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  1. Article ; Online: Peers for the fearless: Social norms facilitate preventive behaviour when individuals perceive low COVID-19 health risks.

    Kittel, Bernhard / Kalleitner, Fabian / Schiestl, David W

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s) e0260171

    Abstract: A strategy frequently adopted to contain the COVID-19 pandemic involves three non-pharmaceutical interventions that depend on high levels of compliance in society: maintaining physical distance from others, minimizing social contacts, and wearing a face ... ...

    Abstract A strategy frequently adopted to contain the COVID-19 pandemic involves three non-pharmaceutical interventions that depend on high levels of compliance in society: maintaining physical distance from others, minimizing social contacts, and wearing a face mask. These measures require substantial changes in established practices of social interaction, raising the question of which factors motivate individuals to comply with these preventive behaviours. Using Austrian panel survey data from April 2020 to April 2021, we show that perceived health risks, social norms, and trust in political institutions stimulate people to engage in preventive behaviour. A moderation analysis shows that the effectiveness of social norms in facilitating preventive behaviour increases when people's perceptions of health risks decrease. No such moderation effect is observed for trust in political institutions. These results suggest that strong social norms play a crucial role in achieving high rates of preventive behaviour, especially when perceived levels of health risks are low.
    MeSH term(s) Austria ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/virology ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Pandemics ; Risk ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Social Norms ; Trust
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0260171
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: The impact of occupational structures on ethnic and gendered employment gaps: An event history analysis using social security register data.

    Vogtenhuber, Stefan / Steiber, Nadia / Mühlböck, Monika / Kittel, Bernhard

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 4, Page(s) e0250398

    Abstract: Ethnic and gendered employment gaps are mainly explained by individual characteristics, while less attention is paid to occupational structures. Drawing on administrative data, this article analyses the impact of occupational characteristics on top of ... ...

    Abstract Ethnic and gendered employment gaps are mainly explained by individual characteristics, while less attention is paid to occupational structures. Drawing on administrative data, this article analyses the impact of occupational characteristics on top of individual attributes in the urban labour market of Vienna. Both set of variables can explain observed employment gaps to a large extent, but persistent gaps remain, in particular among females. The article's main finding is that the occupational structure appears to have gendered effects. While men tend to benefit from ethnic segregation, women face difficulties when looking for jobs with high shares of immigrant workers. Looking for jobs in occupations that recruit from relatively few educational backgrounds (credentials) is beneficial for both sexes at the outset unemployment, but among females this competitive advantage diminishes over time. The article concludes by discussing potential strategies to avoid the traps of occupational segregation.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Austria ; Cities/economics ; Educational Status ; Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data ; Employment/trends ; Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupations/economics ; Occupations/ethics ; Occupations/trends ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits/trends ; Social Class ; Social Security/statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population/trends
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0250398
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Conquering the labour market

    David W. Schiestl / Bernhard Kittel / Maite Ibáñez Bollerhoff

    Comparative Migration Studies, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    the socioeconomic enablement of refugee women in Austria

    2021  Volume 18

    Abstract: Abstract Refugee women from the Near and Middle East face specific challenges when entering the Austrian labour market. Particularly gender-based factors, including care and reproductive work, exert pressure on these women and constitute major hurdles ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Refugee women from the Near and Middle East face specific challenges when entering the Austrian labour market. Particularly gender-based factors, including care and reproductive work, exert pressure on these women and constitute major hurdles for successful entry into employment in Austria. Based on nine qualitative interviews with refugee women who swiftly gained entry to the labour market as well as ten qualitative interviews with experts from public and private support organisations, we investigate refugee women’s social and cultural capital as well as the individual agencies that foster paths into the labour market. We introduce the concept of enablement as the process of gathering the preconditions for overcoming the challenges that arise on that path. Finally, we illuminate the ways in which the three dimensions of individual, relational and institutional enablement interrelate and shape individual agency with regard to labour market integration.
    Keywords Enablement ; Agency ; Refugee women ; Labour market integration ; Social Sciences ; H ; Communities. Classes. Races ; HT51-1595 ; Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ; HT101-395 ; City population. Including children in cities ; immigration ; HT201-221
    Subject code 390
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher SpringerOpen
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  4. Article ; Online: Peers for the fearless

    Bernhard Kittel / Fabian Kalleitner / David W. Schiestl

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss

    Social norms facilitate preventive behaviour when individuals perceive low COVID-19 health risks

    2021  Volume 12

    Abstract: A strategy frequently adopted to contain the COVID-19 pandemic involves three non-pharmaceutical interventions that depend on high levels of compliance in society: maintaining physical distance from others, minimizing social contacts, and wearing a face ... ...

    Abstract A strategy frequently adopted to contain the COVID-19 pandemic involves three non-pharmaceutical interventions that depend on high levels of compliance in society: maintaining physical distance from others, minimizing social contacts, and wearing a face mask. These measures require substantial changes in established practices of social interaction, raising the question of which factors motivate individuals to comply with these preventive behaviours. Using Austrian panel survey data from April 2020 to April 2021, we show that perceived health risks, social norms, and trust in political institutions stimulate people to engage in preventive behaviour. A moderation analysis shows that the effectiveness of social norms in facilitating preventive behaviour increases when people’s perceptions of health risks decrease. No such moderation effect is observed for trust in political institutions. These results suggest that strong social norms play a crucial role in achieving high rates of preventive behaviour, especially when perceived levels of health risks are low.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 300
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  5. Article ; Online: The impact of occupational structures on ethnic and gendered employment gaps

    Stefan Vogtenhuber / Nadia Steiber / Monika Mühlböck / Bernhard Kittel

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 4, p e

    An event history analysis using social security register data.

    2021  Volume 0250398

    Abstract: Ethnic and gendered employment gaps are mainly explained by individual characteristics, while less attention is paid to occupational structures. Drawing on administrative data, this article analyses the impact of occupational characteristics on top of ... ...

    Abstract Ethnic and gendered employment gaps are mainly explained by individual characteristics, while less attention is paid to occupational structures. Drawing on administrative data, this article analyses the impact of occupational characteristics on top of individual attributes in the urban labour market of Vienna. Both set of variables can explain observed employment gaps to a large extent, but persistent gaps remain, in particular among females. The article's main finding is that the occupational structure appears to have gendered effects. While men tend to benefit from ethnic segregation, women face difficulties when looking for jobs with high shares of immigrant workers. Looking for jobs in occupations that recruit from relatively few educational backgrounds (credentials) is beneficial for both sexes at the outset unemployment, but among females this competitive advantage diminishes over time. The article concludes by discussing potential strategies to avoid the traps of occupational segregation.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 331
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  6. Article ; Online: Peers for the fearless

    Bernhard Kittel / Fabian Kalleitner / David W Schiestl

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e

    Social norms facilitate preventive behaviour when individuals perceive low COVID-19 health risks.

    2021  Volume 0260171

    Abstract: A strategy frequently adopted to contain the COVID-19 pandemic involves three non-pharmaceutical interventions that depend on high levels of compliance in society: maintaining physical distance from others, minimizing social contacts, and wearing a face ... ...

    Abstract A strategy frequently adopted to contain the COVID-19 pandemic involves three non-pharmaceutical interventions that depend on high levels of compliance in society: maintaining physical distance from others, minimizing social contacts, and wearing a face mask. These measures require substantial changes in established practices of social interaction, raising the question of which factors motivate individuals to comply with these preventive behaviours. Using Austrian panel survey data from April 2020 to April 2021, we show that perceived health risks, social norms, and trust in political institutions stimulate people to engage in preventive behaviour. A moderation analysis shows that the effectiveness of social norms in facilitating preventive behaviour increases when people's perceptions of health risks decrease. No such moderation effect is observed for trust in political institutions. These results suggest that strong social norms play a crucial role in achieving high rates of preventive behaviour, especially when perceived levels of health risks are low.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 300
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  7. Article ; Online: The impact of need on distributive decisions: Experimental evidence on anchor effects of exogenous thresholds in the laboratory.

    Kittel, Bernhard / Neuhofer, Sabine / Schwaninger, Manuel

    PloS one

    2020  Volume 15, Issue 4, Page(s) e0228753

    Abstract: Giving more to those who need more has an intuitive appeal for determining the just allocation of resources. The need principle is considered one of the three major principles of distributive justice. In contrast to equality or equity, however, evidence ... ...

    Abstract Giving more to those who need more has an intuitive appeal for determining the just allocation of resources. The need principle is considered one of the three major principles of distributive justice. In contrast to equality or equity, however, evidence on the adherence to the needs principle rests mainly on stated instead of revealed preferences. In this paper we present an experimental design that exogenously assigns objective, heterogeneous need thresholds to individuals in small laboratory societies structured by a three-line network. The data reveal that a large proportion of individuals respond to others' need thresholds, but at a declining rate as thresholds increase. The equal distribution marks a discrete drop in the need satisfaction rate: Need thresholds above the equal distribution are less frequently satisfied. We conclude that others' needs are weighed against self-interest and equality. Our results provide evidence that distributions may be socially justified on grounds of the need principle.
    MeSH term(s) Decision Making ; Health Resources/economics ; Humans ; Needs Assessment ; Social Justice/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0228753
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  8. Article: Information exchange in laboratory markets: competition, transfer costs, and the emergence of reputation.

    Hoffmann, Roman / Kittel, Bernhard / Larsen, Mattias

    Experimental economics

    2020  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 118–142

    Abstract: Public reputation mechanisms are an effective means to limit opportunistic behavior in markets suffering from moral hazard problems. While previous research was mostly concerned with the influence of exogenous feedback mechanisms, this study considers ... ...

    Abstract Public reputation mechanisms are an effective means to limit opportunistic behavior in markets suffering from moral hazard problems. While previous research was mostly concerned with the influence of exogenous feedback mechanisms, this study considers the endogenous emergence of reputation through deliberate information sharing among actors and the role of barriers in hindering information exchange. Using a repeated investment game, we analyze the effects of competition and transfer costs on players' willingness to share information with each other. While transfer costs are a direct cost of the information exchange, competition costs represent an indirect cost that arises when the transfer of valuable information to competitors comes at the loss of a competitive advantage. We show that barriers to information exchange not only affect the behavior of the senders of information, but also affect the ones about whom the information is shared. While the possibility of sharing information about others significantly improves trust and market efficiency, both competition and direct transfer costs diminish the positive effect by substantially reducing the level of information exchange. Players about whom the information is shared anticipate and react to the changes in the costs by behaving more or less cooperatively. For reputation building, an environment is needed that fosters the sharing of information. Reciprocity is key to understanding information exchange. Even when it is costly, information sharing is used as a way to sanction others.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2015444-6
    ISSN 1573-6938 ; 1386-4157
    ISSN (online) 1573-6938
    ISSN 1386-4157
    DOI 10.1007/s10683-020-09652-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: The impact of need on distributive decisions

    Bernhard Kittel / Sabine Neuhofer / Manuel Schwaninger

    PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 4, p e

    Experimental evidence on anchor effects of exogenous thresholds in the laboratory.

    2020  Volume 0228753

    Abstract: Giving more to those who need more has an intuitive appeal for determining the just allocation of resources. The need principle is considered one of the three major principles of distributive justice. In contrast to equality or equity, however, evidence ... ...

    Abstract Giving more to those who need more has an intuitive appeal for determining the just allocation of resources. The need principle is considered one of the three major principles of distributive justice. In contrast to equality or equity, however, evidence on the adherence to the needs principle rests mainly on stated instead of revealed preferences. In this paper we present an experimental design that exogenously assigns objective, heterogeneous need thresholds to individuals in small laboratory societies structured by a three-line network. The data reveal that a large proportion of individuals respond to others' need thresholds, but at a declining rate as thresholds increase. The equal distribution marks a discrete drop in the need satisfaction rate: Need thresholds above the equal distribution are less frequently satisfied. We conclude that others' needs are weighed against self-interest and equality. Our results provide evidence that distributions may be socially justified on grounds of the need principle.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  10. Book: Experimental political science

    Kittel, Bernhard

    principles and practices

    (Research method series / ECPR, European Consortium for Political Research)

    2012  

    Author's details ed. by Bernhard Kittel
    Series title Research method series / ECPR, European Consortium for Political Research
    Keywords Political science/Experiments ; Political science/Research
    Language English
    Size XIV, 280 S., graph. Darst.
    Publisher Palgrave Macmillan
    Publishing place Basingstoke, Hampshire u.a.
    Document type Book
    Note Literaturangaben
    ISBN 9780230300859 ; 0230300855
    Database Former special subject collection: coastal and deep sea fishing

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