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Article ; Online: Using particle dimensionality-based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions.

Korchevskiy, Andrey A / Hill, W Cary / Hull, Matthew / Korchevskiy, Arseniy

2023 Volume 44, Issue 4, Page(s) 564–581

Abstract: The use of 3D printing technologies by industry and consumers is expanding. However, the approaches to assess the risk of lung carcinogenesis from the emissions of 3D printers have not yet been developed. The objective of the study was to demonstrate a ... ...

Abstract	The use of 3D printing technologies by industry and consumers is expanding. However, the approaches to assess the risk of lung carcinogenesis from the emissions of 3D printers have not yet been developed. The objective of the study was to demonstrate a methodology for modeling lung cancer risk related to specific exposure levels as derived from an experimental study of 3D printer emissions for various types of filaments (ABS, PLA, and PETG). The emissions of 15 filaments were assessed at varying extrusion temperatures for a total of 23 conditions in a Class 1,000 cleanroom following procedures described by ANSI/CAN/UL 2904. Three approaches were utilized for cancer risk estimation: (a) calculation based on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, (b) a proximity assessment based on the pulmonary deposition fraction, and (c) modeling based on the mass-weighted aerodynamic diameter of particles. The combined distribution of emitted particles had the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.35 μm, GSD 2.25. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 25.21 μg/m
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Nanotubes, Carbon ; Particulate Matter/toxicity ; Polyesters ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Particle Size ; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Thiogalactosides
Chemical Substances	Nanotubes, Carbon ; phenylethylthio-beta-galactopyranoside (63407-54-5) ; Particulate Matter ; Polyesters ; Thiogalactosides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604625-3
ISSN	1099-1263 ; 0260-437X
ISSN (online)	1099-1263
ISSN	0260-437X
DOI	10.1002/jat.4561
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: An Emergency Powered Air-Purifying Respirator From Local Materials and its Efficacy Against Aerosolized Nanoparticles.

Kessel, Jeff / Saevig, Christopher S / Hill, W Cary / Kessel, Benjamin / Hull, Matthew S

Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing

2022 Volume 59, Page(s) 469580221087837

Abstract: We describe an approach used by a rural healthcare provider to convert surgical helmets into emergency powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach uses common materials and efficacy was demonstrated ... ...

Abstract	We describe an approach used by a rural healthcare provider to convert surgical helmets into emergency powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach uses common materials and efficacy was demonstrated against aerosols measuring 7 nm to 25 μm in diameter.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Nanoparticles ; Pandemics ; Respiratory Protective Devices
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	42153-4
ISSN	1945-7243 ; 0046-9580
ISSN (online)	1945-7243
ISSN	0046-9580
DOI	10.1177/00469580221087837
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Article ; Online: Additives influence 3D printer emission profiles: Implications for working safely with polymer filament composites.

Hill, W Cary / Seitz, Daniel W / Hull, Matthew S / Ballentine, Mark L / Kennedy, Alan J

Indoor air

2022 Volume 32, Issue 10, Page(s) e13130

Abstract: It is critical to thoroughly investigate, characterize, and understand the unique emission profiles of common and novel polymer feedstocks used in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers as these products become increasingly ubiquitous in consumer ... ...

Abstract	It is critical to thoroughly investigate, characterize, and understand the unique emission profiles of common and novel polymer feedstocks used in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers as these products become increasingly ubiquitous in consumer and industrial environments. This work contributes unique insights regarding the effects of polymer composite feedstocks with metal, ceramic, or carbonaceous particle additives on particulate emissions in a variety of filaments under various print conditions, including print temperature. In addition to active characterization of particulate size and concentration following the ANSI/CAN/UL 2904 method, particulate sampling and subsequent analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed agglomeration behavior that may have important health implications. Specifically, fine particles (0.3-2.5 μm) generated by certain filaments including acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) are shown to be formed via agglomeration of emitted ultrafine particles rather than composed of coherent primary particles; accordingly, transport and behavior of these particulates after inhalation may not follow expected patterns for micrometer-sized particles. Structures resembling carbonaceous additives (e.g., graphene and nanotubes) were also captured by airborne sampling during printing of filaments containing carbonaceous advanced materials.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis ; Particle Size ; Polymers ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Particulate Matter/analysis
Chemical Substances	Polymers ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1081722-0
ISSN	1600-0668 ; 0905-6947
ISSN (online)	1600-0668
ISSN	0905-6947
DOI	10.1111/ina.13130
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: An Emergency Powered Air-Purifying Respirator From Local Materials and its Efficacy Against Aerosolized Nanoparticles

Jeff Kessel MD / Christopher S. Saevig / W. Cary Hill PhD / Benjamin Kessel / Matthew S. Hull PhD

Inquiry: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, Vol

2022 Volume 59

Abstract	We describe an approach used by a rural healthcare provider to convert surgical helmets into emergency powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach uses common materials and efficacy was demonstrated against aerosols measuring 7 nm to 25 μm in diameter.
Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SAGE Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Testing of Commercial Masks and Respirators and Cotton Mask Insert Materials using SARS-CoV-2 Virion-Sized Particulates: Comparison of Ideal Aerosol Filtration Efficiency versus Fitted Filtration Efficiency.

Hill, W Cary / Hull, Matthew S / MacCuspie, Robert I

Nano letters

2020 Volume 20, Issue 10, Page(s) 7642–7647

Abstract: Shortages in the availability of personal protective face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic required many to fabricate masks and filter inserts from available materials. While the base filtration efficiency of a material is of primary importance when a ... ...

Abstract	Shortages in the availability of personal protective face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic required many to fabricate masks and filter inserts from available materials. While the base filtration efficiency of a material is of primary importance when a perfect seal is possible, ideal fit is not likely to be achieved by the average person preparing to enter a public space or even a healthcare worker without fit-testing before each shift. Our findings suggest that parameters including permeability and pliability can play a strong role in the filtration efficiency of a mask fabricated with various filter media, and that the filtration efficiency of loosely fitting masks/respirators against ultrafine particulates can drop by more than 60% when worn compared to the ideal filtration efficiency of the base material. Further, a test method using SARS-CoV-2 virion-sized silica nanoaerosols is demonstrated to assess the filtration efficiency against nanoparticulates that follow air currents associated with mask leakage.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Air Microbiology ; Betacoronavirus/ultrastructure ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Cotton Fiber ; Filtration/instrumentation ; Filtration/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure ; Masks ; Nanoparticles ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Particle Size ; Permeability ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Respiratory Protective Devices ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Silicon Dioxide ; Textiles
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; Silicon Dioxide (7631-86-9)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Evaluation Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1530-6992
ISSN (online)	1530-6992
DOI	10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03182
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Testing of Commercial Masks and Respirators and Cotton Mask Insert Materials using SARS-CoV-2 Virion-Sized Particulates

Hill, W. Cary / Hull, Matthew S. / MacCuspie, Robert I.

Nano Letters

Comparison of Ideal Aerosol Filtration Efficiency versus Fitted Filtration Efficiency

2020 Volume 20, Issue 10, Page(s) 7642–7647

Keywords	Mechanical Engineering ; General Materials Science ; Bioengineering ; General Chemistry ; Condensed Matter Physics ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	American Chemical Society (ACS)
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	1530-6984
DOI	10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03182
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Testing of Commercial Masks and Respirators and Cotton Mask Insert Materials using SARS-CoV-2 Virion-Sized Particulates: Comparison of Ideal Aerosol Filtration Efficiency versus Fitted Filtration Efficiency

Hill, W Cary / Hull, Matthew S / MacCuspie, Robert I

Nano Lett

Abstract	Shortages in the availability of personal protective face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic required many to fabricate masks and filter inserts from available materials. While the base filtration efficiency of a material is of primary importance when a perfect seal is possible, ideal fit is not likely to be achieved by the average person preparing to enter a public space or even a healthcare worker without fit-testing before each shift. Our findings suggest that parameters including permeability and pliability can play a strong role in the filtration efficiency of a mask fabricated with various filter media, and that the filtration efficiency of loosely fitting masks/respirators against ultrafine particulates can drop by more than 60% when worn compared to the ideal filtration efficiency of the base material. Further, a test method using SARS-CoV-2 virion-sized silica nanoaerosols is demonstrated to assess the filtration efficiency against nanoparticulates that follow air currents associated with mask leakage.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #801587
Database	COVID19

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Article: Prevention through design: insights from computational fluid dynamics modeling to predict exposure to ultrafine particles from 3D printing.

MacCuspie, Robert I / Hill, W Cary / Hall, Daniel R / Korchevskiy, Andrey / Strode, Cassidy D / Kennedy, Alan J / Ballentine, Mark L / Rycroft, Taylor / Hull, Matthew S

Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A

2021 Volume 84, Issue 11, Page(s) 458–474

Abstract: Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers are increasingly used in industrial, academic, military, and residential sectors, yet their emissions and associated user exposure scenarios are not fully described. Characterization of potential user exposure ...

Abstract	Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers are increasingly used in industrial, academic, military, and residential sectors, yet their emissions and associated user exposure scenarios are not fully described. Characterization of potential user exposure and environmental releases requires robust investigation. During operation, common FFF 3D printers emit varying amounts of ultrafine particles (UFPs) depending upon feedstock material and operation procedures. Volatile organic compounds associated with these emissions exhibit distinct odors; however, the UFP portion is largely imperceptible by humans. This investigation presents straightforward computational modeling as well as experimental validation to provide actionable insights for the proactive design of lower exposure spaces where 3D printers may be used. Specifically, data suggest that forced clean airflows may create lower exposure spaces, and that computational modeling might be employed to predict these spaces with reasonable accuracy to assist with room design. The configuration and positioning of room air ventilation diffusers may be a key factor in identifying lower exposure spaces. A workflow of measuring emissions during a printing process in an ANSI/CAN/UL 2904 environmental chamber was used to provide data for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of a 6 m
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Computational Biology ; Computational Chemistry ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Models, Theoretical ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Printing, Three-Dimensional
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1413345-3
ISSN	1528-7394 ; 0098-4108 ; 1087-2620
ISSN	1528-7394 ; 0098-4108 ; 1087-2620
DOI	10.1080/15287394.2021.1886210
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Article ; Online: Association of Diagnostic Stewardship for Blood Cultures in Critically Ill Children With Culture Rates, Antibiotic Use, and Patient Outcomes: Results of the Bright STAR Collaborative.

Woods-Hill, Charlotte Z / Colantuoni, Elizabeth A / Koontz, Danielle W / Voskertchian, Annie / Xie, Anping / Thurm, Cary / Miller, Marlene R / Fackler, James C / Milstone, Aaron M / Agulnik, Asya / Albert, J Elaine-Marie / Auth, Michael J / Bradley, Erin / Clayton, Jason A / Coffin, Susan E / Dallefeld, Samantha / Ezetendu, Chidiebere P / Fainberg, Nina A / Flaherty, Brian F /

JAMA pediatrics

2022 Volume 176, Issue 7, Page(s) 690–698

Abstract: Importance: Blood culture overuse in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) can lead to unnecessary antibiotic use and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Optimizing blood culture practices through diagnostic stewardship may reduce unnecessary blood ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Blood culture overuse in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) can lead to unnecessary antibiotic use and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Optimizing blood culture practices through diagnostic stewardship may reduce unnecessary blood cultures and antibiotics. Objective: To evaluate the association of a 14-site multidisciplinary PICU blood culture collaborative with culture rates, antibiotic use, and patient outcomes. Design, setting, and participants: This prospective quality improvement (QI) collaborative involved 14 PICUs across the United States from 2017 to 2020 for the Bright STAR (Testing Stewardship for Antibiotic Reduction) collaborative. Data were collected from each participating PICU and from the Children's Hospital Association Pediatric Health Information System for prespecified primary and secondary outcomes. Exposures: A local QI program focusing on blood culture practices in the PICU (facilitated by a larger QI collaborative). Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was blood culture rates (per 1000 patient-days/mo). Secondary outcomes included broad-spectrum antibiotic use (total days of therapy and new initiations of broad-spectrum antibiotics ≥3 days after PICU admission) and PICU rates of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), Clostridioides difficile infection, mortality, readmission, length of stay, sepsis, and severe sepsis/septic shock. Results: Across the 14 PICUs, the blood culture rate was 149.4 per 1000 patient-days/mo preimplementation and 100.5 per 1000 patient-days/mo postimplementation, for a 33% relative reduction (95% CI, 26%-39%). Comparing the periods before and after implementation, the rate of broad-spectrum antibiotic use decreased from 506 days to 440 days per 1000 patient-days/mo, respectively, a 13% relative reduction (95% CI, 7%-19%). The broad-spectrum antibiotic initiation rate decreased from 58.1 to 53.6 initiations/1000 patient-days/mo, an 8% relative reduction (95% CI, 4%-11%). Rates of CLABSI decreased from 1.8 to 1.1 per 1000 central venous line days/mo, a 36% relative reduction (95% CI, 20%-49%). Mortality, length of stay, readmission, sepsis, and severe sepsis/septic shock were similar before and after implementation. Conclusions and relevance: Multidisciplinary diagnostic stewardship interventions can reduce blood culture and antibiotic use in the PICU. Future work will determine optimal strategies for wider-scale dissemination of diagnostic stewardship in this setting while monitoring patient safety and balancing measures.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Blood Culture ; Child ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Prospective Studies ; Sepsis/diagnosis ; Sepsis/drug therapy ; Shock, Septic ; United States
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2701223-2
ISSN	2168-6211 ; 2168-6203
ISSN (online)	2168-6211
ISSN	2168-6203
DOI	10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1024
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Article: Development of colorimetric analytical methods to monitor quaternary amine grafted surfaces

Ozer, Ruya R / Hill, W. Cary / Rogers, Martin E / Evans, Mishell

Journal of applied polymer science. 2010 Nov. 15, v. 118, no. 4

2010

Abstract: Quick and simple colorimetric analytical techniques were developed to monitor functionalization of surfaces with quaternary amine bearing polymers as complementary qualitative tests to the traditionally used antimicrobial test protocols. First, an ... ...

Abstract	Quick and simple colorimetric analytical techniques were developed to monitor functionalization of surfaces with quaternary amine bearing polymers as complementary qualitative tests to the traditionally used antimicrobial test protocols. First, an established antimicrobial quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) was chosen as a probe compound and an acrylol functional group was introduced (acrylol-QAS) to facilitate its polymerization with acrylic monomers. Surface graft polymerization was carried out with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylol-QAS on cotton fabric surface. The success of graft polymerization, durability after repetitive aqueous extraction, and the effect of crosslinking agents on the durability and extent of polymerization were tested with a fluorescein spot and a bromophenol solution test. The results of these colorimetric analytical methods were in perfect agreement with those of antimicrobial tests, XPS, and SEM analysis.
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-1115
Size	p. 2397-2407.
Publishing place	Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1491105-x
ISSN	1097-4628 ; 0021-8995
ISSN (online)	1097-4628
ISSN	0021-8995
DOI	10.1002/app.32221
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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