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  1. Article: NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS 1A HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN A CAPTIVE JUVENILE ASIAN ELEPHANT (

    Iyer, Maya L / Molter, Christine M / Flanagan, Joseph P / Bauer, Kendra L / Bernardy, Rob / Hoffman, Daryl / Parkinson, Lily / Brainard, Benjamin M / Evans, Tierra Smiley / Pursell, Taylor / Ling, Paul D

    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians

    2022  Volume 53, Issue 1, Page(s) 232–240

    Abstract: Novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods were utilized in the successful management of severe elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in a 1.9-yr-old captive Asian elephant ( ...

    Abstract Novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods were utilized in the successful management of severe elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in a 1.9-yr-old captive Asian elephant (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Elephants ; Famciclovir ; Herpesviridae ; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis ; Herpesviridae Infections/drug therapy ; Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary ; Viremia/veterinary
    Chemical Substances Famciclovir (QIC03ANI02)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2174930-9
    ISSN 1937-2825 ; 1042-7260
    ISSN (online) 1937-2825
    ISSN 1042-7260
    DOI 10.1638/2021-0096
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Simian homologues of human herpesviruses and implications for novel viral introduction to free-living mountain gorillas.

    Smiley Evans, Tierra / Lowenstine, Linda J / Ssebide, Benard / Barry, Peter A / Kinani, Jean Felix / Nizeyimana, Fred / Noheli, Jean Bosco / Okello, Ricky / Mudakikwa, Antoine / Cranfield, Michael R / Mazet, Jonna A K / Johnson, Christine K / Gilardi, Kirsten V

    American journal of primatology

    2022  Volume 85, Issue 1, Page(s) e23439

    Abstract: The endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo is frequently in contact with humans through tourism, research activities, and illegal entry of people into protected gorilla habitat. ... ...

    Abstract The endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo is frequently in contact with humans through tourism, research activities, and illegal entry of people into protected gorilla habitat. Herpesviruses, which are ubiquitous in primates, have the potential to be shared in any setting where humans and gorillas share habitat. Based on serological findings and clinical observations of orofacial ulcerated lesions resembling herpetic lesions, an alpha-herpesvirus resembling human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has long been suspected to be present in human-habituated mountain gorillas in the wild. While the etiology of orofacial lesions in the wild has not been confirmed, HSV-1 has been suspected in captively-housed mountain gorillas and confirmed in a co-housed confiscated Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri). To better characterize herpesviruses infecting mountain gorillas and to determine the presence/absence of HSV-1 in the free-living population, we conducted a population-wide survey to test for the presence of orally shed herpesviruses. DNA was extracted from discarded chewed plants collected from 294 individuals from 26 groups, and samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction using pan-herpesvirus and HSV-1-specific assays. We found no evidence that human herpesviruses had infected free-ranging mountain gorillas. However, we found gorilla-specific homologs to human herpesviruses, including cytomegaloviruses (GbbCMV-1 and 2), a lymphocryptovirus (GbbLCV-1), and a new rhadinovirus (GbbRHV-1) with similar characteristics (i.e., timing of primary infection, shedding in multiple age groups, and potential modes of transmission) to their human counterparts, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, respectively.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Gorilla gorilla/genetics ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Rwanda/epidemiology ; Uganda
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1495834-X
    ISSN 1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
    ISSN (online) 1098-2345
    ISSN 0275-2565
    DOI 10.1002/ajp.23439
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Exposure to diverse sarbecoviruses indicates frequent zoonotic spillover in human communities interacting with wildlife.

    Evans, Tierra Smiley / Tan, Chee Wah / Aung, Ohnmar / Phyu, Sabai / Lin, Htin / Coffey, Lark L / Toe, Aung Than / Aung, Pyaephyo / Aung, Tin Htun / Aung, Nyein Thu / Weiss, Christopher M / Thant, Kyaw Zin / Htun, Zaw Than / Murray, Suzan / Wang, Linfa / Johnson, Christine Kreuder / Thu, Hlaing Myat

    International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

    2023  Volume 131, Page(s) 57–64

    Abstract: Background: Sarbecoviruses are a subgenus of Coronaviridae that mostly infect bats with known potential to infect humans (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). Populations in Southeast Asia, where these viruses are most likely to emerge, have been undersurveyed to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Sarbecoviruses are a subgenus of Coronaviridae that mostly infect bats with known potential to infect humans (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). Populations in Southeast Asia, where these viruses are most likely to emerge, have been undersurveyed to date.
    Methods: We surveyed communities engaged in extractive industries and bat guano harvesting from rural areas in Myanmar. Participants were screened for exposure to sarbecoviruses, and their interactions with wildlife were evaluated to determine the factors associated with exposure to sarbecoviruses.
    Results: Of 693 people screened between July 2017 and February 2020, 12.1% were seropositive for sarbecoviruses. Individuals were significantly more likely to have been exposed to sarbecoviruses if their main livelihood involved working in extractive industries (logging, hunting, or harvesting of forest products; odds ratio [OR] = 2.71, P = 0.019) or had been hunting/slaughtering bats (OR = 6.09, P = 0.020). Exposure to a range of bat and pangolin sarbecoviruses was identified.
    Conclusion: Exposure to diverse sarbecoviruses among high-risk human communities provides epidemiologic and immunologic evidence that zoonotic spillover is occurring. These findings inform risk mitigation efforts needed to decrease disease transmission at the bat-human interface, as well as future surveillance efforts warranted to monitor isolated populations for viruses with pandemic potential.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Animals, Wild ; Chiroptera ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Zoonoses ; Phylogeny
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-03
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1331197-9
    ISSN 1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
    ISSN (online) 1878-3511
    ISSN 1201-9712
    DOI 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: NONINVASIVE SAMPLING FOR DETECTION OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS AND GENOMIC DNA IN ASIAN (

    Jeffrey, Alison / Evans, Tierra Smiley / Molter, Christine / Howard, Lauren L / Ling, Paul / Goldstein, Tracey / Gilardi, Kirsten

    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians

    2020  Volume 51, Issue 2, Page(s) 433–437

    Abstract: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) threatens Asian elephant ( ...

    Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) threatens Asian elephant (
    MeSH term(s) Animal Feed/virology ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Betaherpesvirinae/isolation & purification ; Blood Specimen Collection/veterinary ; Elephants ; Feces/virology ; Female ; Food Microbiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis ; Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary ; Herpesviridae Infections/virology ; Ireland ; Male ; Specimen Handling/classification ; Specimen Handling/instrumentation ; Specimen Handling/veterinary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2174930-9
    ISSN 1937-2825 ; 1042-7260
    ISSN (online) 1937-2825
    ISSN 1042-7260
    DOI 10.1638/2019-0112
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk.

    Johnson, Christine K / Hitchens, Peta L / Pandit, Pranav S / Rushmore, Julie / Evans, Tierra Smiley / Young, Cristin C W / Doyle, Megan M

    Proceedings. Biological sciences

    2020  Volume 287, Issue 1924, Page(s) 20192736

    Abstract: Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of ... ...

    Abstract Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal-human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Chiroptera ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; Ecosystem ; Global Health ; Humans ; Mammals ; Population Dynamics ; Viruses ; Zoonoses/epidemiology
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 209242-6
    ISSN 1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
    ISSN (online) 1471-2954
    ISSN 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
    DOI 10.1098/rspb.2019.2736
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Noninvasive sampling for detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus and genomic dna in asian (elephas maximus) and african (loxodonta africana) elephants

    Jeffrey, Alison / Evans, Tierra Smiley / Molter, Christine / Howard, Lauren L / Ling, Paul / Goldstein, Tracey / Gilardi, Kirsten

    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. 2020 June 12, v. 51, no. 2

    2020  

    Abstract: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) threatens Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population sustainability in North America. Clusters of cases have also been reported in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Risk to ...

    Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) threatens Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population sustainability in North America. Clusters of cases have also been reported in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Risk to range country elephant populations is unknown. Currently, EEHV detection depends upon sampling elephants trained for invasive blood and trunk wash collection. To evaluate noninvasive sample collection options, paired invasively collected (blood, trunk wash and oral swabs), and noninvasively collected (chewed plant and fecal) samples were compared over 6 wk from 9 Asian elephants and 12 African elephants. EEHV shedding was detected simultaneously in a paired trunk wash and fecal sample from one African elephant. Elephant γ herpesvirus-1 shedding was identified in six chewed plant samples collected from four Asian elephants. Noninvasively collected samples can be used to detect elephant herpesvirus shedding. Longer sampling periods are needed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of noninvasive sampling for EEHV detection.
    Keywords DNA ; Elephantid betaherpesvirus 1 ; Elephas maximus ; Loxodonta africana ; blood ; feces ; medicine ; risk ; wildlife ; zoos ; North America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0612
    Size p. 433-437.
    Publishing place American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 2174930-9
    ISSN 1937-2825 ; 1042-7260
    ISSN (online) 1937-2825
    ISSN 1042-7260
    DOI 10.1638/2019-0112
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  7. Article: Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1a hemorrhagic disease in a captive juvenile asian elephant (elephas maximus)

    Iyer, Maya L. / Molter, Christine M. / Flanagan, Joseph P. / Bauer, Kendra L. / Bernardy, Rob / Hoffman, Daryl / Parkinson, Lily / Brainard, Benjamin M. / Evans, Tierra Smiley / Pursell, Taylor / Ling, Paul D.

    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine. 2022 Mar. 11, v. 53, no. 1

    2022  

    Abstract: Novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods were utilized in the successful management of severe elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in a 1.9-yr-old captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). High levels of EEHV1A viremia were ...

    Abstract Novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods were utilized in the successful management of severe elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in a 1.9-yr-old captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). High levels of EEHV1A viremia were detected for 12 d. In addition to established EEHV treatments, therapies included famciclovir-fortified elephant whole blood and plasma, mesenchymal stem cells harvested from elephant umbilical tissue, and aminocaproic acid. Testing conducted to examine the effects of EEHV infection on hemostasis suggested marked intravascular coagulation with decreased plasminogen activity and increased D-dimer concentrations. Thromboelastography was used to assess the efficacy of aminocaproic acid and demonstrated hypofibrinolysis on samples taken after drug administration, as compared with samples from healthy adult Asian elephants. A serological assay for a novel EEHV1A-specific antibody marker (E52) was developed due to lack of seroconversion to a previously established EEHV1A-specific antibody marker (ORFQ) and showed a sustained increase after EEHV-HD illness.
    Keywords Elephantid betaherpesvirus 1 ; Elephas maximus ; adults ; antibodies ; coagulation ; drugs ; hemostasis ; immunologic techniques ; juveniles ; medicine ; plasminogen ; seroconversion ; therapeutics ; viremia ; wildlife ; zoos
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0311
    Size p. 232-240.
    Publishing place American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2174930-9
    ISSN 1937-2825 ; 1042-7260
    ISSN (online) 1937-2825
    ISSN 1042-7260
    DOI 10.1638/2021-0096
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  8. Article ; Online: Sylvatic Transmission of Chikungunya Virus among Nonhuman Primates in Myanmar.

    Evans, Tierra Smiley / Aung, Ohnmar / Cords, Olivia / Coffey, Lark L / Wong, Talia / Weiss, Christopher M / Maw, Min Thein / Yee, JoAnn / Venkateswaran, Kodumudi / Venkateswaran, Neeraja / Nham, Peter / Van Rompay, Koen K A / Morris, Mary Kate / Oceguera, Leo / Werthimer, William / Hanson, Carl / Valitutto, Marc / Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing / Win, Ye Tun /
    Thein, Wai Zin / Murray, Susan / Thu, Hlaing Myat / Johnson, Christine K

    Emerging infectious diseases

    2022  Volume 28, Issue 12, Page(s) 2548–2551

    Abstract: Nonhuman primates living in proximity to humans increase risks for sylvatic arbovirus transmission. We collected serum samples from nonhuman primates in Hlawga National Park near Yangon, Myanmar, and detected antibodies against chikungunya (33%) and ... ...

    Abstract Nonhuman primates living in proximity to humans increase risks for sylvatic arbovirus transmission. We collected serum samples from nonhuman primates in Hlawga National Park near Yangon, Myanmar, and detected antibodies against chikungunya (33%) and Japanese encephalitis (4%) viruses. Buffer zones between primate and human communities might reduce cross-species arbovirus transmission.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Chikungunya virus ; Myanmar/epidemiology ; Arboviruses ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology ; Primates
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1380686-5
    ISSN 1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
    ISSN (online) 1080-6059
    ISSN 1080-6040
    DOI 10.3201/eid2812.220893
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Optimizing a Noninvasive Oral Sampling Technique for Semicaptive Neotropical Primates in Peru

    McDermott, Darby / Mendoza, A. Patricia / Smiley-Evans, Tierra / Zavaleta, Milagros / Da'Dara, Akram A / Alarcón, Jorge O / Bello, Raul / Vidal, Paola Santa / Rosenbaum, Marieke

    Journal of wildlife diseases. 2020 Jan. 6, v. 56, no. 1

    2020  

    Abstract: Disease surveillance in Neotropical primates (NP) is limited by the difficulties associated with anesthetizing NP for sample collection in remote settings. Our objective was to optimize a noninvasive method of oral sampling from semicaptive NP in Peru. ... ...

    Abstract Disease surveillance in Neotropical primates (NP) is limited by the difficulties associated with anesthetizing NP for sample collection in remote settings. Our objective was to optimize a noninvasive method of oral sampling from semicaptive NP in Peru. We offered 40 NP at Taricaya Rescue Centre in Madre de Dios, Peru ropes coated in various attractants and measured variables (acceptance of the rope, chewing time, and volume of fluid eluted from ropes) that may affect sample acquisition and quality. We preserved samples by direct freezing in liquid nitrogen or by storing samples in RNA stabilization reagent at room temperature. Sample integrity was measured by testing for mammalian cytochrome b with the use of conventional PCR. The NP successfully chewed on a rope in 82% (125/152) of trials. Overall sample integrity was high, with 96% (44/46) of samples (both directly frozen and stored in stabilization reagent) testing positive for cytochrome b. The number of times that an individual NP was exposed to the rope procedure and NP age were associated with higher acceptance rates and the NP successfully chewing on the rope. We conclude that ropes serve as a feasible noninvasive method of obtaining oral samples from NP at rescue centers and could be used in future studies to evaluate population genetics and for pathogen surveillance for population health monitoring.
    Keywords Neotropics ; Primates ; RNA ; ambient temperature ; attractants ; cytochrome b ; disease surveillance ; freezing ; liquid nitrogen ; mammals ; mastication ; monitoring ; pathogens ; polymerase chain reaction ; population genetics ; ropes ; sampling ; Peru
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-0106
    Size p. 192-196.
    Publishing place Wildlife Disease Association
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 410709-3
    ISSN 1943-3700 ; 0090-3558
    ISSN (online) 1943-3700
    ISSN 0090-3558
    DOI 10.7589/2018-10-248
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Article ; Online: Optimizing a Noninvasive Oral Sampling Technique for Semicaptive Neotropical Primates in Peru.

    McDermott, Darby / Mendoza, A Patricia / Smiley-Evans, Tierra / Zavaleta, Milagros / Da'Dara, Akram A / Alarcón, Jorge O / Bello, Raul / Vidal, Paola Santa / Rosenbaum, Marieke

    Journal of wildlife diseases

    2019  Volume 56, Issue 1, Page(s) 192–196

    Abstract: Disease surveillance in Neotropical primates (NP) is limited by the difficulties associated with anesthetizing NP for sample collection in remote settings. Our objective was to optimize a noninvasive method of oral sampling from semicaptive NP in Peru. ... ...

    Abstract Disease surveillance in Neotropical primates (NP) is limited by the difficulties associated with anesthetizing NP for sample collection in remote settings. Our objective was to optimize a noninvasive method of oral sampling from semicaptive NP in Peru. We offered 40 NP at Taricaya Rescue Centre in Madre de Dios, Peru ropes coated in various attractants and measured variables (acceptance of the rope, chewing time, and volume of fluid eluted from ropes) that may affect sample acquisition and quality. We preserved samples by direct freezing in liquid nitrogen or by storing samples in RNA stabilization reagent at room temperature. Sample integrity was measured by testing for mammalian cytochrome b with the use of conventional PCR. The NP successfully chewed on a rope in 82% (125/152) of trials. Overall sample integrity was high, with 96% (44/46) of samples (both directly frozen and stored in stabilization reagent) testing positive for cytochrome b. The number of times that an individual NP was exposed to the rope procedure and NP age were associated with higher acceptance rates and the NP successfully chewing on the rope. We conclude that ropes serve as a feasible noninvasive method of obtaining oral samples from NP at rescue centers and could be used in future studies to evaluate population genetics and for pathogen surveillance for population health monitoring.
    MeSH term(s) Aging ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Haplorhini ; Male ; Mouth ; Saliva ; Specimen Handling/veterinary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 410709-3
    ISSN 1943-3700 ; 0090-3558
    ISSN (online) 1943-3700
    ISSN 0090-3558
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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