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  1. Article ; Online: Local-time averaged maps of H

    Stallard, Tom S / Baines, Kevin H / Melin, Henrik / Bradley, Thomas J / Moore, Luke / O'Donoghue, James / Miller, Steve / Chowdhury, Mohammad N / Badman, Sarah V / Allison, Hayley J / Roussos, Elias

    Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

    2019  Volume 377, Issue 2154, Page(s) 20180405

    Abstract: ... reveal multiple arcs of 0.5-1 km s ... We present Keck-NIRSPEC observations of Saturn's [Formula: see text] aurora taken over a period ... of a month, in support of the Cassini mission's 'Grand Finale'. These observations produce two-dimensional ...

    Abstract We present Keck-NIRSPEC observations of Saturn's [Formula: see text] aurora taken over a period of a month, in support of the Cassini mission's 'Grand Finale'. These observations produce two-dimensional maps of Saturn's [Formula: see text] temperature and ion winds for the first time. These maps show surprising complexity, with different morphologies seen in each night. The [Formula: see text] ion winds reveal multiple arcs of 0.5-1 km s
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-08-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208381-4
    ISSN 1471-2962 ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952 ; 1364-503X
    ISSN (online) 1471-2962
    ISSN 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952 ; 1364-503X
    DOI 10.1098/rsta.2018.0405
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Subacromial balloon spacer for irreparable rotator cuff tears of the shoulder (START:REACTS): a group-sequential, double-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial.

    Metcalfe, Andrew / Parsons, Helen / Parsons, Nicholas / Brown, Jaclyn / Fox, Josephine / Gemperlé Mannion, Elke / Haque, Aminul / Hutchinson, Charles / Kearney, Rebecca / Khan, Iftekhar / Lawrence, Tom / Mason, James / Stallard, Nigel / Underwood, Martin / Drew, Stephen

    Lancet (London, England)

    2022  Volume 399, Issue 10339, Page(s) 1954–1963

    Abstract: Background: New surgical procedures can expose patients to harm and should be carefully evaluated before widespread use. The InSpace balloon (Stryker, USA) is an innovative surgical device used to treat people with rotator cuff tears that cannot be ... ...

    Abstract Background: New surgical procedures can expose patients to harm and should be carefully evaluated before widespread use. The InSpace balloon (Stryker, USA) is an innovative surgical device used to treat people with rotator cuff tears that cannot be repaired. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of the InSpace balloon for people with irreparable rotator cuff tears.
    Methods: We conducted a double-blind, group-sequential, adaptive randomised controlled trial in 24 hospitals in the UK, comparing arthroscopic debridement of the subacromial space with biceps tenotomy (debridement only group) with the same procedure but including insertion of the InSpace balloon (debridement with device group). Participants had an irreparable rotator cuff tear, which had not resolved with conservative treatment, and they had symptoms warranting surgery. Eligibility was confirmed intraoperatively before randomly assigning (1:1) participants to a treatment group using a remote computer system. Participants and assessors were masked to group assignment. Masking was achieved by using identical incisions for both procedures, blinding the operation note, and a consistent rehabilitation programme was offered regardless of group allocation. The primary outcome was the Oxford Shoulder Score at 12 months. Pre-trial simulations using data from early and late timepoints informed stopping boundaries for two interim analyses. The primary analysis was on a modified intention-to-treat basis, adjusted for the planned interim analysis. The trial was registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN17825590.
    Findings: Between June 1, 2018, and July 30, 2020, we assessed 385 people for eligibility, of which 317 were eligible. 249 (79%) people consented for inclusion in the study. 117 participants were randomly allocated to a treatment group, 61 participants to the debridement only group and 56 to the debridement with device group. A predefined stopping boundary was met at the first interim analysis and recruitment stopped with 117 participants randomised. 43% of participants were female, 57% were male. We obtained primary outcome data for 114 (97%) participants. The mean Oxford Shoulder Score at 12 months was 34·3 (SD 11·1) in the debridement only group and 30·3 (10·9) in the debridement with device group (mean difference adjusted for adaptive design -4·2 [95% CI -8·2 to -0·26];p=0·037) favouring control. There was no difference in adverse events between the two groups.
    Interpretation: In an efficient, adaptive trial design, our results favoured the debridement only group. We do not recommend the InSpace balloon for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears.
    Funding: Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme, a Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health and Care Research partnership.
    MeSH term(s) Arthroscopy/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Rotator Cuff Injuries/surgery ; Shoulder ; Shoulder Pain/surgery ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 3306-6
    ISSN 1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    ISSN (online) 1474-547X
    ISSN 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00652-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Can we convert between outcome measures of disability for chronic low back pain?

    Morris, Tom / Hee, Siew Wan / Stallard, Nigel / Underwood, Martin / Patel, Shilpa

    Spine

    2015  Volume 40, Issue 10, Page(s) 734–739

    Abstract: ... for each outcome and this was used to calculate the correlation between the change scores and the Cohen's κ ...

    Abstract Study design: Retrospective database analysis.
    Objective: A range of patient-reported outcomes were used to measure disability due to low back pain. There is not a single back pain disability measurement commonly used in all randomized controlled trials. We report here our assessment as to whether different disability measures are sufficiently comparable to allow data pooling across trials.
    Summary of background data: We used individual patient data from a repository of data from back pain trials of therapist-delivered interventions.
    Methods: We used data from 11 trials (n=6089 patients) that had at least 2 of the following 7 measurements: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Chronic Pain Grade disability score, Physical Component Summary of the 12- or 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Patient Specific Functional Scale, Pain Disability Index, Oswestry Disability Index, and Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire. Within each trial, the change score between baseline and short-term follow-up was computed for each outcome and this was used to calculate the correlation between the change scores and the Cohen's κ for the 3-level outcome of change score of less than, equal to, and more than zero. It was considered feasible to pool 2 measures if they were at least moderately correlated (correlation>0.5) and have at least moderately similar responsiveness (κ>0.4).
    Results: Although all pairs of measures were found to be positively correlated, most correlations were less than 0.5, with only 1 pair of outcomes in 1 trial having a correlation of more than 0.6. All κ statistics were less than 0.4 so that in no cases were the criteria for acceptability of pooling measures satisfied.
    Conclusion: The lack of agreement between different outcome measures means that pooling of data on these different disability measurements in a meta-analysis is not recommended.
    Level of evidence: 2.
    MeSH term(s) Chronic Pain/diagnosis ; Chronic Pain/physiopathology ; Chronic Pain/psychology ; Cost of Illness ; Databases, Factual ; Disability Evaluation ; Humans ; Low Back Pain/diagnosis ; Low Back Pain/physiopathology ; Low Back Pain/psychology ; Pain Measurement ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Quality of Life ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-05-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 752024-4
    ISSN 1528-1159 ; 0362-2436
    ISSN (online) 1528-1159
    ISSN 0362-2436
    DOI 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000866
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Cooling by H3(+) emission.

    Miller, Steve / Stallard, Tom / Tennyson, Jonathan / Melin, Henrik

    The journal of physical chemistry. A

    2013  Volume 117, Issue 39, Page(s) 9770–9777

    Abstract: Emission by the H3(+) molecular ion may be important in determining the energy balance in astrophysical situations, such as in (exo)planetary atmospheres. Here we report the calculation of a new cooling function, based on refitted partition functions and ...

    Abstract Emission by the H3(+) molecular ion may be important in determining the energy balance in astrophysical situations, such as in (exo)planetary atmospheres. Here we report the calculation of a new cooling function, based on refitted partition functions and a recalculation of the total energy emitted by the molecule. This new function gives significantly increased cooling at higher temperatures, typical of those found in the atmospheres of gas giants. It is shown that nonthermal effects also need to be considered. A link to a web-based code to calculate radiative cooling in H2/H3(+) gas mixtures, including the effects of departures from equilibrium, is provided.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-10-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1520-5215
    ISSN (online) 1520-5215
    DOI 10.1021/jp312468b
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: The Great Cold Spot in Jupiter's upper atmosphere.

    Stallard, Tom S / Melin, Henrik / Miller, Steve / Moore, Luke / O'Donoghue, James / Connerney, John E P / Satoh, Takehiko / West, Robert A / Thayer, Jeffrey P / Hsu, Vicki W / Johnson, Rosie E

    Geophysical research letters

    2017  Volume 44, Issue 7, Page(s) 3000–3008

    Abstract: Past observations and modeling of Jupiter's thermosphere have, due to their limited resolution ...

    Abstract Past observations and modeling of Jupiter's thermosphere have, due to their limited resolution, suggested that heat generated by the aurora near the poles results in a smooth thermal gradient away from these aurorae, indicating a quiescent and diffuse flow of energy within the subauroral thermosphere. Here we discuss Very Large Telescope-Cryogenic High-Resolution IR Echelle Spectrometer observations that reveal a small-scale localized cooling of ~200 K within the nonauroral thermosphere. Using Infrared Telescope Facility NSFCam images, this feature is revealed to be quasi-stable over at least a 15 year period, fixed in magnetic latitude and longitude. The size and shape of this "Great Cold Spot" vary significantly with time, strongly suggesting that it is produced by an aurorally generated weather system: the first direct evidence of a long-term thermospheric vortex in the solar system. We discuss the implications of this spot, comparing it with short-term temperature and density variations at Earth.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-04-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 7403-2
    ISSN 0094-8276
    ISSN 0094-8276
    DOI 10.1002/2016GL071956
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Book ; Online: Efficient adaptive designs for clinical trials of interventions for COVID-19

    Stallard, Nigel / Hampson, Lisa / Benda, Norbert / Brannath, Werner / Burnett, Tom / Friede, Tim / Kimani, Peter K. / Koenig, Franz / Krisam, Johannes / Mozgunov, Pavel / Posch, Martin / Wason, James / Wassmer, Gernot / Whitehead, John / Williamson, S. Faye / Zohar, Sarah / Jaki, Thomas

    2020  

    Abstract: ... the trial's scientific validity or integrity. In this paper we describe some of the adaptive design approaches ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented response in terms of clinical research activity. An important part of this research has been focused on randomized controlled clinical trials to evaluate potential therapies for COVID-19. The results from this research need to be obtained as rapidly as possible. This presents a number of challenges associated with considerable uncertainty over the natural history of the disease and the number and characteristics of patients affected, and the emergence of new potential therapies. These challenges make adaptive designs for clinical trials a particularly attractive option. Such designs allow a trial to be modified on the basis of interim analysis data or stopped as soon as sufficiently strong evidence has been observed to answer the research question, without compromising the trial's scientific validity or integrity. In this paper we describe some of the adaptive design approaches that are available and discuss particular issues and challenges associated with their use in the pandemic setting. Our discussion is illustrated by details of four ongoing COVID-19 trials that have used adaptive designs.
    Keywords Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods ; covid19
    Subject code 310
    Publishing date 2020-05-25
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article: H3+ cooling in planetary atmospheres.

    Miller, Steve / Stallard, Tom / Melin, Henrik / Tennyson, Jonathan

    Faraday discussions

    2010  Volume 147, Page(s) 283–91; discussion 379–403

    Abstract: We review the role of H3+ in planetary atmospheres, with a particular emphasis on its effect in cooling and stabilising, an effect that has been termed the "H3+ thermostat" (see Miller et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 2000, 58, 2485). In ... ...

    Abstract We review the role of H3+ in planetary atmospheres, with a particular emphasis on its effect in cooling and stabilising, an effect that has been termed the "H3+ thermostat" (see Miller et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 2000, 58, 2485). In the course of our analysis of this effect, we found that cooling functions that make use of the partition function, Q(T) based on the calculated H3+ energy levels of Neale and Tennyson (Astrophys. J., 1995, 454, L169) may underestimate just how much energy this ion is radiating to space. So we present a new fit to the calculated values of Q(T) that is accurate to within 2% for the range 100 K to 10 000 K, a very significant improvement on the fit originally provided by Neale and Tennyson themselves. We also present a fit to Q(T) calculated from only those values Neale and Tennyson computed from first principles, which may be more appropriate for planetary scientists wishing to calculate the amount of atmospheric cooling from the H3+ ion.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-12-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1359-6640
    ISSN 1359-6640
    DOI 10.1039/c004152c
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of Subacromial spacer for Tears Affecting Rotator cuff Tendons: a Randomised, Efficient, Adaptive Clinical Trial in Surgery (START:REACTS).

    Metcalfe, Andrew / Gemperle Mannion, Elke / Parsons, Helen / Brown, Jaclyn / Parsons, Nicholas / Fox, Josephine / Kearney, Rebecca / Lawrence, Tom / Bush, Howard / McGowan, Kerri / Khan, Iftekhar / Mason, James / Hutchinson, Charles / Gates, Simon / Stallard, Nigel / Underwood, Martin / Drew, Stephen

    BMJ open

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 5, Page(s) e036829

    Abstract: Introduction: Shoulder pain due to irreparable rotator cuff tears can cause substantial disability, but treatment options are limited. A balloon spacer is a relatively simple addition to a standard arthroscopic debridement procedure, but it is costly ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Shoulder pain due to irreparable rotator cuff tears can cause substantial disability, but treatment options are limited. A balloon spacer is a relatively simple addition to a standard arthroscopic debridement procedure, but it is costly and there is no current randomised trial evidence to support its use. This trial will evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a subacromial balloon spacer for individuals undergoing arthroscopic debridement for irreparable rotator cuff tears.New surgical procedures can provide substantial benefit to patients. Good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are needed, but trials in surgery are typically long and expensive, exposing patients to risk and the healthcare system to substantial costs. One way to improve the efficiency of trials is with an adaptive sample size. Such methods are well established in drug trials but have rarely, if ever, been used in surgical trials.
    Methods and analysis: Subacromial spacer for Tears Affecting Rotator cuff Tendons: a Randomised, Efficient, Adaptive Clinical Trial in Surgery (START:REACTS) is a participant and assessor blinded, adaptive, multicentre RCT comparing arthroscopic debridement with the InSpace balloon (Stryker, USA) to arthroscopic debridement alone for people with a symptomatic irreparable rotator cuff tear. It uses a group sequential adaptive design where interim analyses are performed using all of the 3, 6 and 12-month data that are available at each time point. A maximum of 221 participants will be randomised (1:1 ratio), this will provide 90% power (at the 5% level) for a 6 point difference in the primary outcome; the Oxford Shoulder Score at 12 months. A substudy will use deltoid-active MRI scans in 56 participants to assess the function of the balloon. Analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis and reported according to principles established in the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement.
    Ethics and dissemination: NRES number 18/WM/0025. The results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, presentations at conferences, lay summaries and social media.
    Trial registration number: ISRCTN17825590.
    MeSH term(s) Arthroscopy ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Humans ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Rotator Cuff/surgery ; Rotator Cuff Injuries/surgery ; Shoulder Pain/etiology ; Treatment Outcome
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Clinical Trial Protocol ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2599832-8
    ISSN 2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
    ISSN (online) 2044-6055
    ISSN 2044-6055
    DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-036829
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: H3+: the driver of giant planet atmospheres.

    Miller, Steve / Stallard, Tom / Smith, Chris / Millward, George / Melin, Henrik / Lystrup, Makenzie / Aylward, Alan

    Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

    2006  Volume 364, Issue 1848, Page(s) 3121–35; discussion 3136–7

    Abstract: ... of energy inputs into Jupiter (J), Saturn (S) and Uranus (U). It also acts as a 'thermostat', offsetting ... circulation systems (J and S). These latter two effects, dependent on H3+, also result in very large heating terms ...

    Abstract We present a review of recent developments in the use of H3+ molecular ion as a probe of physics and chemistry of the upper atmospheres of giant planets. This ion is shown to be a good tracer of energy inputs into Jupiter (J), Saturn (S) and Uranus (U). It also acts as a 'thermostat', offsetting increases in the energy inputs owing to particle precipitation via cooling to space (J and U). Computer models have established that H3+ is also the main contributor to ionospheric conductivity. The coupling of electric and magnetic fields in the auroral polar regions leads to ion winds, which, in turn, drive neutral circulation systems (J and S). These latter two effects, dependent on H3+, also result in very large heating terms, approximately 5 x 10(12) W for Saturn and greater than 10(14) W for Jupiter, planet-wide; these terms compare with approximately 2.5 x 10(11) W of solar extreme UV absorbed at Saturn and 10(12) W at Jupiter. Thus, H3+ is shown to play a major role in explaining why the temperatures of the giant planets are much greater (by hundreds of kelvin) at the top of the atmosphere than solar inputs alone can account for.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2006-11-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 208381-4
    ISSN 1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
    ISSN (online) 1471-2962
    ISSN 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
    DOI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1877
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Temperature changes and energy inputs in giant planet atmospheres: what we are learning from H3+.

    Stallard, Tom S / Melin, Henrik / Miller, Steve / O'Donoghue, James / Cowley, Stan W H / Badman, Sarah V / Adriani, Alberto / Brown, Robert H / Baines, Kevin H

    Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences

    2012  Volume 370, Issue 1978, Page(s) 5213–5224

    Abstract: ... significantly distorted by the effects of the Earth's atmosphere. We also review past observations of variations ...

    Abstract Since its discovery at Jupiter in 1988, emission from H(3)(+) has been used as a valuable diagnostic tool in our understanding of the upper atmospheres of the giant planets. One of the lasting questions we have about the giant planets is why the measured upper atmosphere temperatures are always consistently hotter than the temperatures expected from solar heating alone. Here, we describe how H(3)(+) forms across each of the planetary disks of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, presenting the first observations of equatorial H(3)(+) at Saturn and the first profile of H(3)(+) emission at Uranus not significantly distorted by the effects of the Earth's atmosphere. We also review past observations of variations in temperature measured at Uranus and Jupiter over a wide variety of time scales. To this, we add new observations of temperature changes at Saturn, using observations by Cassini. We conclude that the causes of the significant level of thermal variability observed over all three planets is not only an important question in itself, but that explaining these variations could be the key to answering the more general question of why giant planet upper atmospheres are so hot.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-11-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208381-4
    ISSN 1471-2962 ; 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
    ISSN (online) 1471-2962
    ISSN 1364-503X ; 0080-4614 ; 0264-3820 ; 0264-3952
    DOI 10.1098/rsta.2012.0028
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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