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Article ; Online: Collaboration between mitochondria and the nucleus is key to long life in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Chang, Hsin-Wen / Shtessel, Ludmila / Lee, Siu Sylvia

2015 Volume 78, Page(s) 168–178

Abstract: Recent findings in diverse organisms strongly support a conserved role for mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction in longevity modulation, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. One way cells cope with mitochondrial ... ...

Abstract	Recent findings in diverse organisms strongly support a conserved role for mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction in longevity modulation, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. One way cells cope with mitochondrial dysfunction is through a retrograde transcriptional reprogramming response. In this review, we primarily focus on the work that has been performed in Caenorhabditis elegans to elucidate these mechanisms. We describe several transcription factors that participate in mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling and discuss how they mediate the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and life span.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Longevity ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Transcription Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	807032-5
ISSN	1873-4596 ; 0891-5849
ISSN (online)	1873-4596
ISSN	0891-5849
DOI	10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.576
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Article ; Online: Telomere dysfunction in human bone marrow failure syndromes.

Shtessel, Ludmila / Ahmed, Shawn

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)

2011 Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 24–29

Abstract: Approximately 90% of all human cancers, in which some deregulation of cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death has occurred, express telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein whose activity is normally turned off in healthy somatic tissues. Additionally, small ... ...

Abstract	Approximately 90% of all human cancers, in which some deregulation of cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death has occurred, express telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein whose activity is normally turned off in healthy somatic tissues. Additionally, small populations of self-renewing stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells, skin and hair follicle basal layer cells and intestinal basal crypt cells, have been shown to retain telomerase activity. Conversely, hereditary defects that result in shortened telomeres in humans have been shown to manifest most often as bone marrow failure or pulmonary fibrosis, along with a myriad of other symptoms, likely due to the loss of the stem and/or progenitor cells of affected tissues. The aim of this review is to highlight our knowledge of the mechanisms of telomere maintenance that contribute to the pathology of human disease caused by dysfunctional telomere homeostasis. Specifically, a new role for the SNM1B/Apollo nuclease in the pathologies of Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome will be discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Anemia, Aplastic ; Bone Marrow Diseases ; Bone Marrow Failure Disorders ; DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism ; Exodeoxyribonucleases ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/metabolism ; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal/pathology ; Humans ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Telomerase/metabolism ; Telomere/metabolism ; Telomere/pathology
Chemical Substances	BIRC6 protein, human ; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins ; Nuclear Proteins ; Telomerase (EC 2.7.7.49) ; DCLRE1B protein, human (EC 3.1.-) ; Exodeoxyribonucleases (EC 3.1.-) ; DNA Repair Enzymes (EC 6.5.1.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-04-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2619626-8
ISSN	1949-1042 ; 1949-1034
ISSN (online)	1949-1042
ISSN	1949-1034
DOI	10.4161/nucl.2.1.13993
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Article: Telomere dysfunction in human bone marrow failure syndromes

Shtessel, Ludmila / Ahmed, Shawn

Nucleus. 2011 Jan. 1, v. 2, no. 1

2011

Abstract	Approximately 90% of all human cancers, in which some deregulation of cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death has occurred, express telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein whose activity is normally turned off in healthy somatic tissues. Additionally, small populations of self-renewing stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells, skin and hair follicle basal layer cells and intestinal basal crypt cells, have been shown to retain telomerase activity. Conversely, hereditary defects that result in shortened telomeres in humans have been shown to manifest most often as bone marrow failure or pulmonary fibrosis, along with a myriad of other symptoms, likely due to the loss of the stem and/or progenitor cells of affected tissues. The aim of this review is to highlight our knowledge of the mechanisms of telomere maintenance that contribute to the pathology of human disease caused by dysfunctional telomere homeostasis. Specifically, a new role for the SNM1B/Apollo nuclease in the pathologies of Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome will be discussed.
Keywords	bone marrow ; cell cycle checkpoints ; hair follicles ; homeostasis ; human diseases ; humans ; intestines ; programmed cell death ; pulmonary fibrosis ; ribonucleoproteins ; telomerase ; telomeres
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-0101
Size	p. 24-29.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	2619626-8
ISSN	1949-1042 ; 1949-1034
ISSN (online)	1949-1042
ISSN	1949-1034
DOI	10.4161/nucl.13993
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Lack of pairing during meiosis triggers multigenerational transgene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Leopold, Luciana E / Heestand, Bree N / Seong, Soobin / Shtessel, Ludmila / Ahmed, Shawn

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2015 Volume 112, Issue 20, Page(s) E2667–76

Abstract: Single-copy transgenes in Caenorhabditis elegans can be subjected to a potent, irreversible silencing process termed small RNA-induced epigenetic silencing (RNAe). RNAe is promoted by the Piwi Argonaute protein PRG-1 and associated Piwi-interacting RNAs ( ...

Abstract	Single-copy transgenes in Caenorhabditis elegans can be subjected to a potent, irreversible silencing process termed small RNA-induced epigenetic silencing (RNAe). RNAe is promoted by the Piwi Argonaute protein PRG-1 and associated Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), as well as by proteins that promote and respond to secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) production. Here we define a related siRNA-mediated silencing process, termed "multigenerational RNAe," which can occur for transgenes that are maintained in a hemizygous state for several generations. We found that transgenes that contain either GFP or mCherry epitope tags can be silenced via multigenerational RNAe, whereas a transgene that possesses GFP and a perfect piRNA target site can be rapidly and permanently silenced via RNAe. Although previous studies have shown that PRG-1 is typically dispensable for maintenance of RNAe, we found that both initiation and maintenance of multigenerational RNAe requires PRG-1 and the secondary siRNA biogenesis protein RDE-2. Although silencing via RNAe is irreversible, we found that transgene expression can be restored when hemizygous transgenes that were silenced via multigenerational RNAe become homozygous. Furthermore, multigenerational RNAe was accelerated when meiotic pairing of the chromosome possessing the transgene was abolished. We propose that persistent lack of pairing during meiosis elicits a reversible multigenerational silencing response, which can lead to permanent transgene silencing. Multigenerational RNAe may be broadly relevant to single-copy transgenes used in experimental biology and to shaping the epigenomic landscape of diverse species, where genomic polymorphisms between homologous chromosomes commonly result in unpaired DNA during meiosis.
MeSH term(s)	ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism ; Animals ; Argonaute Proteins/genetics ; Argonaute Proteins/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Gene Silencing/physiology ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Meiosis/physiology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; Transgenes/genetics ; Red Fluorescent Protein
Chemical Substances	ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Argonaute Proteins ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; DNA Primers ; Luminescent Proteins ; PRG-1 protein, C elegans ; RDE-2 protein, C elegans ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1501979112
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Article ; Online: Caenorhabditis elegans POT-2 telomere protein represses a mode of alternative lengthening of telomeres with normal telomere lengths.

Cheng, Chen / Shtessel, Ludmila / Brady, Megan M / Ahmed, Shawn

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2012 Volume 109, Issue 20, Page(s) 7805–7810

Abstract: Canonical telomere repeats at chromosome termini can be maintained by a telomerase-independent pathway termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Human cancers that survive via ALT can exhibit long and heterogeneous telomeres, although many ... ...

Abstract	Canonical telomere repeats at chromosome termini can be maintained by a telomerase-independent pathway termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Human cancers that survive via ALT can exhibit long and heterogeneous telomeres, although many telomerase-negative tumors possess telomeres of normal length. Here, we report that Caenorhabditis elegans telomerase mutants that survived via ALT possessed either long or normal telomere lengths. Most ALT strains displayed end-to-end chromosome fusions, suggesting that critical telomere shortening occurred before or concomitant with ALT. ALT required the 9-1-1 DNA damage response complex and its clamp loader, HPR-17. Deficiency for the POT-2 telomere binding protein promoted ALT in telomerase mutants, overcame the requirement for the 9-1-1 complex in ALT, and promoted ALT with normal telomere lengths. We propose that telomerase-deficient human tumors with normal telomere lengths could represent a mode of ALT that is facilitated by telomere capping protein dysfunction.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; Indoles ; Mutation/genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Telomerase/genetics ; Telomere Homeostasis/physiology ; Telomere-Binding Proteins/deficiency ; Telomere-Binding Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Indoles ; POT-2 protein, C elegans ; Telomere-Binding Proteins ; DAPI (47165-04-8) ; Telomerase (EC 2.7.7.49)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-04-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1119191109
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Article ; Online: Caenorhabditis elegans POT-1 and POT-2 repress telomere maintenance pathways.

Shtessel, Ludmila / Lowden, Mia Rochelle / Cheng, Chen / Simon, Matt / Wang, Kyle / Ahmed, Shawn

G3 (Bethesda, Md.)

2013 Volume 3, Issue 2, Page(s) 305–313

Abstract: Telomeres are composed of simple tandem DNA repeats that protect the ends of linear chromosomes from replicative erosion or inappropriate DNA damage response mechanisms. The mammalian Protection Of Telomeres (POT1) protein interacts with single-stranded ... ...

Abstract	Telomeres are composed of simple tandem DNA repeats that protect the ends of linear chromosomes from replicative erosion or inappropriate DNA damage response mechanisms. The mammalian Protection Of Telomeres (POT1) protein interacts with single-stranded telomeric DNA and can exert positive and negative effects on telomere length. Of four distinct POT1 homologs in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, deficiency for POT-1 or POT-2 resulted in progressive telomere elongation that occurred because both proteins negatively regulate telomerase. We created a POT-1::mCherry fusion protein that forms discrete foci at C. elegans telomeres, independent of POT-2, allowing for live analysis of telomere dynamics. Transgenic pot-1::mCherry repressed telomerase in pot-1 mutants. Animals deficient for pot-1, but not pot-2, displayed mildly enhanced telomere erosion rates in the absence of the telomerase reverse transcriptase, trt-1. However, trt-1; pot-1 double mutants exhibited delayed senescence in comparison to trt-1 animals, and senescence was further delayed in trt-1; pot-2; pot-1 triple mutants, some of which survived robustly in the absence of telomerase. Our results indicate that POT-1 and POT-2 play independent roles in suppressing a telomerase-independent telomere maintenance pathway but may function together to repress telomerase.
MeSH term(s)	Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Telomerase/genetics ; Telomerase/metabolism ; Telomere/metabolism ; Telomere-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Telomere-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Red Fluorescent Protein
Chemical Substances	Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins ; POT-1 protein, C elegans ; POT-2 protein, C elegans ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Telomere-Binding Proteins ; Telomerase (EC 2.7.7.49)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-02-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2629978-1
ISSN	2160-1836 ; 2160-1836
ISSN (online)	2160-1836
ISSN	2160-1836
DOI	10.1534/g3.112.004440
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Article ; Online: In vivo analysis of conserved C. elegans tomosyn domains.

Burdina, Anna O / Klosterman, Susan M / Shtessel, Ludmila / Ahmed, Shawn / Richmond, Janet E

PloS one

2011 Volume 6, Issue 10, Page(s) e26185

Abstract: Neurosecretion is critically dependent on the assembly of a macromolecular complex between the SNARE proteins syntaxin, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin. Evidence indicates that the binding of tomosyn to syntaxin and SNAP-25 interferes with this assembly, ... ...

Abstract	Neurosecretion is critically dependent on the assembly of a macromolecular complex between the SNARE proteins syntaxin, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin. Evidence indicates that the binding of tomosyn to syntaxin and SNAP-25 interferes with this assembly, thereby negatively regulating both synaptic transmission and peptide release. Tomosyn has two conserved domains: an N-terminal encompassing multiple WD40 repeats predicted to form two β-propeller structures and a C-terminal SNARE-binding motif. To assess the function of each domain, we performed an in vivo analysis of the N- and C- terminal domains of C. elegans tomosyn (TOM-1) in a tom-1 mutant background. We verified that both truncated TOM-1 constructs were transcribed at levels comparable to rescuing full-length TOM-1, were of the predicted size, and localized to synapses. Unlike full-length TOM-1, expression of the N- or C-terminal domains alone was unable to restore inhibitory control of synaptic transmission in tom-1 mutants. Similarly, co-expression of both domains failed to restore TOM-1 function. In addition, neither the N- nor C-terminal domain inhibited release when expressed in a wild-type background. Based on these results, we conclude that the ability of tomosyn to regulate neurotransmitter release in vivo depends on the physical integrity of the protein, indicating that both N- and C-terminal domains are necessary but not sufficient for effective inhibition of release in vivo.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; SNARE Proteins/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Mutant Proteins ; SNARE Proteins ; tom-1 protein, C elegans
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-10-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0026185
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Article: Caenorhabditis elegans POT-2 telomere protein represses a mode of alternative lengthening of telomeres with normal telomere lengths

Cheng, Chen / Shtessel, Ludmila / Brady, Megan M / Ahmed, Shawn

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012 May 15, v. 109, no. 20

2012

Abstract	Canonical telomere repeats at chromosome termini can be maintained by a telomerase-independent pathway termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Human cancers that survive via ALT can exhibit long and heterogeneous telomeres, although many telomerase-negative tumors possess telomeres of normal length. Here, we report that Caenorhabditis elegans telomerase mutants that survived via ALT possessed either long or normal telomere lengths. Most ALT strains displayed end-to-end chromosome fusions, suggesting that critical telomere shortening occurred before or concomitant with ALT. ALT required the 9-1-1 DNA damage response complex and its clamp loader, HPR-17. Deficiency for the POT-2 telomere binding protein promoted ALT in telomerase mutants, overcame the requirement for the 9-1-1 complex in ALT, and promoted ALT with normal telomere lengths. We propose that telomerase-deficient human tumors with normal telomere lengths could represent a mode of ALT that is facilitated by telomere capping protein dysfunction.
Keywords	Caenorhabditis elegans ; DNA damage ; binding proteins ; humans ; mutants ; neoplasms ; telomerase ; telomeres
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-0515
Size	p. 7805-7810.
Publishing place	National Academy of Sciences
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.1119191109
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Article ; Online: In vivo analysis of conserved C. elegans tomosyn domains.

Anna O Burdina / Susan M Klosterman / Ludmila Shtessel / Shawn Ahmed / Janet E Richmond

PLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 10, p e

2011 Volume 26185

Abstract	Neurosecretion is critically dependent on the assembly of a macromolecular complex between the SNARE proteins syntaxin, SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin. Evidence indicates that the binding of tomosyn to syntaxin and SNAP-25 interferes with this assembly, thereby negatively regulating both synaptic transmission and peptide release. Tomosyn has two conserved domains: an N-terminal encompassing multiple WD40 repeats predicted to form two β-propeller structures and a C-terminal SNARE-binding motif. To assess the function of each domain, we performed an in vivo analysis of the N- and C- terminal domains of C. elegans tomosyn (TOM-1) in a tom-1 mutant background. We verified that both truncated TOM-1 constructs were transcribed at levels comparable to rescuing full-length TOM-1, were of the predicted size, and localized to synapses. Unlike full-length TOM-1, expression of the N- or C-terminal domains alone was unable to restore inhibitory control of synaptic transmission in tom-1 mutants. Similarly, co-expression of both domains failed to restore TOM-1 function. In addition, neither the N- nor C-terminal domain inhibited release when expressed in a wild-type background. Based on these results, we conclude that the ability of tomosyn to regulate neurotransmitter release in vivo depends on the physical integrity of the protein, indicating that both N- and C-terminal domains are necessary but not sufficient for effective inhibition of release in vivo.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: CEP-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans p53 homolog, mediates opposing longevity outcomes in mitochondrial electron transport chain mutants.

Baruah, Aiswarya / Chang, Hsinwen / Hall, Mathew / Yuan, Jie / Gordon, Sarah / Johnson, Erik / Shtessel, Ludmila L / Yee, Callista / Hekimi, Siegfried / Derry, W Brent / Lee, Siu Sylvia

PLoS genetics

2014 Volume 10, Issue 2, Page(s) e1004097

Abstract: Caenorhabditis elegans CEP-1 and its mammalian homolog p53 are critical for responding to diverse stress signals. In this study, we found that cep-1 inactivation suppressed the prolonged lifespan of electron transport chain (ETC) mutants, such as isp-1 ... ...

Abstract	Caenorhabditis elegans CEP-1 and its mammalian homolog p53 are critical for responding to diverse stress signals. In this study, we found that cep-1 inactivation suppressed the prolonged lifespan of electron transport chain (ETC) mutants, such as isp-1 and nuo-6, but rescued the shortened lifespan of other ETC mutants, such as mev-1 and gas-1. We compared the CEP-1-regulated transcriptional profiles of the long-lived isp-1 and the short-lived mev-1 mutants and, to our surprise, found that CEP-1 regulated largely similar sets of target genes in the two mutants despite exerting opposing effects on their longevity. Further analyses identified a small subset of CEP-1-regulated genes that displayed distinct expression changes between the isp-1 and mev-1 mutants. Interestingly, this small group of differentially regulated genes are enriched for the "aging" Gene Ontology term, consistent with the hypothesis that they might be particularly important for mediating the distinct longevity effects of CEP-1 in isp-1 and mev-1 mutants. We further focused on one of these differentially regulated genes, ftn-1, which encodes ferritin in C. elegans, and demonstrated that it specifically contributed to the extended lifespan of isp-1 mutant worms but did not affect the mev-1 mutant lifespan. We propose that CEP-1 responds to different mitochondrial ETC stress by mounting distinct compensatory responses accordingly to modulate animal physiology and longevity. Our findings provide insights into how mammalian p53 might respond to distinct mitochondrial stressors to influence cellular and organismal responses.
MeSH term(s)	Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/growth & development ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/biosynthesis ; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Longevity/genetics ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Mitochondria/pathology ; Mutation ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Transcriptome ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
Chemical Substances	CEP-1 protein, C elegans ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins ; TP53 protein, human ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2186725-2
ISSN	1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
ISSN (online)	1553-7404
ISSN	1553-7390
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgen.1004097
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