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Article ; Online: A patient-enriched MEIS1 coding variant causes a restless legs syndrome-like phenotype in mice.

Leu, Chia-Luen / Lam, Daniel D / Salminen, Aaro V / Wefers, Benedikt / Becker, Lore / Garrett, Lillian / Rozman, Jan / Wurst, Wolfgang / de Angelis, Martin Hrabě / Hölter, Sabine M / Winkelmann, Juliane / Williams, Rhîannan H

Sleep

2024

Abstract: ... affected individuals. We generated a mouse line carrying this mutation (p.Arg272His/c.815G>A), referred ...

Abstract	Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable or unpleasant sensations in the legs during rest periods. To relieve these sensations, patients move their legs, causing sleep disruption. While the pathogenesis of RLS has yet to be resolved, there is a strong genetic association to the MEIS1 gene. A missense variant in MEIS1 is enriched 7-fold in RLS patients compared to non-affected individuals. We generated a mouse line carrying this mutation (p.Arg272His/c.815G>A), referred to herein as Meis1R272H/R272H (Meis1 point mutation), to determine whether it would phenotypically resemble RLS. As women are more prone to RLS, driven partly by an increased risk of developing RLS during pregnancy, we focussed on female homozygous mice. We evaluated RLS-related outcomes, particularly sensorimotor behavior and sleep, in young and aged mice. Compared to non-carrier littermates, homozygous mice displayed very few differences. Significant hyperactivity occurred before the lights-on (rest) period in aged female mice, reflecting the age-dependent incidence of RLS. Sensory experiments involving tactile feedback (rotorod, wheel running, and hotplate) were only marginally different. Overall, RLS-like phenomena were not recapitulated except for the increased wake activity prior to rest. This is likely due to the focus on young mice. Nevertheless, the Meis1R272H mouse line is a potentially useful RLS model, carrying a clinically relevant variant and showing an age-dependent phenotype.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	424441-2
ISSN	1550-9109 ; 0161-8105
ISSN (online)	1550-9109
ISSN	0161-8105
DOI	10.1093/sleep/zsae015
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Article: Host Transcriptional Signatures Predict Etiology in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Potential Antibiotic Stewardship Tools.

Siljan, William W / Sivakumaran, Dhanasekaran / Ritz, Christian / Jenum, Synne / Ottenhoff, Tom Hm / Ulvestad, Elling / Holter, Jan C / Heggelund, Lars / Grewal, Harleen Ms

Biomarker insights

2022 Volume 17, Page(s) 11772719221099130

Abstract: Background: Current approaches for pathogen identification in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain suboptimal, leaving most patients without a microbiological diagnosis. If better diagnostic tools were available for differentiating between viral ... ...

Abstract	Background: Current approaches for pathogen identification in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain suboptimal, leaving most patients without a microbiological diagnosis. If better diagnostic tools were available for differentiating between viral and bacterial CAP, unnecessary antibacterial therapy could be avoided in viral CAP patients. Methods: In 156 adults hospitalized with CAP classified to have bacterial, viral, or mixed viral-bacterial infection based on microbiological testing or both microbiological testing and procalcitonin (PCT) levels, we aimed to identify discriminatory host transcriptional signatures in peripheral blood samples acquired at hospital admission, by applying Dual-color-Reverse-Transcriptase-Multiplex-Ligation-dependent-Probe-Amplification (dc-RT MLPA). Results: In patients classified by microbiological testing, a 9-transcript signature showed high accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.96), while a 10-transcript signature similarly discriminated mixed viral-bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.96). In patients classified by both microbiological testing and PCT levels, a 13-transcript signature showed excellent accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00), while a 7-transcript signature similarly discriminated mixed viral-bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98). Conclusion: Our findings support host transcriptional signatures in peripheral blood samples as a potential tool for guiding clinical decision-making and antibiotic stewardship in CAP.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2256754-9
ISSN	1177-2719
ISSN	1177-2719
DOI	10.1177/11772719221099130
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Article ; Online: Hepcidin analysis in pneumonia: Comparison of immunoassay and LC-MS/MS.

Oppen, Kjersti / Brede, Cato / Skadberg, Øyvind / Steinsvik, Trude / Holter, Jan Cato / Michelsen, Annika E / Heggelund, Lars

Annals of clinical biochemistry

2023 Volume 60, Issue 5, Page(s) 298–305

Abstract: Background: The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is a promising biomarker to differentiate anaemia of inflammation from iron deficiency. Plasma hepcidin concentrations increase substantially during inflammation, and the amount of smaller, non- ... ...

Abstract	Background: The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is a promising biomarker to differentiate anaemia of inflammation from iron deficiency. Plasma hepcidin concentrations increase substantially during inflammation, and the amount of smaller, non-biologically active isoforms of hepcidin increase in inflammatory conditions. These smaller isoforms are measured in some, but not all analytical methods. Thus, we evaluated the comparability of two analytical methods with different isoform selectivity during and after acute-phase pneumonia as a highly inflammatory model disease. Methods: Blood samples from a cohort of 267 hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia patients collected at admission and a 6-week follow-up were analysed. Hepcidin was measured in plasma by an immunoassay, which recognizes all hepcidin isoforms, and a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which selectively measures the bioactive hepcidin-25. Additionally, a subset of serum samples was analysed by LC-MS/MS. Results: Hepcidin measurements by immunoassay were higher compared with LC-MS/MS. The relative mean difference of hepcidin plasma concentrations between the two analytical methods was larger in admission samples than in follow-up samples (admission samples <200 ng/mL: 37%, admission samples >200 ng/mL: 78%, follow-up samples >10 ng/mL: 22%). During acute-phase pneumonia, serum concentrations were on average 22% lower than plasma concentrations when measured by LC-MS/MS. Conclusions: Immunoassay measured higher hepcidin concentrations compared with LC-MS/MS, with more pronounced differences in high-concentration samples during acute-phase pneumonia. These findings should be considered in local method validations and in future harmonization and standardization optimization of hepcidin measurements.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Hepcidins/analysis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods ; Immunoassay/methods ; Protein Isoforms ; Pneumonia/diagnosis ; Inflammation
Chemical Substances	Hepcidins ; Protein Isoforms
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390309-6
ISSN	1758-1001 ; 0004-5632
ISSN (online)	1758-1001
ISSN	0004-5632
DOI	10.1177/00045632231159529
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Article ; Online: Host Transcriptional Signatures Predict Etiology in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

William W Siljan / Dhanasekaran Sivakumaran / Christian Ritz / Synne Jenum / Tom HM Ottenhoff / Elling Ulvestad / Jan C Holter / Lars Heggelund / Harleen MS Grewal

Biomarker Insights, Vol

Potential Antibiotic Stewardship Tools

2022 Volume 17

Abstract	Background: Current approaches for pathogen identification in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain suboptimal, leaving most patients without a microbiological diagnosis. If better diagnostic tools were available for differentiating between viral and bacterial CAP, unnecessary antibacterial therapy could be avoided in viral CAP patients. Methods: In 156 adults hospitalized with CAP classified to have bacterial, viral, or mixed viral-bacterial infection based on microbiological testing or both microbiological testing and procalcitonin (PCT) levels, we aimed to identify discriminatory host transcriptional signatures in peripheral blood samples acquired at hospital admission, by applying Dual-color-Reverse-Transcriptase-Multiplex-Ligation-dependent-Probe-Amplification (dc-RT MLPA). Results: In patients classified by microbiological testing, a 9-transcript signature showed high accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.96), while a 10-transcript signature similarly discriminated mixed viral-bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.96). In patients classified by both microbiological testing and PCT levels, a 13-transcript signature showed excellent accuracy for discriminating bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00), while a 7-transcript signature similarly discriminated mixed viral-bacterial from viral CAP (AUC 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98). Conclusion: Our findings support host transcriptional signatures in peripheral blood samples as a potential tool for guiding clinical decision-making and antibiotic stewardship in CAP.
Keywords	Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SAGE Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Topical imiquimod versus surgery for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: a multicentre, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.

Trutnovsky, Gerda / Reich, Olaf / Joura, Elmar A / Holter, Magdalena / Ciresa-König, Alexandra / Widschwendter, Andreas / Schauer, Christian / Bogner, Gerhard / Jan, Ziga / Boandl, Angelika / Kalteis, Martin S / Regauer, Sigrid / Tamussino, Karl

Lancet (London, England)

2022 Volume 399, Issue 10337, Page(s) 1790–1798

Abstract: ... were randomly assigned between June 7, 2013, and Jan 8, 2020. Clinical response to treatment could be ...

Abstract	Background: The optimal management of vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (vHSILs) is challenging. Surgery is the standard treatment, but recurrences are observed in half of patients. Medical treatment with imiquimod is an effective alternative, but the two modalities have not been compared in a randomised trial. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness, histological response, human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance, acceptance, and psychosexual morbidity of primary imiquimod treatment versus surgical treatment in women with vHSIL. Methods: This study was a multicentre, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority clinical trial done by the Austrian Gynaecological Oncology group at six hospitals in Austria. We recruited female patients aged 18-90 years with histologically confirmed vHSIL with visible unifocal or multifocal lesions. Main exclusion criteria were clinical suspicion of invasion, a history of vulvar cancer or severe inflammatory dermatosis of the vulva, and any active treatment for vHSIL within the previous 3 months. Women with known immunodeficiency, who were pregnant, or who were lactating were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by block randomisation to imiquimod or surgery, and stratified by unifocal or multifocal disease. Treatment with imiquimod was self-administered in a slowly escalating dosage scheme up to three times per week for a period of 4-6 months. Surgery consisted of excision or ablation. Patients were assessed with vulvoscopy, vulvar biopsy, HPV tests, and patient-reported outcomes at baseline and after 6 months and 12 months. The primary endpoint was complete clinical response (CCR) at 6 months after local imiquimod treatment or one surgical intervention. Primary analysis was per protocol with a non-inferiority margin of 20%. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01861535. Findings: 110 patients with vHSIL (78% with unifocal vHSIL and 22% with multifocal vHSIL) were randomly assigned between June 7, 2013, and Jan 8, 2020. Clinical response to treatment could be assessed in 107 patients (54 in the imiquimod group and 53 in the surgery group), and 98 patients (46 in the imiquimod group and 52 in the surgery group) completed the study per protocol. 37 (80%) of 46 patients using imiquimod had CCR, compared with 41 (79%) of 52 patients after one surgical intervention, showing non-inferiority of the new treatment (difference in proportion -0·016, 95% CI -0·15 to -0·18; p=0·0056). Invasive disease was found in five patients at primary or secondary surgery, but not in patients with per-protocol imiquimod treatment. There was no significant difference in HPV clearance, adverse events, and treatment satisfaction between study groups. Interpretation: Imiquimod is a safe, effective, and well accepted alternative to surgery for women with vHSIL and can be considered as first-line treatment. Funding: Austrian Science Fund and Austrian Gynaecological Oncology group.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Imiquimod/therapeutic use ; Lactation ; Papillomavirus Infections ; Pregnancy ; Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions ; Vulvar Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Vulvar Neoplasms/pathology ; Vulvar Neoplasms/surgery
Chemical Substances	Imiquimod (P1QW714R7M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial, Phase III ; Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	3306-6
ISSN	1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
ISSN (online)	1474-547X
ISSN	0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
DOI	10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00469-X
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Ua VI Zs.5: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 2021: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Escalated complement activation during hospitalization is associated with higher risk of 60-day mortality in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

Journal of internal medicine

2024

Abstract: Background: The complement system, an upstream recognition system of innate immunity, is activated upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. To gain a deeper understanding of the extent and duration of this activation, we investigated complement activation profiles ... ...

Abstract	Background: The complement system, an upstream recognition system of innate immunity, is activated upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. To gain a deeper understanding of the extent and duration of this activation, we investigated complement activation profiles during the acute phase of COVID-19, its persistence post-recovery and dynamic changes in relation to disease severity. Methods: Serial blood samples were obtained from two cohorts of hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 457). Systemic complement activation products reflecting classical/lectin (C4d), alternative (C3bBbP), common (C3bc) and terminal pathway (TCC and C5a) were measured during hospitalization (admission, days 3-5 and days 7-10), at 3 months and after 1 year. Levels of activation and temporal profiles during hospitalization were related to disease severity defined as respiratory failure (PO Findings: During hospitalization, TCC, C4d, C3bc, C3bBbP and C5a were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls. Severely ill patients had significantly higher levels of TCC and C4d (p < 0.001), compared to patients with moderate COVID-19. Escalated levels of TCC and C4d during hospitalization were associated with a higher risk of 60-day mortality (p < 0.001), and C4d levels were additionally associated with chest CT changes at 3 months (p < 0.001). At 3 months and 1 year, we observed consistently elevated levels of most complement activation products compared to controls. Conclusion: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients display prominent and long-lasting systemic complement activation. Optimal targeting of the system may be achieved through enhanced risk stratification and closer monitoring of in-hospital changes of complement activation products.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	96274-0
ISSN	1365-2796 ; 0954-6820
ISSN (online)	1365-2796
ISSN	0954-6820
DOI	10.1111/joim.13783
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Article ; Online: Hepcidin predicts 5-year mortality after community-acquired pneumonia.

Oppen, Kjersti / Ueland, Thor / Michelsen, Annika E / Aukrust, Pål / Steinsvik, Trude / Skadberg, Øyvind / Brede, Cato / Siljan, William Ward / Husebye, Einar / Holter, Jan Cato / Heggelund, Lars

Infectious diseases (London, England)

2022 Volume 54, Issue 6, Page(s) 403–409

Abstract: Background: Virtually all living organisms, including microbes and humans, depend on iron to survive and grow. During an infection, the plasma level of iron and several iron-related proteins change substantially. We hypothesized that iron and iron- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Virtually all living organisms, including microbes and humans, depend on iron to survive and grow. During an infection, the plasma level of iron and several iron-related proteins change substantially. We hypothesized that iron and iron-related proteins could predict short- and long-term outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: Blood samples from a prospective cohort of 267 in-patients with community-acquired pneumonia were analysed for hepcidin, ferritin, iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation, and soluble transferrin receptor at admission and 6-weeks post-discharge. Adverse short-term outcome was defined as admission to intensive care unit or death within 30 days, and long-term outcome was assessed as 5-year overall mortality. Logistic regression, Kaplan Meier survival curves, and Cox regression models with cut-offs at median for the potential biomarkers were used for statistical evaluation. Results: Low admission levels of hepcidin predicted 5-year overall mortality, independently of age, sex, comorbid conditions, and anaemia. Low levels of ferritin at admission as well as low levels of iron and transferrin saturation and high levels of soluble transferrin receptor at the 6-week follow-up were predictors of 5-year overall mortality in univariable, but not in multivariable analyses. Neither of these potential biomarkers predicted adverse short-term outcomes. Conclusions: In hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia, low levels of hepcidin at admission predicted 5-year overall mortality, but not short-term adverse outcome.
MeSH term(s)	Aftercare ; Biomarkers ; Community-Acquired Infections ; Ferritins ; Hepcidins/metabolism ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism ; Patient Discharge ; Pneumonia ; Prospective Studies ; Receptors, Transferrin ; Transferrin/analysis ; Transferrin/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Hepcidins ; Receptors, Transferrin ; Transferrin ; Ferritins (9007-73-2) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2839775-7
ISSN	2374-4243 ; 2374-4235
ISSN (online)	2374-4243
ISSN	2374-4235
DOI	10.1080/23744235.2021.2022194
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Article: SARS-CoV-2 in the Air Surrounding Patients during Nebulizer Therapy.

Gohli, Jostein / Brantsæter, Arne Broch / Bøifot, Kari Oline / Grub, Carola / Granerud, Beathe Kiland / Holter, Jan Cato / Riise, Anne Margarita Dyrhol / Smedholen, Madelen Foss / Dybwad, Marius

The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale

2022 Volume 2022, Page(s) 9297974

Abstract: Nebulizer therapy is commonly used for patients with obstructive pulmonary disease or acute pulmonary infections with signs of obstruction. It is considered a "potential aerosol-generating procedure," and the risk of disease transmission to health care ... ...

Abstract	Nebulizer therapy is commonly used for patients with obstructive pulmonary disease or acute pulmonary infections with signs of obstruction. It is considered a "potential aerosol-generating procedure," and the risk of disease transmission to health care workers is uncertain. The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether nebulizer therapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is associated with increased dispersion of SARS-CoV-2. Air samples collected prior to and during nebulizer therapy were analyzed by RT-PCR and cell culture. Total aerosol particle concentrations were also quantified. Of 13 patients, seven had quantifiable virus in oropharynx samples, and only two had RT-PCR positive air samples. For both these patients, air samples collected during nebulizer therapy had higher SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations compared to control air samples. Also, for particle sizes 0.3-5
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-17
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1057056-1
ISSN	1712-9532 ; 1180-2332
ISSN	1712-9532 ; 1180-2332
DOI	10.1155/2022/9297974
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Zs.A 3099: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Nausea Predicts Bacteremia in Immunocompetent Patients with Pneumococcal Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Hans Kristian Floeystad / Jan Cato Holter / Einar Husebye / William Ward Siljan / Dag Berild / Are Martin Holm / Lars Heggelund

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 3924, p

Secondary Data Analysis from a Prospective Cohort

2023 Volume 3924

Abstract: ... in the immunocompromised patients (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.02–2.05, p = 0.18). The serum levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and ...

Abstract	Background: In pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacteremia is associated with increased mortality, but initial clinical severity scores frequently fail to identify bacteremic patients at risk. We have previously shown that gastrointestinal symptoms are common among patients admitted to the hospital with pneumococcal bacteremia. The aim of this study was to examine gastrointestinal symptoms and inflammatory responses in bacteremic and non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP in a prospective cohort of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients hospitalized with CAP. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the predictive value of gastrointestinal symptoms for pneumococcal bacteremia in patients with CAP. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare inflammatory responses in patients with bacteremic vs. non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP. Results: Eighty-one patients with pneumococcal CAP were included, of whom 21 (26%) had bacteremia. Immunocompetent patients with pneumococcal CAP had an odds ratio of 16.5 (95% CI 3.0–90.9, p = 0.001) for bacteremia if nausea was present, whereas no such association was found in the immunocompromised patients (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.02–2.05, p = 0.18). The serum levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and interleukin 6 were significantly higher in the patients with bacteremic pneumococcal CAP compared to non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients ( p < 0.001, p = 0.005, and p = 0.019, respectively). Conclusions: In immunocompetent patients hospitalized with pneumococcal CAP, nausea may be a predictor of bacteremia. Bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients display an increased inflammatory response compared to non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients.
Keywords	nausea ; pneumonia ; pneumococcal ; bacteremia ; inflammatory response ; Medicine ; R
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Modeling the relative influence of socio-demographic variables on post-acute COVID-19 quality of life: an application to settings in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America

Menkir, Tigist F. / Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru / Sigfrid, Louise / Doshi, Yash / Reyes, Luis Felipe / Calvache, Jose A. / Kildal, Anders Benjamin / Nygaard, Anders B. / Holter, Jan Cato / Panda, Prasan Kumar / Jassat, Waasila / Merson, Laura / Donnelly, Christl A. / Santillana, Mauricio / Buckee, Caroline / Verguet, Stéphane / Hejazi, Nima S.

medRxiv

Abstract: Long-term COVID-19 complications are a globally pervasive threat, but their plausible social drivers are often not prioritized. Here, we use data from a multinational consortium to quantify the relative contributions of social and clinical factors to ... ...

Abstract	Long-term COVID-19 complications are a globally pervasive threat, but their plausible social drivers are often not prioritized. Here, we use data from a multinational consortium to quantify the relative contributions of social and clinical factors to differences in quality of life among participants experiencing long COVID and measure the extent to which social variables impacts can be attributed to clinical intermediates, across diverse contexts. In addition to age, neuropsychological and rheumatological comorbidities, educational attainment, employment status, and female sex were identified as important predictors of long COVID-associated quality of life days (long COVID QALDs). Furthermore, a great majority of their impacts on long COVID QALDs could not be tied to key long COVID-predicting comorbidities, such as asthma, diabetes, hypertension, psychological disorder, and obesity. In Norway, 90% (95% CI: 77%, 100%) of the effect of belonging to the highest versus lowest educational attainment quintile was not attributed to intermediate comorbidity impacts. The same was true for 86% (73%, 100%) of the protective effects of full-time employment versus all other employment status categories (excluding retirement) in the UK and 74% (46%,100%) of the protective effects of full-time employment versus all other employment status categories in a cohort of four middle-income countries (MIC). Of the effects of female sex on long COVID QALDs in Norway, UK, and the MIC cohort, 77% (46%,100%), 73% (52%, 94%), and 84% (62%, 100%) were unexplained by the clinical mediators, respectively. Our findings highlight that socio-economic proxies and sex may be as predictive of long COVID QALDs as commonly emphasized comorbidities and that broader structural determinants likely drive their impacts. Importantly, we outline a multi-method, adaptable causal machine learning approach for evaluating the isolated contributions of social disparities to long COVID quality of life experiences.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2024.02.21.24303099
Database	COVID19

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