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  1. Article ; Online: ADAR1 and ZBP1 in innate immunity, cell death, and disease.

    Karki, Rajendra / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    Trends in immunology

    2023  Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s) 201–216

    Abstract: ADAR1 and ZBP1 are the only two mammalian proteins that contain Zα domains, which are thought to bind to nucleic acids in the Z-conformation. These two molecules are crucial in regulating diverse biological processes. While ADAR1-mediated RNA editing ... ...

    Abstract ADAR1 and ZBP1 are the only two mammalian proteins that contain Zα domains, which are thought to bind to nucleic acids in the Z-conformation. These two molecules are crucial in regulating diverse biological processes. While ADAR1-mediated RNA editing supports host survival and development, ZBP1-mediated immune responses provide host defense against infection and disease. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the functions of ADAR1 and ZBP1 beyond their classical roles and established their fundamental regulation of innate immune responses, including NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inflammation, and cell death. Their roles in these processes have physiological impacts across development, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the functions of ADAR1 and ZBP1 in regulating innate immune responses in development and disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Cell Death ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Mammals ; Nucleic Acids
    Chemical Substances Nucleic Acids ; ADAR protein, human (EC 3.5.4.37) ; ZBP1 protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2036831-8
    ISSN 1471-4981 ; 1471-4906
    ISSN (online) 1471-4981
    ISSN 1471-4906
    DOI 10.1016/j.it.2023.01.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: PANoptosome signaling and therapeutic implications in infection: central role for ZBP1 to activate the inflammasome and PANoptosis.

    Karki, Rajendra / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    Current opinion in immunology

    2023  Volume 83, Page(s) 102348

    Abstract: The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against infection and disease. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a key component of innate immune activation, and RCD must be tightly controlled to clear pathogens while preventing excess ... ...

    Abstract The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against infection and disease. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a key component of innate immune activation, and RCD must be tightly controlled to clear pathogens while preventing excess inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted a central role for the innate immune sensor Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) as an activator of a form of inflammatory RCD called PANoptosis, which is regulated by a multifaceted cell death complex called the PANoptosome. In response to influenza A virus infection, ZBP1 activates the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which then acts as an integral component of the ZBP1-PANoptosome to drive inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. In this context, the NLRP3 inflammasome is critical for caspase-1 activation and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 maturation, but dispensable for cell death due to functional redundancies between PANoptosome molecules. Similarly, ZBP1 is also central to the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-PANoptosome; this PANoptosome forms in response to Francisella novicida and herpes simplex virus 1 infection and incorporates the AIM2 inflammasome as an integral component. In this review, we will discuss the critical roles of ZBP1 in mediating innate immune responses through inflammasomes, PANoptosomes, and PANoptosis during infection. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity and cell death will be essential for the development of targeted modalities that can improve patient outcomes by mitigating severe disease.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Immunity, Innate ; Influenza, Human ; Signal Transduction ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Inflammasomes ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; Carrier Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1035767-1
    ISSN 1879-0372 ; 0952-7915
    ISSN (online) 1879-0372
    ISSN 0952-7915
    DOI 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102348
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Inhibition of the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis by hydroxycitric acid attenuates HFD-induced obesity through MCE suppression.

    Lee, Hyung-Won / Karki, Rajendra / Han, Joo-Hui

    Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

    2024  Volume 128, Page(s) 155551

    Abstract: Background: Because obesity is associated with a hyperplasia-mediated increase in adipose tissue, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is a leading strategy for preventing obesity. Although (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is ... ...

    Abstract Background: Because obesity is associated with a hyperplasia-mediated increase in adipose tissue, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is a leading strategy for preventing obesity. Although (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is used to control obesity, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on MCE are poorly understood.
    Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of HCA on MCE and underlying molecular mechanisms affecting adipogenesis and obesity improvements.
    Methods: Preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, were treated with HCA; oil red O, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and related alterations in signaling pathways were examined. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administered HCA for 12 weeks; body and adipose tissues weights were evaluated, and the regulation of signaling pathways in epidydimal white adipose tissue were examined in vivo.
    Results: Here, we report that during MCE, HCA attenuates the proliferation of the preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, by arresting the cell cycle at the G
    Conclusions: These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism by which HCA regulates adipogenesis and highlight the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis as a therapeutic target for obesity.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-20
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1205240-1
    ISSN 1618-095X ; 0944-7113
    ISSN (online) 1618-095X
    ISSN 0944-7113
    DOI 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155551
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: A comparative study of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis components in mouse and human cells.

    Choudhury, Sk Mohiuddin / Sarkar, Roman / Karki, Rajendra / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0299577

    Abstract: Regulated cell death is a key component of the innate immune response, which provides the first line of defense against infection and homeostatic perturbations. However, cell death can also drive pathogenesis. The most well-defined cell death pathways ... ...

    Abstract Regulated cell death is a key component of the innate immune response, which provides the first line of defense against infection and homeostatic perturbations. However, cell death can also drive pathogenesis. The most well-defined cell death pathways can be categorized as nonlytic (apoptosis) and lytic (pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis). While specific triggers are known to induce each of these cell death pathways, it is unclear whether all cell types express the cell death proteins required to activate these pathways. Here, we assessed the protein expression and compared the responses of immune and non-immune cells of human and mouse origin to canonical pyroptotic (LPS plus ATP), apoptotic (staurosporine), necroptotic (TNF-α plus z-VAD), and PANoptotic (influenza A virus infection) stimuli. When compared to fibroblasts, both mouse and human innate immune cells, macrophages, expressed higher levels of cell death proteins and activated cell death effectors more robustly, including caspase-1, gasdermins, caspase-8, and RIPKs, in response to specific stimuli. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the cell type when examining the mechanisms regulating inflammation and cell death. Improved understanding of the cell types that contain the machinery to execute different forms of cell death and their link to innate immune responses is critical to identify new strategies to target these pathways in specific cellular populations for the treatment of infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Pyroptosis ; Necroptosis ; Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Caspase 1
    Chemical Substances Caspase 1 (EC 3.4.22.36)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0299577
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Innate immunity, cytokine storm, and inflammatory cell death in COVID-19.

    Karki, Rajendra / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    Journal of translational medicine

    2022  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 542

    Abstract: The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens; however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is detrimental to the host. Therefore, careful innate immune regulation is ... ...

    Abstract The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens; however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is detrimental to the host. Therefore, careful innate immune regulation is critical during infections. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in global morbidity and mortality as well as socio-economic stresses. Innate immune sensing of SARS-CoV-2 by multiple host cell pattern recognition receptors leads to the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of inflammatory cell death. These processes can contribute to cytokine storm, tissue damage, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we discuss the sensing of SARS-CoV-2 to induce innate immune activation and the contribution of this innate immune signaling in the development and severity of COVID-19. In addition, we provide a conceptual framework for innate immunity driving cytokine storm and organ damage in patients with severe COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulated by innate immunity is needed for the development of targeted modalities that can improve patient outcomes by mitigating severe disease.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cytokine Release Syndrome ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunity, Innate ; Cell Death
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2118570-0
    ISSN 1479-5876 ; 1479-5876
    ISSN (online) 1479-5876
    ISSN 1479-5876
    DOI 10.1186/s12967-022-03767-z
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Innate immunity, cytokine storm, and inflammatory cell death in COVID-19

    Rajendra Karki / Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti

    Journal of Translational Medicine, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2022  Volume 18

    Abstract: Abstract The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens; however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is detrimental to the host. Therefore, careful innate immune regulation ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens; however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is detrimental to the host. Therefore, careful innate immune regulation is critical during infections. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in global morbidity and mortality as well as socio-economic stresses. Innate immune sensing of SARS-CoV-2 by multiple host cell pattern recognition receptors leads to the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of inflammatory cell death. These processes can contribute to cytokine storm, tissue damage, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we discuss the sensing of SARS-CoV-2 to induce innate immune activation and the contribution of this innate immune signaling in the development and severity of COVID-19. In addition, we provide a conceptual framework for innate immunity driving cytokine storm and organ damage in patients with severe COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulated by innate immunity is needed for the development of targeted modalities that can improve patient outcomes by mitigating severe disease.
    Keywords IFN ; TNF ; Pyroptosis ; Necroptosis ; PANoptosis ; PANoptosome ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 616
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: The 'cytokine storm': molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.

    Karki, Rajendra / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    Trends in immunology

    2021  Volume 42, Issue 8, Page(s) 681–705

    Abstract: Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) has generally been described as a collection of clinical manifestations resulting from an overactivated immune system. Cytokine storms (CSs) are associated with various pathologies, as observed in infectious diseases, ... ...

    Abstract Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) has generally been described as a collection of clinical manifestations resulting from an overactivated immune system. Cytokine storms (CSs) are associated with various pathologies, as observed in infectious diseases, certain acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies and autoinflammatory diseases, or following therapeutic interventions. Despite the role of CS in tissue damage and multiorgan failure, a systematic understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms is lacking. Recent studies demonstrate a positive feedback loop between cytokine release and cell death pathways; certain cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can activate inflammatory cell death, leading to further cytokine secretion. Here, we discuss recent progress in innate immunity and inflammatory cell death, providing insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CSs and therapeutics that might quell ensuing life-threatening effects.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Cytokine Release Syndrome ; Cytokines ; Humans ; Immune System ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2036831-8
    ISSN 1471-4981 ; 1471-4906
    ISSN (online) 1471-4981
    ISSN 1471-4906
    DOI 10.1016/j.it.2021.06.001
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Immune regulator IRF1 contributes to ZBP1-, AIM2-, RIPK1-, and NLRP12-PANoptosome activation and inflammatory cell death (PANoptosis).

    Sharma, Bhesh Raj / Karki, Rajendra / Rajesh, Yetirajam / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    The Journal of biological chemistry

    2023  Volume 299, Issue 9, Page(s) 105141

    Abstract: The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens and cellular insults and is activated by pattern recognition receptors sensing pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. This activation can result in inflammation via ...

    Abstract The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens and cellular insults and is activated by pattern recognition receptors sensing pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. This activation can result in inflammation via cytokine release as well as the induction of lytic regulated cell death (RCD). Innate immune signaling can also induce the expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), an important molecule in regulating downstream inflammation and cell death. While IRF1 has been shown to modulate some RCD pathways, a comprehensive evaluation of its role in inflammatory cell death pathways is lacking. Here, we examined the role of IRF1 in cell death during inflammasome and PANoptosome activation using live cell imaging, Western blotting, and ELISA in primary murine macrophages. IRF1 contributed to the induction of ZBP1- (Z-DNA binding protein 1), AIM2- (absent in melanoma-2), RIPK1- (receptor interacting protein kinase 1), and NLRP12 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 12)-PANoptosome activation and PANoptosis. Furthermore, IRF1 regulated the cell death under conditions where inflammasomes, along with caspase-8 and RIPK3, act as integral components of PANoptosomes to drive PANoptosis. However, it was dispensable for other inflammasomes that form independent of the PANoptosome to drive pyroptosis. Overall, these findings define IRF1 as an upstream regulator of PANoptosis and suggest that modulating the activation of molecules in the IRF1 pathway could be used as a strategy to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases associated with aberrant inflammatory cell death.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Mice ; Cell Death ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Inflammation ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism ; Pyroptosis ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Macrophages/immunology
    Chemical Substances Aim2 protein, mouse ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Inflammasomes ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Irf1 protein, mouse ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; NLRP12 protein, mouse ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Ripk1 protein, mouse (EC 2.7.11.1) ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Zbp1 protein, mouse ; Casp8 protein, mouse (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Ripk3 protein, mouse (EC 2.7.11.1)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2997-x
    ISSN 1083-351X ; 0021-9258
    ISSN (online) 1083-351X
    ISSN 0021-9258
    DOI 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105141
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: NLRC4 Deficiency Leads to Enhanced Phosphorylation of MLKL and Necroptosis.

    Sundaram, Balamurugan / Karki, Rajendra / Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi

    ImmunoHorizons

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 3, Page(s) 243–252

    Abstract: Hosts rely on the innate immune system to clear pathogens in response to infection. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind to innate immune receptors and engage activation of downstream signaling to initiate a host immune response to fight infection. ...

    Abstract Hosts rely on the innate immune system to clear pathogens in response to infection. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind to innate immune receptors and engage activation of downstream signaling to initiate a host immune response to fight infection. A key component of this innate response is programmed cell death. Recent work has highlighted significant cross-talk and functional redundancy between cell death pathways, leading to the discovery of PANoptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death pathway dependent on PANoptosomes, which are innate immune danger-sensing complexes that activate inflammatory cell death and contain caspases with or without inflammasome components and receptor interacting protein homotypic interaction motif-containing proteins. Although PANoptosis has been characterized in response to a growing number of pathogens, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, its role and the functional consequences of PANoptotic component modulation during NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) activation by
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Caspases/metabolism ; Inflammasomes/metabolism ; Macrophages ; Mice ; Necroptosis ; Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein Kinases/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Inflammasomes ; Naip5 protein, mouse ; Neuronal Apoptosis-Inhibitory Protein ; MLKL protein, mouse (EC 2.7.-) ; Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.-) ; Caspases (EC 3.4.22.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2573-7732
    ISSN (online) 2573-7732
    DOI 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100118
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Regulated cell death pathways and their roles in homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.

    Lee, Ein / Song, Chang-Hyun / Bae, Sung-Jin / Ha, Ki-Tae / Karki, Rajendra

    Experimental & molecular medicine

    2023  Volume 55, Issue 8, Page(s) 1632–1643

    Abstract: Pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, which are the most well-studied regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, contribute to the clearance of infected or potentially neoplastic cells, highlighting their importance in homeostasis, host defense ... ...

    Abstract Pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, which are the most well-studied regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, contribute to the clearance of infected or potentially neoplastic cells, highlighting their importance in homeostasis, host defense against pathogens, cancer, and a wide range of other pathologies. Although these four RCD pathways employ distinct molecular and cellular processes, emerging genetic and biochemical studies have suggested remarkable flexibility and crosstalk among them. The crosstalk among pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis pathways is more evident in cellular responses to infection, which has led to the conceptualization of PANoptosis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis and their importance in maintaining homeostasis. We discuss the intricate crosstalk among these RCD pathways and the current evidence supporting PANoptosis, focusing on infectious diseases and cancer. Understanding the fundamental processes of various cell death pathways is crucial to inform the development of new therapeutics against many diseases, including infection, sterile inflammation, and cancer.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Homeostasis ; Regulated Cell Death ; Inflammation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1328915-9
    ISSN 2092-6413 ; 1226-3613 ; 0378-8512
    ISSN (online) 2092-6413
    ISSN 1226-3613 ; 0378-8512
    DOI 10.1038/s12276-023-01069-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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