivation in arid areas, and artificial plastic mulches that imitate sand mulches may minimize such water losses. However, the application of such plastic mulches is limited by their high ... ...

Abstract	The extreme evaporative loss of water from topsoil complicates cultivation in arid areas, and artificial plastic mulches that imitate sand mulches may minimize such water losses. However, the application of such plastic mulches is limited by their high cost and non-biodegradability. In this study, we developed superhydrophobic sand grains to reduce evaporative water loss from soil. Sea sand (SS) was coated with silica sol, which was prepared by the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) under alkaline conditions, followed by treatment with perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS). A facile step was optimized for fabricating hydrophobic sand grains with contact angle of 151° and rolling-off angle of 9.5° to confirm the hydrophobicity and anti-droplet properties of the modified sand grains. The sands modified with engineered nanomaterials have shown the enhanced water holding and storage efficiency, and they can be applied as an oil sorbent scaffold to absorb oil (chloroform) from water selectively due to their water repelling properties. The coated superhydrophobic sand grains displayed anti-droplet and self-cleaning features, and withheld water for extended periods of time, which could benefit agriculture in arid regions and various environmental applications.
Keywords	chloroform ; contact angle ; environmental technology ; hydrolysis ; hydrophobicity ; losses from soil ; oils ; sand ; silica ; sorbents ; topsoil
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-11
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2022.102849
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Three-layered hollow fiber (HF) membrane and its modification to enhance wetting resistance for membrane distillation (MD)

Lee, Hyung Kae / Jun, Byung-Moon / Ray, Saikat Sinha / Kwon, Young-Nam

Environmental technology & innovation. 2021 Feb., v. 21

2021

Abstract: A three-layered hollow fiber (HF) membrane exhibiting enhanced permeability and wet-resistance was fabricated using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride–co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF–CTFE) simultaneously for membrane ... ...

Abstract	A three-layered hollow fiber (HF) membrane exhibiting enhanced permeability and wet-resistance was fabricated using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride–co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF–CTFE) simultaneously for membrane distillation (MD). The inner, outer, and middle layers of the membrane were prepared using a macrovoid structure of PVDF–CTFE, the finger-like structure of PVDF, and thin sponge-like structure, respectively. The size of the macrovoid in the inner layer was enlarged and the permeability was enhanced using the polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE) as additive. However, the PTFE did not significantly change the liquid entrance pressure (LEP) of the membrane. The LEP and hydrophobicity of the inner layer of HF was increased by grafting pentafluorostyrene (PFS). The prepared membranes were characterized via several analytical tools, and the performance was evaluated using the vacuum MD (VMD) process. With 10% of PTFE, the size of the internal macrovoid increased, thus improving the flux to 137%. When PFS was grafted on the inner layer, the contact angle (CA) and liquid entry pressure (LEP) values increased to 117 and 154%, respectively, that showed an improvement in the wetting resistance. This study showed that the three-layered structure designed using the PTFE and PFS as an additive and grafting, respectively, were successfully fabricated to improve the wetting resistance and permeability.
Keywords	contact angle ; distillation ; environmental technology ; hydrophobicity ; liquids ; permeability ; polytetrafluoroethylene ; thermoplastics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-02
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	2352-1864
DOI	10.1016/j.eti.2020.101227
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: A comprehensive review of recent developments in 3D printing technique for ceramic membrane fabrication for water purification.

Dommati, Hitesh / Ray, Saikat Sinha / Wang, Jia-Chang / Chen, Shiao-Shing

RSC advances

2019 Volume 9, Issue 29, Page(s) 16869–16883

Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also commonly known as 3D printing, provides flexibility in the manufacturing of complex geometric parts at competitive prices and within a low production time. However, AM has not been used to a large extent in ... ...

Abstract	Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also commonly known as 3D printing, provides flexibility in the manufacturing of complex geometric parts at competitive prices and within a low production time. However, AM has not been used to a large extent in filtration and water treatment processes. AM results in the creation of millions of nanofibers that are sublayered on top of each other and compressed into a thin membrane. AM is a novel technique for fabricating filtration membranes with different shapes, sizes and controlled porosity, which cannot be achieved using conventional process such as electrospinning and knife casting. In this paper, we review the advantages and limitations of AM processes for fabricating ceramic membranes. Moreover, a brief background of AM processes is provided, and their future prospects are examined. Due to their potential benefits for fabrication and flexibility with different materials, AM methods are promising in the field of membrane engineering.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2046-2069
ISSN (online)	2046-2069
DOI	10.1039/c9ra00872a
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Facile approach for designing a novel micropatterned antiwetting membrane by utilizing 3D printed molds for improved desalination performance

Sinha Ray, Saikat / Dommati, Hitesh / Wang, Jia-Chang / Lee, Hyung Kae / Park, You-In / Park, Hosik / Kim, In-Chul / Chen, Shiao-Shing / Kwon, Young-Nam

Journal of membrane science. 2021 Nov. 01, v. 637

2021

Abstract: ... spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X‐ray ... spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after successful fabrication of the surface and ...

Abstract	Membrane wetting in membrane distillation (MD) is a prominent issue during desalination operation, where the interfacial characteristics between the membrane surface and the feed stream are critical. In this study, an antiwetting membrane surface consisting of hierarchical microstructures was explored as a novel concept to understand the wetting behavior during the MD operation. A novel surface-engineered design of an antiwetting polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with micropatterned arrays obtained utilizing a 3D-printed molding phase separation method was thoroughly explored. In a novel introduction to this field, 3D-printed templates with micron-sized pillars in different shapes are used to generate air pockets when imprinted with a polymeric membrane. Additionally, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane was used as a chemical modifier for enhancing the hydrophobic characteristics. Membrane properties were thoroughly analyzed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after successful fabrication of the surface and chemically engineered membrane. The chemically modified patterned membrane exhibited a higher contact angle of ~140° and superior antiwetting behavior when compared to that of the plain PVDF membrane. Moreover, the engineered membrane showed superior MD performance in terms of salt rejection and water flux. Therefore, this paper demonstrates a simplistic approach to design a micropatterned functional membrane exhibiting antiwetting and self-cleaning behavior during MD operation.
Keywords	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; air ; atomic force microscopy ; contact angle ; desalination ; distillation ; energy-dispersive X-ray analysis ; hydrophobicity ; separation ; thermoplastics ; three-dimensional printing
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1101
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	194516-6
ISSN	0376-7388
ISSN	0376-7388
DOI	10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119641
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Chemical and surface engineered superhydrophobic patterned membrane with enhanced wetting and fouling resistance for improved membrane distillation performance

Lee, Hyung Kae / Ray, Saikat Sinha / Thanh Huyen, Dao Thi / Kang, Wooseok / Kwon, Young-Nam

Journal of membrane science. 2021 July 01, v. 629

2021

Abstract: Application of membrane distillation (MD) is still in its emerging stage due to membrane wetting and fouling issues. In this study, an anti-wetting and anti-fouling superhydrophobic patterned membrane was prepared utilizing patterned templet surface and ... ...

Abstract	Application of membrane distillation (MD) is still in its emerging stage due to membrane wetting and fouling issues. In this study, an anti-wetting and anti-fouling superhydrophobic patterned membrane was prepared utilizing patterned templet surface and subsequent chemical modifications with fluorine-based polymer. A uniform patterned polyvinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene (PVDF-CTFE) membrane was prepared using a template having a specific surface structure. It was found that the patterned membrane with a hierarchical microstructure was more hydrophobic than that with a flat surface. Long-term performance of the patterned membrane was determined through direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Results showed that such patterned membrane exhibited wetting resistance for a longer time compared to a pristine membrane. However, the patterned membrane showed rapid flux decline during a fouling test due to deposition of foulants such as humic acid (HA), alginate acid (AA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA). To overcome the fouling issue, a patterned membrane was chemically modified with 1H, 1H-perfluorooctyl methacrylate (FOMA) known to possess a low surface energy. After surface modification with FOMA, the superhydrophobic patterned membrane showed good stability in terms of water flux and salt rejection for more than 7 days in DCMD without wetting or fouling issue. Results of this study indicates the capability of a superhydrophobic patterned MD membrane for generating maximum water flux with excellent anti-fouling and wetting resistance properties.
Keywords	alginates ; bovine serum albumin ; distillation ; energy ; humic acids ; hydrophobicity ; microstructure ; polymers
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0701
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	194516-6
ISSN	0376-7388
ISSN	0376-7388
DOI	10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119280
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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