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  1. Article ; Online: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition is an effective approach for the treatment of chemical hemorrhagic cystitis.

    Wolf-Johnston, Amanda / Ikeda, Youko / Zabbarova, Irina / Kanai, Anthony J / Bastacky, Sheldon / Moldwin, Robert / Stern, Joel Nh / Jackson, Edwin K / Birder, Lori A

    JCI insight

    2024  Volume 9, Issue 5

    Abstract: Hemorrhagic cystitis may be induced by infection, radiation therapy, or medications or may be idiopathic. Along with hemorrhagic features, symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria (painful urination), and visceral pain. Cystitis-induced ... ...

    Abstract Hemorrhagic cystitis may be induced by infection, radiation therapy, or medications or may be idiopathic. Along with hemorrhagic features, symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, dysuria (painful urination), and visceral pain. Cystitis-induced visceral pain is one of the most challenging types of pain to treat, and an effective treatment would address a major unmet medical need. We assessed the efficacy of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, 8-aminoguanine (8-AG), for the treatment of hemorrhagic/ulcerative cystitis. Lower urinary tract (LUT) function and structure were assessed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats, treated chronically with cyclophosphamide (CYP; sacrificed day 8) and randomized to daily oral treatment with 8-AG (begun 14 days prior to CYP induction) or its vehicle. CYP-treated rats exhibited multiple abnormalities, including increased urinary frequency and neural mechanosensitivity, reduced bladder levels of inosine, urothelial inflammation/damage, and activation of spinal cord microglia, which is associated with pain hypersensitivity. 8-AG treatment of CYP-treated rats normalized all observed histological, structural, biochemical, and physiological abnormalities. In cystitis 8-AG improved function and reduced both pain and inflammation likely by increasing inosine, a tissue-protective purine metabolite. These findings demonstrate that 8-AG has translational potential for reducing pain and preventing bladder damage in cystitis-associated LUT dysfunctions.
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Animals ; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase ; Cystitis, Hemorrhagic ; Visceral Pain ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Cystitis/drug therapy ; Cystitis/pathology ; Inflammation ; Hemorrhage/drug therapy ; Inosine
    Chemical Substances Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) ; Inosine (5A614L51CT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary ; Journal Article
    ISSN 2379-3708
    ISSN (online) 2379-3708
    DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.176103
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Role of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in aging bladder phenotype.

    Singh, Nishant / Zabbarova, Irina / Ikeda, Youko / Kanai, Anthony / Chermansky, Christopher / Yoshimura, Naoki / Tyagi, Pradeep

    Life sciences

    2021  Volume 289, Page(s) 120203

    Abstract: Objective: To assess the functional role of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated gated channel (HCN) subtypes in the aging bladder phenotype characterized by diminished bladder volume sensation (BVS) with or without the detrusor ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To assess the functional role of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated gated channel (HCN) subtypes in the aging bladder phenotype characterized by diminished bladder volume sensation (BVS) with or without the detrusor instability (DI).
    Methods: Expression of HCN subtypes was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in aged male Fisher 344 rats (n = 15) and young rats (n = 15). Nocturnal urination and awake cystometry (CMG) were assessed in presence and absence of a steady state HCN channel blockade achieved with daily oral gavage of vehicle or Ivabradine (HCN blocker) 6 mg/kg for 7 days.
    Results: The association of BVS with the age-related downregulation (~30%) of cAMP sensitive HCN1, HCN2 subtypes, and (~50%) upregulation of cAMP insensitive HCN3 subtype is evinced by the doubling in the mean urine volume of nocturnal voids (0.82 ± 0.22 mL vs 0.41 ± 0.12 mL; n = 10; p < 0.05) predicting an age-related rise in the micturition volume threshold (p < 0.0001) in CMG, which is raised further by Ivabradine treatment (p < 0.0005). Ivabradine also doubled non-voiding contractions (NVC) and maximum voiding pressure (MVP) in young and aged rats, respectively (p < 0.0001) to abolish the age-related, innate two -fold elevation in NVC not accompanied with MVP rise in untreated aged rats (p < 0.005).
    Conclusion: The age-related HCN downregulation is mechanistically linked to the exhibition of aging bladder phenotype with the manifestation of DI following steady state blockade of HCN channels in Ivabradine treated young rats. The amplification of MVP in aged rats mediated by FDA approved Ivabradine hints at potential repurposing opportunity in detrusor underactivity.
    MeSH term(s) Aging/metabolism ; Aging/pathology ; Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels/biosynthesis ; Male ; Potassium Channels/biosynthesis ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Urinary Bladder/metabolism ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Bladder, Underactive/metabolism ; Urinary Bladder, Underactive/pathology
    Chemical Substances Hcn1 protein, rat ; Hcn2 protein, rat ; Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels ; Potassium Channels
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-04
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3378-9
    ISSN 1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
    ISSN (online) 1879-0631
    ISSN 0024-3205
    DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120203
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  3. Article ; Online: Effects of vasopressin receptor agonists on detrusor smooth muscle tone in young and aged bladders: Implications for nocturia treatment.

    Ikeda, Youko / Zabbarova, Irina / de Rijk, Mathijs / Kanai, Anthony / Wolf-Johnston, Amanda / Weiss, Jeffrey P / Jackson, Edwin / Birder, Lori

    Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

    2022  Volume 2

    Abstract: Purpose: The main goal of this study was to determine the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and desmopressin on bladder contractility and to examine whether the effects of these vasopressin receptor (VR) agonists differ in young versus aged animals. ...

    Abstract Purpose: The main goal of this study was to determine the effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and desmopressin on bladder contractility and to examine whether the effects of these vasopressin receptor (VR) agonists differ in young versus aged animals. These aims were addressed using urinary bladders from young (3 months) and aged (24 month) female Fischer 344 rats that were isolated and dissected into strips for isometric tension recordings. Bladder strips were exposed to AVP and desmopressin through the perfusate, and tension changes recorded.
    Results: In young rat bladders, AVP, an agonist at both vasopressin-1 receptors (V
    Conclusion: These findings support a direct role for VRs in regulating detrusor tone with V
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2772-9737
    ISSN (online) 2772-9737
    DOI 10.1016/j.cont.2022.100032
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  4. Article ; Online: Insulin receptor signaling engages bladder urothelial defenses that limit urinary tract infection.

    Schwartz, Laura / Salamon, Kristin / Simoni, Aaron / Eichler, Tad / Jackson, Ashley R / Murtha, Matthew / Becknell, Brian / Kauffman, Andrew / Linn-Peirano, Sarah / Holdsworth, Natalie / Tyagi, Vidhi / Tang, Hancong / Rust, Steve / Cortado, Hanna / Zabbarova, Irina / Kanai, Anthony / Spencer, John David

    Cell reports

    2024  Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 114007

    Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) commonly afflict people with diabetes. To better understand the mechanisms that predispose diabetics to UTIs, we employ diabetic mouse models and altered insulin signaling to show that insulin receptor (IR) shapes UTI ... ...

    Abstract Urinary tract infections (UTIs) commonly afflict people with diabetes. To better understand the mechanisms that predispose diabetics to UTIs, we employ diabetic mouse models and altered insulin signaling to show that insulin receptor (IR) shapes UTI defenses. Our findings are validated in human biosamples. We report that diabetic mice have suppressed IR expression and are more susceptible to UTIs caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Systemic IR inhibition increases UPEC susceptibility, while IR activation reduces UTIs. Localized IR deletion in bladder urothelium promotes UTI by increasing barrier permeability and suppressing antimicrobial peptides. Mechanistically, IR deletion reduces nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-dependent programming that co-regulates urothelial tight junction integrity and antimicrobial peptides. Exfoliated urothelial cells or urine samples from diabetic youths show suppressed expression of IR, barrier genes, and antimicrobial peptides. These observations demonstrate that urothelial insulin signaling has a role in UTI prevention and link IR to urothelial barrier maintenance and antimicrobial peptide expression.
    MeSH term(s) Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections/metabolism ; Urinary Tract Infections/pathology ; Animals ; Signal Transduction ; Urothelium/metabolism ; Urothelium/pathology ; Urothelium/microbiology ; Humans ; Urinary Bladder/microbiology ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Bladder/metabolism ; Mice ; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli/pathogenicity ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Female ; Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Insulin/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology ; Male
    Chemical Substances Receptor, Insulin (EC 2.7.10.1) ; NF-kappa B ; Insulin
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2649101-1
    ISSN 2211-1247 ; 2211-1247
    ISSN (online) 2211-1247
    ISSN 2211-1247
    DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114007
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  5. Article ; Online: Targeting neurotrophin and nitric oxide signaling to treat spinal cord injury and associated neurogenic bladder overactivity.

    Ikeda, Youko / Zabbarova, Irina / Tyagi, Pradeep / Hitchens, T Kevin / Wolf-Johnston, Amanda / Wipf, Peter / Kanai, Anthony

    Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

    2022  Volume 1

    Abstract: Purpose or the research: Nearly 300,000 people are affected by spinal cord injury (SCI) with approximately 18,000 new cases annually, according to the National SCI Statistics Center. SCI affects physical mobility and impairs the function of multiple ... ...

    Abstract Purpose or the research: Nearly 300,000 people are affected by spinal cord injury (SCI) with approximately 18,000 new cases annually, according to the National SCI Statistics Center. SCI affects physical mobility and impairs the function of multiple internal organs to cause lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunctions manifesting as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) with detrimental consequences to the quality of life and increased morbidity. Multiple lines of evidence now support time dependent evolution of the complex SCI pathology which requires a multipronged treatment approach of immediate, specialized care after spinal cord trauma bookended by physical rehabilitation to improve the clinical outcomes. Instead of one size fits all treatment approach, we propose adaptive drug treatment to counter the time dependent evolution of SCI pathology, with three small molecule drugs with distinctive sites of action for the recovery of multiple functions.
    Principal results: Our findings demonstrate the improvement in the recovery of hindlimb mobility and bladder function of spinal cord contused mice following administration of small molecules targeting neurotrophin receptors, LM11A-31 and LM22B-10. While LM11A-31 reduced the cell death in the spinal cord, LM22B-10 promoted cell survival and axonal growth. Moreover, the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activator, cinaciguat, enhanced the revascularization of the SCI injury site to promote vessel formation, dilation, and increased perfusion.
    Major conclusions: Our adaptive three drug cocktail targets different stages of SCI and LUTD pathology: neuroprotective effect of LM11A-31 retards the cell death that occurs in the early stages of SCI; and LM22B-10 and cinaciguat promote neural remodeling and reperfusion at later stages to repair spinal cord scarring, DSD and NDO. LM11A-31 and cinaciguat have passed phase I and IIa clinical trials and possess significant potential for accelerated clinical testing in SCI/LUTD patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2772-9737
    ISSN (online) 2772-9737
    DOI 10.1016/j.cont.2022.100014
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  6. Article: Role of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in aging bladder phenotype

    Singh, Nishant / Zabbarova, Irina / Ikeda, Youko / Kanai, Anthony / Chermansky, Christopher / Yoshimura, Naoki / Tyagi, Pradeep

    Life sciences. 2022 Jan. 15, v. 289

    2022  

    Abstract: To assess the functional role of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated gated channel (HCN) subtypes in the aging bladder phenotype characterized by diminished bladder volume sensation (BVS) with or without the detrusor instability (DI) ... ...

    Abstract To assess the functional role of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated gated channel (HCN) subtypes in the aging bladder phenotype characterized by diminished bladder volume sensation (BVS) with or without the detrusor instability (DI).Expression of HCN subtypes was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot in aged male Fisher 344 rats (n = 15) and young rats (n = 15). Nocturnal urination and awake cystometry (CMG) were assessed in presence and absence of a steady state HCN channel blockade achieved with daily oral gavage of vehicle or Ivabradine (HCN blocker) 6 mg/kg for 7 days.The association of BVS with the age-related downregulation (~30%) of cAMP sensitive HCN1, HCN2 subtypes, and (~50%) upregulation of cAMP insensitive HCN3 subtype is evinced by the doubling in the mean urine volume of nocturnal voids (0.82 ± 0.22 mL vs 0.41 ± 0.12 mL; n = 10; p < 0.05) predicting an age-related rise in the micturition volume threshold (p < 0.0001) in CMG, which is raised further by Ivabradine treatment (p < 0.0005). Ivabradine also doubled non-voiding contractions (NVC) and maximum voiding pressure (MVP) in young and aged rats, respectively (p < 0.0001) to abolish the age-related, innate two -fold elevation in NVC not accompanied with MVP rise in untreated aged rats (p < 0.005).The age-related HCN downregulation is mechanistically linked to the exhibition of aging bladder phenotype with the manifestation of DI following steady state blockade of HCN channels in Ivabradine treated young rats. The amplification of MVP in aged rats mediated by FDA approved Ivabradine hints at potential repurposing opportunity in detrusor underactivity.
    Keywords Western blotting ; bladder ; males ; phenotype ; sensation ; urination ; urine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0115
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 3378-9
    ISSN 1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
    ISSN (online) 1879-0631
    ISSN 0024-3205
    DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120203
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  7. Article ; Online: Hypoxanthine Induces Signs of Bladder Aging with Voiding dysfunction and Lower Urinary Tract Remodeling.

    Birder, Lori A / Wolf-Johnston, Amanda S / Zabbarova, Irina / Ikeda, Youko / Robertson, Anne M / Cardozo, Ricardo / Azari, Fatemeh / Kanai, Anthony J / Kuchel, George A / Jackson, Edwin K

    The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: Lower urinary tract syndrome (LUTS) is a group of urinary tract symptoms and signs which can include urinary incontinence. Advancing age is a major risk factors for LUTS; however the underlying biochemical mechanisms of age-related LUTS ... ...

    Abstract Background: Lower urinary tract syndrome (LUTS) is a group of urinary tract symptoms and signs which can include urinary incontinence. Advancing age is a major risk factors for LUTS; however the underlying biochemical mechanisms of age-related LUTS remain unknown. HX (hypoxanthine) is a purine metabolite associated with generation of tissue damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study tested the hypothesis that exposure of the adult bladder to HX-ROS over time damages key LUT elements, mimicking qualitatively some of the changes observed with aging.
    Methods: Adult 3-month-old female Fischer 344 (F344) rats were treated with vehicle or HX (10 mg/kg/day; 3 weeks) administered in drinking water. Targeted purine metabolomics and molecular approaches were used to assess purine metabolites and biomarkers for oxidative stress and cellular damage. Biomechanical approaches assessed LUT structure and measurements of LUT function (using custom-metabolic cages and cystometry) were also employed.
    Results: HX exposure increased biomarkers indicative of oxidative stress, pathophysiological ROS production and depletion of cellular energy with declines in NAD + levels. Moreover, HX treatment caused bladder remodeling and decreased the intercontraction interval and leak point pressure (surrogate measure to assess stress urinary incontinence).
    Conclusions: These studies provide evidence that in adult rats chronic exposure to HX causes changes in voiding behavior and in bladder structure resembling alterations observed with aging. These results suggest that increased levels of uro-damaging HX were associated with ROS/oxidative stress-associated cellular damage which may be central to age-associated development of LUTS, opening up potential opportunities for geroscience-guided interventions.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1223643-3
    ISSN 1758-535X ; 1079-5006
    ISSN (online) 1758-535X
    ISSN 1079-5006
    DOI 10.1093/gerona/glad171
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  8. Article ; Online: Excitatory effect of acotiamide on rat and human bladder: Implications for underactive bladder treatment.

    Singh, Nishant / Mizoguchi, Shinsuke / Suzuki, Takahisa / Zabbarova, Irina / Ikeda, Youko / Kanai, Anthony / Chermansky, Christopher / Yoshimura, Naoki / Tyagi, Pradeep

    Life sciences

    2020  Volume 258, Page(s) 118179

    Abstract: Objective: To evaluate whether approved gastroprokinetic agent, acotiamide exerts a direct excitatory effect on bladder to help explain the reported meaningful reduction of post-void residual urine volume (PVR) in detrusor underactivity (DU) patients ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether approved gastroprokinetic agent, acotiamide exerts a direct excitatory effect on bladder to help explain the reported meaningful reduction of post-void residual urine volume (PVR) in detrusor underactivity (DU) patients after thrice daily oral intake of acotiamide 100 mg for 2 weeks.
    Methods: Effect of acotiamide [1-16 μM] was assessed on nerve-mediated contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) for 5 s with 5 ms pulse trains of 10 V in longitudinal, mucosa intact rat and human bladder strips to construct frequency response curve (1-32 Hz) and repeat 10 Hz stimulation at 60s interval. Effect of acotiamide 2 μM on spontaneous and carbachol evoked contractions was also assessed.
    Results: Acotiamide 2 μM significantly enhanced the Atropine and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive EFS evoked contractions of rat and human bladder at 8-32 Hz (Two-way ANOVA followed Sidak's multiple comparison; *p < 0.01) and on repeat 10 Hz stimulation (Paired Student's t-test; *p < 0.05), while producing a modest effect on the spontaneous contractions and a negligible effect on the carbachol evoked contractions.
    Conclusions: Enhancement of TTX-sensitive evoked contractions of rat and human bladder by acotiamide is consistent with the enhancement of excitatory neuro-effector transmission mainly through prejunctional mechanisms. Findings highlight immense therapeutic potential of antimuscarinics with low M3 receptor affinity like acotiamide in Underactive bladder (UAB)/DU treatment.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Benzamides/chemistry ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Benzamides/therapeutic use ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/drug effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiazoles/chemistry ; Thiazoles/pharmacology ; Thiazoles/therapeutic use ; Urinary Bladder/drug effects ; Urinary Bladder/innervation ; Urinary Bladder/pathology ; Urinary Bladder, Underactive/drug therapy
    Chemical Substances Benzamides ; Thiazoles ; Carbachol (8Y164V895Y) ; Z 338 (D42OWK5383)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3378-9
    ISSN 1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
    ISSN (online) 1879-0631
    ISSN 0024-3205
    DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118179
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  9. Article ; Online: Benign prostatic hyperplasia/obstruction ameliorated using a soluble guanylate cyclase activator.

    Zabbarova, Irina V / Ikeda, Youko / Kozlowski, Mark G / Tyagi, Pradeep / Birder, Lori A / Chakrabarty, Basu / Perera, Subashan Kpg / Dhir, Rajiv / Straub, Adam C / Sandner, Peter / Andersson, Karl-Erik / Drake, Marcus J / Fry, Christopher H / Kanai, Anthony J

    The Journal of pathology

    2022  Volume 256, Issue 4, Page(s) 442–454

    Abstract: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a feature of ageing males. Up to half demonstrate bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) with associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including bladder overactivity. Current therapies to reduce obstruction, such as ... ...

    Abstract Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a feature of ageing males. Up to half demonstrate bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) with associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including bladder overactivity. Current therapies to reduce obstruction, such as α1-adrenoceptor antagonists and 5α-reductase inhibitors, are not effective in all patients. The phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5I) tadalafil is also approved to treat BPH and LUTS, suggesting a role for nitric oxide (NO
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Oxidoreductases ; Prostate/metabolism ; Prostatic Hyperplasia/drug therapy ; Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
    Chemical Substances Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Oxidoreductases (EC 1.-) ; Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 3119-7
    ISSN 1096-9896 ; 0022-3417
    ISSN (online) 1096-9896
    ISSN 0022-3417
    DOI 10.1002/path.5859
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  10. Article: Excitatory effect of acotiamide on rat and human bladder: Implications for underactive bladder treatment

    Singh, Nishant / Mizoguchi, Shinsuke / Suzuki, Takahisa / Zabbarova, Irina / Ikeda, Youko / Kanai, Anthony / Chermansky, Christopher / Yoshimura, Naoki / Tyagi, Pradeep

    Life sciences. 2020 Oct. 01, v. 258

    2020  

    Abstract: To evaluate whether approved gastroprokinetic agent, acotiamide exerts a direct excitatory effect on bladder to help explain the reported meaningful reduction of post-void residual urine volume (PVR) in detrusor underactivity (DU) patients after thrice ... ...

    Abstract To evaluate whether approved gastroprokinetic agent, acotiamide exerts a direct excitatory effect on bladder to help explain the reported meaningful reduction of post-void residual urine volume (PVR) in detrusor underactivity (DU) patients after thrice daily oral intake of acotiamide 100 mg for 2 weeks.Effect of acotiamide [1–16 μM] was assessed on nerve-mediated contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) for 5 s with 5 ms pulse trains of 10 V in longitudinal, mucosa intact rat and human bladder strips to construct frequency response curve (1–
    Keywords atropine ; bladder ; carbachol ; electric field ; humans ; mucosa ; rats ; t-test ; tetrodotoxin ; therapeutics ; urine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-1001
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-light
    ZDB-ID 3378-9
    ISSN 1879-0631 ; 0024-3205
    ISSN (online) 1879-0631
    ISSN 0024-3205
    DOI 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118179
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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