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Article ; Online: Gaze following in Archosauria-Alligators and palaeognath birds suggest dinosaur origin of visual perspective taking.

Zeiträg, Claudia / Reber, Stephan A / Osvath, Mathias

2023 Volume 9, Issue 20, Page(s) eadf0405

Abstract: Taking someone else's visual perspective marks an evolutionary shift in the formation of advanced social cognition. It enables using others' attention to discover otherwise hidden aspects of the surroundings and is foundational for human communication ... ...

Abstract	Taking someone else's visual perspective marks an evolutionary shift in the formation of advanced social cognition. It enables using others' attention to discover otherwise hidden aspects of the surroundings and is foundational for human communication and understanding of others. Visual perspective taking has also been found in some other primates, a few songbirds, and some canids. However, despite its essential role for social cognition, visual perspective taking has only been fragmentedly studied in animals, leaving its evolution and origins uncharted. To begin to narrow this knowledge gap, we investigated extant archosaurs by comparing the neurocognitively least derived extant birds-palaeognaths-with the closest living relatives of birds, the crocodylians. In a gaze following paradigm, we showed that palaeognaths engage in visual perspective taking and grasp the referentiality of gazes, while crocodylians do not. This suggests that visual perspective taking originated in early birds or nonavian dinosaurs-likely earlier than in mammals.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology ; Alligators and Crocodiles ; Fossils ; Mammals ; Species Specificity ; Biological Evolution ; Phylogeny
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.adf0405
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: A Patient with Graves' Disease Scheduled for Thyroidectomy with High Risk for Thyroid Storm Caused by Severe Medication Nonadherence: Anaesthetic and Surgical Considerations.

Reber, Adrian / Valenti, Laura / Müller, Stephan

Case reports in anesthesiology

2019 Volume 2019, Page(s) 4781902

Abstract: In patients with failed hormone regulation who are scheduled for indispensable total thyroidectomy, the risk of thyroid storm with severe end-organ complications has to be anticipated. This case report presents the successful surgical and ... ...

Abstract	In patients with failed hormone regulation who are scheduled for indispensable total thyroidectomy, the risk of thyroid storm with severe end-organ complications has to be anticipated. This case report presents the successful surgical and anaesthesiological management of a patient with Graves' disease, without any signs of perioperative thyroid storm. Possible recommendations for treatment are presented.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2659087-6
ISSN	2090-6390 ; 2090-6382
ISSN (online)	2090-6390
ISSN	2090-6382
DOI	10.1155/2019/4781902
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Article ; Online: Early life differences in behavioral predispositions in two Alligatoridae species.

Reber, Stephan A / Oh, Jinook / Janisch, Judith / Stevenson, Colin / Foggett, Shaun / Wilkinson, Anna

Animal cognition

2021 Volume 24, Issue 4, Page(s) 753–764

Abstract: Behavioral predispositions are innate tendencies of animals to behave in a given way without the input of learning. They increase survival chances and, due to environmental and ecological challenges, may vary substantially even between closely related ... ...

Abstract	Behavioral predispositions are innate tendencies of animals to behave in a given way without the input of learning. They increase survival chances and, due to environmental and ecological challenges, may vary substantially even between closely related taxa. These differences are likely to be especially pronounced in long-lived species like crocodilians. This order is particularly relevant for comparative cognition due to its phylogenetic proximity to birds. Here we compared early life behavioral predispositions in two Alligatoridae species. We exposed American alligator and spectacled caiman hatchlings to three different novel situations: a novel object, a novel environment that was open and a novel environment with a shelter. This was then repeated a week later. During exposure to the novel environments, alligators moved around more and explored a larger range of the arena than the caimans. When exposed to the novel object, the alligators reduced the mean distance to the novel object in the second phase, while the caimans further increased it, indicating diametrically opposite ontogenetic development in behavioral predispositions. Although all crocodilian hatchlings face comparable challenges, e.g., high predation pressure, the effectiveness of parental protection might explain the observed pattern. American alligators are apex predators capable of protecting their offspring against most dangers, whereas adult spectacled caimans are frequently predated themselves. Their distancing behavior might be related to increased predator avoidance and also explain the success of invasive spectacled caimans in the natural habitats of other crocodilians.
MeSH term(s)	Alligators and Crocodiles ; Animals ; Ecosystem ; Phylogeny ; Predatory Behavior
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-17
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1466332-6
ISSN	1435-9456 ; 1435-9448
ISSN (online)	1435-9456
ISSN	1435-9448
DOI	10.1007/s10071-020-01461-5
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Article ; Online: Naive poison frog tadpoles use bi-modal cues to avoid insect predators but not heterospecific predatory tadpoles.

Szabo, Birgit / Mangione, Rosanna / Rath, Matthias / Pašukonis, Andrius / Reber, Stephan A / Oh, Jinook / Ringler, Max / Ringler, Eva

The Journal of experimental biology

2021 Volume 224, Issue 24

Abstract: For animals to survive until reproduction, it is crucial that juveniles successfully detect potential predators and respond with appropriate behavior. The recognition of cues originating from predators can be innate or learned. Cues of various modalities ...

Abstract	For animals to survive until reproduction, it is crucial that juveniles successfully detect potential predators and respond with appropriate behavior. The recognition of cues originating from predators can be innate or learned. Cues of various modalities might be used alone or in multi-modal combinations to detect and distinguish predators but studies investigating multi-modal integration in predator avoidance are scarce. Here, we used wild, naive tadpoles of the Neotropical poison frog Allobates femoralis ( Boulenger, 1884) to test their reaction to cues with two modalities from two different sympatrically occurring potential predators: heterospecific predatory Dendrobates tinctorius tadpoles and dragonfly larvae. We presented A. femoralis tadpoles with olfactory or visual cues, or a combination of the two, and compared their reaction to a water control in a between-individual design. In our trials, A. femoralis tadpoles reacted to multi-modal stimuli (a combination of visual and chemical information) originating from dragonfly larvae with avoidance but showed no reaction to uni-modal cues or cues from heterospecific tadpoles. In addition, visual cues from conspecifics increased swimming activity while cues from predators had no effect on tadpole activity. Our results show that A. femoralis tadpoles can innately recognize some predators and probably need both visual and chemical information to effectively avoid them. This is the first study looking at anti-predator behavior in poison frog tadpoles. We discuss how parental care might influence the expression of predator avoidance responses in tadpoles.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cues ; Larva/physiology ; Odonata ; Poisons ; Predatory Behavior ; Ranidae/physiology
Chemical Substances	Poisons
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.243647
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Article ; Online: Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors.

Bugnyar, Thomas / Reber, Stephan A / Buckner, Cameron

Nature communications

2016 Volume 7, Page(s) 10506

Abstract: Recent studies purported to demonstrate that chimpanzees, monkeys and corvids possess a basic Theory of Mind, the ability to attribute mental states like seeing to others. However, these studies remain controversial because they share a common confound: ... ...

Abstract	Recent studies purported to demonstrate that chimpanzees, monkeys and corvids possess a basic Theory of Mind, the ability to attribute mental states like seeing to others. However, these studies remain controversial because they share a common confound: the conspecific's line of gaze, which could serve as an associative cue. Here, we show that ravens Corvus corax take into account the visual access of others, even when they cannot see a conspecific. Specifically, we find that ravens guard their caches against discovery in response to the sounds of conspecifics when a peephole is open but not when it is closed. Our results suggest that ravens can generalize from their own perceptual experience to infer the possibility of being seen. These findings confirm and unite previous work, providing strong evidence that ravens are more than mere behaviour-readers.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Competitive Behavior/physiology ; Crows ; Female ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Male ; Theory of Mind/physiology ; Visual Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/ncomms10506
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Article ; Online: A Chinese alligator in heliox: formant frequencies in a crocodilian.

Reber, Stephan A / Nishimura, Takeshi / Janisch, Judith / Robertson, Mark / Fitch, W Tecumseh

The Journal of experimental biology

2015 Volume 218, Issue Pt 15, Page(s) 2442–2447

Abstract: Crocodilians are among the most vocal non-avian reptiles. Adults of both sexes produce loud vocalizations known as 'bellows' year round, with the highest rate during the mating season. Although the specific function of these vocalizations remains unclear, ...

Abstract	Crocodilians are among the most vocal non-avian reptiles. Adults of both sexes produce loud vocalizations known as 'bellows' year round, with the highest rate during the mating season. Although the specific function of these vocalizations remains unclear, they may advertise the caller's body size, because relative size differences strongly affect courtship and territorial behaviour in crocodilians. In mammals and birds, a common mechanism for producing honest acoustic signals of body size is via formant frequencies (vocal tract resonances). To our knowledge, formants have to date never been documented in any non-avian reptile, and formants do not seem to play a role in the vocalizations of anurans. We tested for formants in crocodilian vocalizations by using playbacks to induce a female Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) to bellow in an airtight chamber. During vocalizations, the animal inhaled either normal air or a helium/oxygen mixture (heliox) in which the velocity of sound is increased. Although heliox allows normal respiration, it alters the formant distribution of the sound spectrum. An acoustic analysis of the calls showed that the source signal components remained constant under both conditions, but an upward shift of high-energy frequency bands was observed in heliox. We conclude that these frequency bands represent formants. We suggest that crocodilian vocalizations could thus provide an acoustic indication of body size via formants. Because birds and crocodilians share a common ancestor with all dinosaurs, a better understanding of their vocal production systems may also provide insight into the communication of extinct Archosaurians.
MeSH term(s)	Alligators and Crocodiles/physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Cues ; Female ; Helium ; Oxygen ; Sound Spectrography ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology
Chemical Substances	Helium (206GF3GB41) ; heliox (58933-55-4) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.119552
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Article ; Online: Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors

Thomas Bugnyar / Stephan A. Reber / Cameron Buckner

Nature Communications, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2016 Volume 6

Abstract: Theory of Mind experiments in animals have not previously discounted the possibility that individuals follow their competitors′ behavioural cues. Here, Bugnyar et al.show that ravens consider the possibility that they are being watched when caching food, ...

Abstract	Theory of Mind experiments in animals have not previously discounted the possibility that individuals follow their competitors′ behavioural cues. Here, Bugnyar et al.show that ravens consider the possibility that they are being watched when caching food, even when they cannot see a conspecific competitor.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Formants provide honest acoustic cues to body size in American alligators.

Reber, Stephan A / Janisch, Judith / Torregrosa, Kevin / Darlington, Jim / Vliet, Kent A / Fitch, W Tecumseh

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 1816

Abstract: In many vertebrates, acoustic cues to body size are encoded in resonance frequencies of the vocal tract ("formants"), rather than in the rate of tissue vibration in the sound source ("pitch"). Anatomical constraints on the vocal tract's size render ... ...

Abstract	In many vertebrates, acoustic cues to body size are encoded in resonance frequencies of the vocal tract ("formants"), rather than in the rate of tissue vibration in the sound source ("pitch"). Anatomical constraints on the vocal tract's size render formants honest cues to size in many bird and mammal species, but it is not clear whether this correlation evolved convergently in these two clades, or whether it is widespread among amniotes (mammals, birds, and non-avian reptiles). We investigated the potential for honest acoustic cues in the bellows of adult American alligators and found that formant spacing provided highly reliable cues to body size, while presumed correlates of the source signal did not. These findings held true for both sexes and for all bellows whether produced in or out of water. Because birds and crocodilians are the last extant Archosaurians and share common ancestry with all extinct dinosaurs, our findings support the hypothesis that dinosaurs used formants as cues to body size. The description of formants as honest signals in a non-avian reptile combined with previous evidence from birds and mammals strongly suggests that the principle of honest signalling via vocal tract resonances may be a broadly shared trait among amniotes.
MeSH term(s)	Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology ; Alligators and Crocodiles/physiology ; Animals ; Body Size ; Cues ; Female ; Male ; Vocalization, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-017-01948-1
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Article: Common marmosets are sensitive to simple dependencies at variable distances in an artificial grammar.

Reber, Stephan A / Šlipogor, Vedrana / Oh, Jinook / Ravignani, Andrea / Hoeschele, Marisa / Bugnyar, Thomas / Fitch, W Tecumseh

Evolution and human behavior : official journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society

2019 Volume 40, Issue 2, Page(s) 214–221

Abstract: Recognizing that two elements within a sequence of variable length depend on each other is a key ability in understanding the structure of language and music. Perception of such interdependencies has previously been documented in chimpanzees in the ... ...

Abstract	Recognizing that two elements within a sequence of variable length depend on each other is a key ability in understanding the structure of language and music. Perception of such interdependencies has previously been documented in chimpanzees in the visual domain and in human infants and common squirrel monkeys with auditory playback experiments, but it remains unclear whether it typifies primates in general. Here, we investigated the ability of common marmosets (
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1090-5138
ISSN	1090-5138
DOI	10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.006
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Article ; Online: A technological framework for running and analyzing animal head turning experiments.

Oh, Jinook / Hoeschele, Marisa / Reber, Stephan A / Šlipogor, Vedrana / Bugnyar, Thomas / Fitch, W Tecumseh

Behavior research methods

2017 Volume 50, Issue 3, Page(s) 1154–1165

Abstract: Head turning experiments are widely used to test the cognition of both human infants and non-human animal species. Monitoring head turns allows researchers to non-invasively assess attention to acoustic or visual stimuli. In the majority of head turning ... ...

Abstract	Head turning experiments are widely used to test the cognition of both human infants and non-human animal species. Monitoring head turns allows researchers to non-invasively assess attention to acoustic or visual stimuli. In the majority of head turning experiments, the head direction analyses have been accomplished manually, which is extremely labor intensive and can be affected by subjectivity or other human errors and limitations. In the current study, we introduce an open-source computer program for measuring head directions of freely moving animals including common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to reduce human effort and time in video coding. We also illustrate an exemplary framework for an animal head turning experiment with common marmoset monkeys. This framework incorporates computer-aided processes of data acquisition, preprocessing, and analysis using the aforementioned software and additional open-source software and hardware.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Attention ; Cognition ; Computing Methodologies ; Head Movements ; Humans ; Photic Stimulation ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-017-0934-2
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