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  1. Article ; Online: Austinian model evaluation

    van Basshuysen, Philippe

    Philosophy of Science

    2023  Volume 90, Issue 5

    Abstract: Like Austin’s “performatives,” some models are used not merely to represent but also to change their targets in various ways. This article argues that Austin’s analysis can inform model evaluation: If models are evaluated with respect to their adequacy- ... ...

    Abstract Like Austin’s “performatives,” some models are used not merely to represent but also to change their targets in various ways. This article argues that Austin’s analysis can inform model evaluation: If models are evaluated with respect to their adequacy-for-purpose, and if performativity can in some cases be regarded as a model purpose (a proposition that is defended, using mechanism design as an example), it follows that these models can be evaluated with respect to their “felicity,” that is whether their use has achieved this purpose. Finally, I respond to epistemic and ethical concerns that might block this conclusion.
    Keywords Life Science
    Language English
    Publishing country nl
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2066891-0
    ISSN 1539-767X ; 0031-8248
    ISSN (online) 1539-767X
    ISSN 0031-8248
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: The Epistemic Duties of Philosophers: An Addendum.

    van Basshuysen, Philippe / White, Lucie

    Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 447–451

    Abstract: In "Were Lockdowns Justified? A Return to the Facts and Evidence", we argue that Eric Winsberg, Jason Brennan and Chris Surprenant fail to make their case that initial COVID-19 lockdowns were unjustified, due to the fact their argument rests on erroneous ...

    Abstract In "Were Lockdowns Justified? A Return to the Facts and Evidence", we argue that Eric Winsberg, Jason Brennan and Chris Surprenant fail to make their case that initial COVID-19 lockdowns were unjustified, due to the fact their argument rests on erroneous factual claims. As is made clear by a response in this volume, the authors mistakenly take us to have been defending the imposition of lockdowns. Here, we clarify the aims of our original paper, and emphasise the importance of getting the facts right when making philosophical arguments in such a contentious domain.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Dissent and Disputes ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1083645-7
    ISSN 1086-3249 ; 1054-6863
    ISSN (online) 1086-3249
    ISSN 1054-6863
    DOI 10.1353/ken.2021.0023
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  3. Article ; Online: Were lockdowns justified? A return to the facts and evidence.

    van Basshuysen, Philippe / White, Lucie

    Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal

    2021  Volume 31, Issue 4, Page(s) 405–428

    Abstract: Were governments justified in imposing lockdowns to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? We argue that a convincing answer to this question is to date wanting, by critically analyzing the factual basis of a recent paper, "How Government Leaders ... ...

    Abstract Were governments justified in imposing lockdowns to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic? We argue that a convincing answer to this question is to date wanting, by critically analyzing the factual basis of a recent paper, "How Government Leaders Violated Their Epistemic Duties During the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis" (Winsberg, Brennan, and Suprenant 2020). In their paper, Winsberg, Brennan, and Suprenant argue that government leaders did not, at the beginning of the pandemic, meet the epistemic requirements necessitated to impose lockdowns. We focus on Winsberg, Brennan, and Suprenant's contentions that knowledge about COVID-19 resultant projections were inadequate; that epidemiologists were biased in their estimates of relevant figures; that there was insufficient evidence supporting the efficacy of lockdowns; and that lockdowns cause more harm than good. We argue that none of these claims are sufficiently supported by evidence, thus impairing their case against lockdowns, and leaving open the question of whether lockdowns were justified.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Government ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1083645-7
    ISSN 1086-3249 ; 1054-6863
    ISSN (online) 1086-3249
    ISSN 1054-6863
    DOI 10.1353/ken.2021.0028
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Without a trace: Why did corona apps fail?

    White, Lucie / van Basshuysen, Philippe

    Journal of medical ethics

    2021  

    Abstract: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, high hopes were put on digital contact tracing, using mobile phone apps to record and immediately notify contacts when a user reports as infected. Such apps can now be downloaded in many countries, but as second ...

    Abstract At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, high hopes were put on digital contact tracing, using mobile phone apps to record and immediately notify contacts when a user reports as infected. Such apps can now be downloaded in many countries, but as second waves of COVID-19 are raging, these apps are playing a less important role than anticipated. We argue that this is because most countries have opted for app configurations that cannot provide a means of rapidly informing users of likely infections while avoiding too many false positive reports. Mathematical modelling suggests that differently configured apps have the potential to do this. These require, however, that some pseudonymised data be stored on a central server, which privacy advocates have cautioned against. We contend that their influential arguments are subject to two fallacies. First, they have tended to one-sidedly focus on the risks that centralised data storage entails for privacy, while paying insufficient attention to the fact that inefficient contact tracing involves ethical risks too. Second, while the envisioned system does entail risks of breaches, such risks are also present in decentralised systems, which have been falsely presented as 'privacy preserving by design'. When these points are understood, it becomes clear that we must rethink our approach to digital contact tracing in our fight against COVID-19.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 194927-5
    ISSN 1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
    ISSN (online) 1473-4257
    ISSN 0306-6800
    DOI 10.1136/medethics-2020-107061
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Mit Kontaktdaten gegen die Pandemie: Zur Ethik von Corona Warn-Apps.

    van Basshuysen, Philippe / White, Lucie

    Ethik in der Medizin : Organ der Akademie fur Ethik in der Medizin

    2021  Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 387–400

    Abstract: Definition of the problem: In spring 2020, as much of the world was emerging from widespread "lockdowns" as an emergency measure to combat the spread of SARS-CoV‑2, there was sustained discussion about how to lift measures while preventing further waves ...

    Title translation On the ethics of corona apps.
    Abstract Definition of the problem: In spring 2020, as much of the world was emerging from widespread "lockdowns" as an emergency measure to combat the spread of SARS-CoV‑2, there was sustained discussion about how to lift measures while preventing further waves of the virus and the need for further lockdowns. One strategy that attracted significant attention was the use of digital contact-tracing apps to quickly alert users of possible exposure to the virus, and to direct them into quarantine. The initially high expectations placed upon this strategy were not met-despite the implementation of a digital contact-tracing app in Germany, further restrictions have been placed on the general population in response to further waves of the virus. We consider how digital contact tracing might have been made more effective.
    Arguments: We argue that there is a conflict between collecting as little data as possible, and more effective epidemic control. In contrast to the "Corona-Warn-App" that was implemented in Germany, an app that stored more information on a central server (a so-called "centralized" app) had the potential to significantly decrease viral spread. We then look at the privacy-based arguments against the centralized storage of information, suggesting that "decentralized" systems have privacy problems of their own.
    Results: The German debate on digital contact tracing apps was quickly dominated by privacy concerns, to the detriment of other ethical factors such as enhancing potential effectiveness. Furthermore, the potential problems with privacy inherent in decentralized apps were obscured in the discussion. Once we recognize these two aspects, we can see that there is an argument to be made for preferring centralized digital contact-tracing apps.
    Language German
    Publishing date 2021-04-30
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type English Abstract ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 95932-7
    ISSN 1437-1618 ; 0935-7335
    ISSN (online) 1437-1618
    ISSN 0935-7335
    DOI 10.1007/s00481-021-00629-y
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  6. Article ; Online: Privacy versus Public Health? A Reassessment of Centralised and Decentralised Digital Contact Tracing.

    White, Lucie / van Basshuysen, Philippe

    Science and engineering ethics

    2021  Volume 27, Issue 2, Page(s) 23

    Abstract: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, high hopes were placed on digital contact tracing. Digital contact tracing apps can now be downloaded in many countries, but as further waves of COVID-19 tear through much of the northern hemisphere, these apps ... ...

    Abstract At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, high hopes were placed on digital contact tracing. Digital contact tracing apps can now be downloaded in many countries, but as further waves of COVID-19 tear through much of the northern hemisphere, these apps are playing a less important role in interrupting chains of infection than anticipated. We argue that one of the reasons for this is that most countries have opted for decentralised apps, which cannot provide a means of rapidly informing users of likely infections while avoiding too many false positive reports. Centralised apps, in contrast, have the potential to do this. But policy making was influenced by public debates about the right app configuration, which have tended to focus heavily on privacy, and are driven by the assumption that decentralised apps are "privacy preserving by design". We show that both types of apps are in fact vulnerable to privacy breaches, and, drawing on principles from safety engineering and risk analysis, compare the risks of centralised and decentralised systems along two dimensions, namely the probability of possible breaches and their severity. We conclude that a centralised app may in fact minimise overall ethical risk, and contend that we must reassess our approach to digital contact tracing, and should, more generally, be cautious about a myopic focus on privacy when conducting ethical assessments of data technologies.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/epidemiology ; Confidentiality/ethics ; Contact Tracing/ethics ; Contact Tracing/methods ; Digital Technology ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval/ethics ; Information Storage and Retrieval/methods ; Mobile Applications ; Privacy ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smartphone
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2136491-6
    ISSN 1471-5546 ; 1353-3452
    ISSN (online) 1471-5546
    ISSN 1353-3452
    DOI 10.1007/s11948-021-00301-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: How to overcome lockdown: selective isolation versus contact tracing.

    White, Lucie / van Basshuysen, Philippe

    Journal of medical ethics

    2020  Volume 46, Issue 11, Page(s) 724–725

    Abstract: At this stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, two policy aims are imperative: avoiding the need for a general lockdown of the population, with all its economic, social and health costs, and preventing the healthcare system from being overwhelmed by the ... ...

    Abstract At this stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, two policy aims are imperative: avoiding the need for a general lockdown of the population, with all its economic, social and health costs, and preventing the healthcare system from being overwhelmed by the unchecked spread of infection. Achieving these two aims requires the consideration of unpalatable measures. Julian Savulescu and James Cameron argue that mandatory isolation of the elderly is justified under these circumstances, as they are at increased risk of becoming severely ill from COVID-19, and are thus likely to put disproportionate strain on limited healthcare resources. However, their arguments for this strategy are contingent on the lack of viable alternatives. We suggest that there is a possible alternative: a mandatory, centralised contact-tracing app. We argue that this strategy is ethically preferable to the selective isolation of the elderly, because it does not target members of a certain group, relying instead on the movements of each individual, and because it avoids the extended isolation of certain members of the society. Although this type of contact-tracing app has its drawbacks, we contend that this measure warrants serious consideration.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Contact Tracing ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 194927-5
    ISSN 1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
    ISSN (online) 1473-4257
    ISSN 0306-6800
    DOI 10.1136/medethics-2020-106680
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Zur Ethik von Corona Warn-Apps

    Basshuysen, Philippe van / White, Lucie

    Ethik in der Medizin

    2021  Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 387–400

    Abstract: Definition of the problem In spring 2020, as much of the world was emerging from widespread ÊlockdownsË as an emergency measure to combat the spread of SARS-CoV-2, there was sustained discussion about how to lift measures while preventing further waves ...

    Title translation On the ethics of corona apps
    Abstract Definition of the problem In spring 2020, as much of the world was emerging from widespread ÊlockdownsË as an emergency measure to combat the spread of SARS-CoV-2, there was sustained discussion about how to lift measures while preventing further waves of the virus and the need for further lockdowns. One strategy that attracted significant attention was the use of digital contact-tracing apps to quickly alert users of possible exposure to the virus, and to direct them into quarantine. The initially high expectations placed upon this strategy were not met - despite the implementation of a digital contact-tracing app in Germany, further restrictions have been placed on the general population in response to further waves of the virus. We consider how digital contact tracing might have been made more effective. Arguments We argue that there is a conflict between collecting as little data as possible, and more effective epidemic control. In contrast to the ÊCorona-Warn-AppË that was implemented in Germany, an app that stored more information on a central server (a so-called ÊcentralizedË app) had the potential to significantly decrease viral spread. We then look at the privacy-based arguments against the centralized storage of information, suggesting that ÊdecentralizedË systems have privacy problems of their own. Results The German debate on digital contact tracing apps was quickly dominated by privacy concerns, to the detriment of other ethical factors such as enhancing potential effectiveness. Furthermore, the potential problems with privacy inherent in decentralized apps were obscured in the discussion. Once we recognize these two aspects, we can see that there is an argument to be made for preferring centralized digital contact-tracing apps. (Journal abstract)
    Keywords communicable diseases ; public health ; computers ; privacy ; confidentiality
    Subject code AN
    Language German
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 95932-7
    ISSN 1437-1618 ; 0935-7335
    ISSN (online) 1437-1618
    ISSN 0935-7335
    Database Ethics in Medicine (ETHMED)

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  9. Article ; Online: Towards a fair distribution mechanism for asylum

    Basshuysen, Philippe van

    Games Vol. 8, No. 4 , p. 1-19

    2017  Volume 8, Issue 4, Page(s) 1–19

    Abstract: It has been suggested that the distribution of refugees over host countries can be made more fair or efficient if policy makers take into account not only numbers of refugees to be distributed but also the goodness of the matches between refugees and ... ...

    Author's details Philippe van Basshuysen
    Abstract It has been suggested that the distribution of refugees over host countries can be made more fair or efficient if policy makers take into account not only numbers of refugees to be distributed but also the goodness of the matches between refugees and their possible host countries. There are different ways to design distribution mechanisms that incorporate this practice, which opens up a space for normative considerations. In particular, if the mechanism takes countries’ or refugees’ preferences into account, there may be trade-offs between satisfying their preferences and the number of refugees distributed. This article argues that, in such cases, it is not a reasonable policy to satisfy preferences. Moreover, conditions are given which, if satisfied, prevent the trade-off from occurring. Finally, it is argued that countries should not express preferences over refugees, but rather that priorities for refugees should be imposed, and that fairness beats efficiency in the context of distributing asylum. The framework of matching theory is used to make the arguments precise, but the results are general and relevant for other distribution mechanisms such as the relocations currently in effect in the European Union.
    Keywords refugees ; distribution mechanism ; asylum policy ; relocation ; market design ; matching theory
    Language English
    Size Online-Ressource
    Publisher MDPI
    Publishing place Basel
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2527220-2
    ISSN 2073-4336
    DOI 10.3390/g8040041
    Database ECONomics Information System

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  10. Article ; Online: How to overcome lockdown

    White, Lucie / van Basshuysen, Philippe

    Journal of Medical Ethics

    selective isolation versus contact tracing

    2020  Volume 46, Issue 11, Page(s) 724–725

    Abstract: At this stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, two policy aims are imperative: avoiding the need for a general lockdown of the population, with all its economic, social and health costs, and preventing the healthcare system from being overwhelmed by the ... ...

    Abstract At this stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, two policy aims are imperative: avoiding the need for a general lockdown of the population, with all its economic, social and health costs, and preventing the healthcare system from being overwhelmed by the unchecked spread of infection. Achieving these two aims requires the consideration of unpalatable measures. Julian Savulescu and James Cameron argue that mandatory isolation of the elderly is justified under these circumstances, as they are at increased risk of becoming severely ill from COVID-19, and are thus likely to put disproportionate strain on limited healthcare resources. However, their arguments for this strategy are contingent on the lack of viable alternatives. We suggest that there is a possible alternative: a mandatory, centralised contact-tracing app. We argue that this strategy is ethically preferable to the selective isolation of the elderly, because it does not target members of a certain group, relying instead on the movements of each individual, and because it avoids the extended isolation of certain members of the society. Although this type of contact-tracing app has its drawbacks, we contend that this measure warrants serious consideration.
    Keywords Health Policy ; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ; Issues, ethics and legal aspects ; Health(social science) ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher BMJ
    Publishing country uk
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 194927-5
    ISSN 1473-4257 ; 0306-6800
    ISSN (online) 1473-4257
    ISSN 0306-6800
    DOI 10.1136/medethics-2020-106680
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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