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Article ; Online: Hypertension Diagnosis and Management in Africa Using Mobile Phones: A Scoping Review.

Oronti, Iyabosola B / Iadanza, Ernesto / Pecchia, Leandro

IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering

2024 Volume 17, Page(s) 197–211

Abstract: Target 3.4 of the third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proposes to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by one-third. Epidemiological data presented by the World Health ... ...

Abstract	Target 3.4 of the third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly proposes to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by one-third. Epidemiological data presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 show that out of a total of 57 million deaths worldwide, approximately 41 million deaths occurred due to NCDs, with 78% of such deaths occurring in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). The majority of investigations on NCDs agree that the leading risk factor for mortality worldwide is hypertension. Over 75% of the world's mobile phone subscriptions reside in LMICs, hence making the mobile phone particularly relevant to mHealth deployment in Africa. This study is aimed at determining the scope of the literature available on hypertension diagnosis and management in Africa, with particular emphasis on determining the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of interventions based on the use of mobile phones. The bulk of the evidence considered overwhelmingly shows that SMS technology is yet the most used medium for executing interventions in Africa. Consequently, the need to define novel and superior ways of providing effective and low-cost monitoring, diagnosis, and management of hypertension-related NCDs delivered through artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques is clear.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Cell Phone ; Hypertension/diagnosis ; Telemedicine ; Africa ; Noncommunicable Diseases
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ISSN	1941-1189
ISSN (online)	1941-1189
DOI	10.1109/RBME.2022.3186828
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Article: Analysis of Pharmaceutical Companies' Social Media Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on the Public.

Gyftopoulos, Sotirios / Drosatos, George / Fico, Giuseppe / Pecchia, Leandro / Kaldoudi, Eleni

Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic, a period of great turmoil, was coupled with the emergence of an "infodemic", a state when the public was bombarded with vast amounts of unverified information from dubious sources that led to a chaotic information landscape. The ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic, a period of great turmoil, was coupled with the emergence of an "infodemic", a state when the public was bombarded with vast amounts of unverified information from dubious sources that led to a chaotic information landscape. The excessive flow of messages to citizens, combined with the justified fear and uncertainty imposed by the unknown virus, cast a shadow on the credibility of even well-intentioned sources and affected the emotional state of the public. Several studies highlighted the mental toll this environment took on citizens by analyzing their discourse on online social networks (OSNs). In this study, we focus on the activity of prominent pharmaceutical companies on Twitter, currently known as X, as well as the public's response during the COVID-19 pandemic. Communication between companies and users is examined and compared in two discrete channels, the COVID-19 and the non-COVID-19 channel, based on the content of the posts circulated in them in the period between March 2020 and September 2022, while the emotional profile of the content is outlined through a state-of-the-art emotion analysis model. Our findings indicate significantly increased activity in the COVID-19 channel compared to the non-COVID-19 channel while the predominant emotion in both channels is joy. However, the COVID-19 channel exhibited an upward trend in the circulation of fear by the public. The quotes and replies produced by the users, with a stark presence of negative charge and diffusion indicators, reveal the public's preference for promoting tweets conveying an emotional charge, such as fear, surprise, and joy. The findings of this research study can inform the development of communication strategies based on emotion-aware messages in future crises.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2651997-5
ISSN	2076-328X
ISSN	2076-328X
DOI	10.3390/bs14020128
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Article ; Online: Exploring the misalignment on the value of further research between payers and manufacturers. A case study on a novel total artificial heart.

Federici, Carlo / Pecchia, Leandro

Health economics

2022 Volume 31 Suppl 1, Page(s) 98–115

Abstract: Payers and manufacturers can disagree on the appropriate level of evidence that is required for new medical devices, resulting in high societal costs due to decisions taken with sub-optimal information. A cost-effectiveness model of a hypothetical total ... ...

Abstract	Payers and manufacturers can disagree on the appropriate level of evidence that is required for new medical devices, resulting in high societal costs due to decisions taken with sub-optimal information. A cost-effectiveness model of a hypothetical total artificial heart was built using data from the literature and the (simulated) results of a pivotal study. The expected value of perfect information (EVPI) was calculated from both the payer and manufacturer perspectives, using net monetary benefit and the company's return on investment respectively. A function was also defined, linking effectiveness to market shares. Additional constraints such as a minimum clinical difference or maximum budget impact were introduced into the company's decisions to simulate additional barriers to adoption. The difference in the EVPI between manufacturers and payers varied greatly depending on the underlying decision rules and constraints. The manufacturer's EVPI depends on the probability of being reimbursed, the uncertainty on the (cost-)effectiveness of the technology, as well as other parameters relating to initial investments, operating costs and market dynamics. The use of Value of information for both perspectives can outline potential misalignments and can be particularly useful to inform early dialogs between manufacturers and payers, or negotiations on conditional reimbursement schemes.
MeSH term(s)	Budgets ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Heart, Artificial ; Humans ; Probability ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1135838-5
ISSN	1099-1050 ; 1057-9230
ISSN (online)	1099-1050
ISSN	1057-9230
DOI	10.1002/hec.4520
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Zs.A 3555: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Recurrence quantification analysis of center of pressure trajectories for balance and fall-risk assessment in young and older adults.

Fernandez-Cervantes, Emiliano / Montesinos, Luis / Gonzalez-Nucamendi, Andres / Pecchia, Leandro

IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

2023 Volume PP

Abstract: The prevalence and impact of balance impairments and falls in older adults have motivated several studies on the characterization of human balance. This study aimed to determine the ability of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) measures to ... ...

Abstract	The prevalence and impact of balance impairments and falls in older adults have motivated several studies on the characterization of human balance. This study aimed to determine the ability of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) measures to characterize balance control during quiet standing in young and older adults and to discriminate between different fall risk groups. We analyze center pressure trajectories in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions from a publicly available static posturography dataset that contains tests acquired under four vision-surface testing conditions. Participants were retrospectively classified as young adults (age<60, n=85), non-fallers (age≥60, falls=0, n=56), and fallers (age≥60, falls≥1, n=18). Mixed ANOVA and post hoc analyzes were performed to test for differences between groups. For CoP fluctuations in the anterior-posterior direction, all RQA measures showed significantly higher values for young than older adults when standing on a compliant surface, indicating less predictable and stable balance control among seniors under testing conditions where sensory information is restricted or altered. However, no significant differences between non-fallers and fallers were observed. These results support the use of RQA to characterize balance control in young and old adults, but not to discriminate between different fall risk groups.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1166307-8
ISSN	1558-0210 ; 1063-6528 ; 1534-4320
ISSN (online)	1558-0210
ISSN	1063-6528 ; 1534-4320
DOI	10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3236454
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Zs.A 4726: Show issues

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Article: 3D-printed activated charcoal inlet filters for oxygen concentrators: A circular economy approach.

Williams, Ellis / Piaggio, Davide / Andellini, Martina / Pecchia, Leandro

Development engineering

2022 Volume 7, Page(s) 100094

Abstract: As of May 2021, the current COVID-19 pandemic is still plaguing the world, challenging all the countries and their health systems, globally. In this context, conditions typical of low-resource settings surfaced also in high-resource ones (e.g., the lack ... ...

Abstract	As of May 2021, the current COVID-19 pandemic is still plaguing the world, challenging all the countries and their health systems, globally. In this context, conditions typical of low-resource settings surfaced also in high-resource ones (e.g., the lack of essential medical equipment, of resources etc.), while exacerbating in the already resource-scarce settings, because of COVID-19. This is the case of oxygen concentrators that are one of the first-line medical devices for treating COVID-19 patients. Since the beginning of 2020, their demand has been rapidly growing worldwide, aggravating the situation for low-resource settings, where the availability of devices providing oxygen-enriched air was already scarce. In fact, due to their delicacy, the lack of spare parts and of an appropriate health technology management system, oxygen concentrators can often be found broken or not working properly in these settings. The underlying problems have deep roots. The current regulatory frameworks and standards, which are set by high-income countries, are too stringent, and do not take into account the limited resources of poorer settings. Thus, they are often inapplicable in such settings. One of the main issues affecting the oxygen concentrators, is that related to the filters, which are designed to filter out dust, particles, bacteria, and to be used in medical locations complying with international standards (e.g., the air filtration level in a surgical theatre in Italy is at 99.97%). When used in low-resource settings, which do not comply with these standards and face several challenges (e.g., dust), these filters have a much-reduced lifespan. For these reasons, this paper aims to present the redesign of the inlet filter of an oxygen concentrator, which is used to prevent gross particles to enter the device. The redesign is based on a reverse engineering approach, and on the use of 3D-printing along with activated charcoal. After testing the filtration efficiency with a particle counter, the filter design has been refined through several iterations. The final prototype performs particularly well when filtering particles above 1 μm (with a filtration efficiency of 64.2%), and still has a satisfactory performance with any particle size over 0.3 μm (with a filtration efficiency of 38.8%). Following the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, this project aims to empower local communities, and start a positive trend of self-sustained supply chain of simple spare parts for medical devices, leveraging on frugal engineering, 3D-printing, locally produced activated charcoal, and circular economy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-7285
ISSN	2352-7285
DOI	10.1016/j.deveng.2022.100094
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Article ; Online: Personal protective equipment research and innovation in the context of the World Health Organization COVID-19 R&D Blueprint program.

Moon, Madison / Pecchia, Leandro / Velazquez Berumen, Adriana / Baller, April

American journal of infection control

2022 Volume 50, Issue 8, Page(s) 839–843

MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional ; Personal Protective Equipment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; World Health Organization
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	392362-9
ISSN	1527-3296 ; 0196-6553
ISSN (online)	1527-3296
ISSN	0196-6553
DOI	10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.007
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Zs.A 1773: Show issues

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Article: The role of ethics in science: a systematic literature review from the first wave of COVID-19.

Maccaro, Alessia / Piaggio, Davide / Pagliara, Silvio / Pecchia, Leandro

Health and technology

2021 Volume 11, Issue 5, Page(s) 1063–1071

Abstract: This paper proposes a systematic literature review on ethics and CoviD-19, aiming to understand the impact and the perception of the pandemic during the first wave (January-June 2020) and the consequences one year later. PubMed was systematically ... ...

Abstract	This paper proposes a systematic literature review on ethics and CoviD-19, aiming to understand the impact and the perception of the pandemic during the first wave (January-June 2020) and the consequences one year later. PubMed was systematically searched up May 2020 to identify studies that took into consideration various ethical issues that have been arising from the Covid-19 outbreak. The eligibility of the papers was determined by two authors, who screened the results mediated by a third author. In order to facilitate the screening, the titles were divided into five sub-thematic macro-areas, namely Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12553-021-00570-6.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-03
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2581463-1
ISSN	2190-7196 ; 2190-7188
ISSN (online)	2190-7196
ISSN	2190-7188
DOI	10.1007/s12553-021-00570-6
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 preparedness and social dynamics in a Sub-Saharan Africa country, Benin.

Maccaro, Alessia / Piaggio, Davide / Vignigbé, Marius / Stingl, Alexander / Pecchia, Leandro

Health promotion international

2022 Volume 37, Issue 4

Abstract: This project aims to assess and analyse the perception and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Benin. The applied research methodology was interdisciplinary and combined field studies that used ethnographic and social research methods with coding and data ...

Abstract	This project aims to assess and analyse the perception and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Benin. The applied research methodology was interdisciplinary and combined field studies that used ethnographic and social research methods with coding and data analysis, leading to theoretical dilemmas, which were analysed from the viewpoint of bioethical reflection. Furthermore, biomedical engineering approaches were used to assess the preparedness to COVID-19. Despite the preparedness to COVID-19 due to the promoted governmental measures, a peculiar management of the pandemic emerged. The latter, although noteworthy, did not overcome the typical challenges of medical locations in low-resource settings. This, together with the controversial spread of information and local beliefs, caused significant economic and social consequences, exceeding the benefits related to the containment of the virus. This research highlights how the emotion of fear, in this specific situation, was herald of dramatic consequences, rather than having a heuristic and empowering effect.
MeSH term(s)	Africa South of the Sahara ; Benin/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Humans ; Pandemics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1027448-0
ISSN	1460-2245 ; 0957-4824
ISSN (online)	1460-2245
ISSN	0957-4824
DOI	10.1093/heapro/daac105
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Zs.A 2178: Show issues

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Article: A robotic arm for safe and accurate control of biomedical equipment during COVID-19.

Iadanza, Ernesto / Pasqua, Giammarco / Piaggio, Davide / Caputo, Corrado / Gherardelli, Monica / Pecchia, Leandro

Health and technology

2023 Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) 285–300

Abstract: Purpose: Hospital facilities and social life, along with the global economy, have been severely challenged by COVID-19 since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, countless ordinary citizens, as well as ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Hospital facilities and social life, along with the global economy, have been severely challenged by COVID-19 since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic in March 2020. Since then, countless ordinary citizens, as well as healthcare workers, have contracted the virus by just coming into contact with infected surfaces. In order to minimise the risk of getting infected by contact with such surfaces, our study aims to design, prototype, and test a new device able to connect users, such as common citizens, doctors or paramedics, with either common-use interfaces (e.g., lift and snack machine keyboards, traffic light push-buttons) or medical-use interfaces (e.g., any medical equipment keypad). Method: To this purpose, the device was designed with the help of Unified Modelling Language (UML) schemes, and was informed by a risk analysis, that highlighted some of its essential requirements and specifications. Consequently, the chosen constructive solution of the robotic system, i.e., a robotic-arm structure, was designed and manufactured using computer-aided design and 3D printing. Result: The final prototype included a properly programmed micro-controller, linked via Bluetooth to a multi-platform mobile phone app, which represents the user interface. The system was then successfully tested on different physical keypads and touch screens. Better performance of the system can be foreseen by introducing improvements in the industrial production phase. Conclusion: This first prototype paves the way for further research in this area, allowing for better management and preparedness of next pandemic emergencies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-05
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2581463-1
ISSN	2190-7196 ; 2190-7188
ISSN (online)	2190-7196
ISSN	2190-7188
DOI	10.1007/s12553-022-00715-1
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Article ; Online: The use of smart environments and robots for infection prevention control: A systematic literature review.

Piaggio, Davide / Zarro, Marianna / Pagliara, Silvio / Andellini, Martina / Almuhini, Abdulaziz / Maccaro, Alessia / Pecchia, Leandro

American journal of infection control

2023 Volume 51, Issue 10, Page(s) 1175–1181

Abstract: Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) is essential to prevent nosocomial infections. This manuscript aims at investigating the current use and role of robots and smart environments on IPC systems in nosocomial settings METHODS: The ... ...

Abstract	Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) is essential to prevent nosocomial infections. This manuscript aims at investigating the current use and role of robots and smart environments on IPC systems in nosocomial settings METHODS: The systematic literature review was performed following the PRISMA statement. Literature was searched for articles published in the period January 2016 to October 2022. Two authors determined the eligibility of the papers, with conflicting decisions being mitigated by a third. Relevant data was then extracted using an ad-hoc extraction table to facilitate the analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: The search strategy returned 1520 citations and 17 papers were included. This review identified 3 main areas of interest: hand hygiene and personal protective equipment compliance, automatic infection cluster detection and environments cleaning (ie, air quality control, sterilization). This review demonstrates that IPC practices within hospitals mostly do not rely on automation and robotic technology, and few advancements have been made in this field. Conclusions: Increasing the awareness of healthcare workers on these technologies, through training and involving them in the design process, is essential to accomplish the Health 4.0 transformation. Research priorities should also be considering how to implement similar or more contextualized alternatives for low-income countries.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Robotics ; Infection Control ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; Health Personnel ; Delivery of Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	392362-9
ISSN	1527-3296 ; 0196-6553
ISSN (online)	1527-3296
ISSN	0196-6553
DOI	10.1016/j.ajic.2023.03.005
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