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Article ; Online: Paradoxical relationship between speed and accuracy in olfactory figure-background segregation.

Lebovich, Lior / Yunerman, Michael / Scaiewicz, Viviana / Loewenstein, Yonatan / Rokni, Dan

2021 Volume 17, Issue 12, Page(s) e1009674

Abstract: In natural settings, many stimuli impinge on our sensory organs simultaneously. Parsing these sensory stimuli into perceptual objects is a fundamental task faced by all sensory systems. Similar to other sensory modalities, increased odor backgrounds ... ...

Abstract	In natural settings, many stimuli impinge on our sensory organs simultaneously. Parsing these sensory stimuli into perceptual objects is a fundamental task faced by all sensory systems. Similar to other sensory modalities, increased odor backgrounds decrease the detectability of target odors by the olfactory system. The mechanisms by which background odors interfere with the detection and identification of target odors are unknown. Here we utilized the framework of the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to consider possible interference mechanisms in an odor detection task. We first considered pure effects of background odors on either signal or noise in the decision-making dynamics and showed that these produce different predictions about decision accuracy and speed. To test these predictions, we trained mice to detect target odors that are embedded in random background mixtures in a two-alternative choice task. In this task, the inter-trial interval was independent of behavioral reaction times to avoid motivating rapid responses. We found that increased backgrounds reduce mouse performance but paradoxically also decrease reaction times, suggesting that noise in the decision making process is increased by backgrounds. We further assessed the contributions of background effects on both noise and signal by fitting the DDM to the behavioral data. The models showed that background odors affect both the signal and the noise, but that the paradoxical relationship between trial difficulty and reaction time is caused by the added noise.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Computational Biology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Odorants ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Perception/physiology ; Reaction Time/physiology ; Smell/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009674
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Stimulus-Induced Theta-Band LFP Oscillations Format Neuronal Representations of Social Chemosignals in the Mouse Accessory Olfactory Bulb.

Cohen, Oksana / Kahan, Anat / Steinberg, Idan / Malinowski, Sebastian T / Rokni, Dan / Spehr, Marc / Ben-Shaul, Yoram

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2023 Volume 43, Issue 50, Page(s) 8700–8722

Abstract: Social communication is crucial for the survival of many species. In most vertebrates, a dedicated chemosensory system, the vomeronasal system (VNS), evolved to process ethologically relevant chemosensory cues. The first central processing stage of the ... ...

Abstract	Social communication is crucial for the survival of many species. In most vertebrates, a dedicated chemosensory system, the vomeronasal system (VNS), evolved to process ethologically relevant chemosensory cues. The first central processing stage of the VNS is the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which sends information to downstream brain regions via AOB mitral cells (AMCs). Recent studies provided important insights about the functional properties of AMCs, but little is known about the principles that govern their coordinated activity. Here, we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) and single-unit activity in the AOB of adult male and female mice during presentation of natural stimuli. Our recordings reveal prominent LFP theta-band oscillatory episodes with a characteristic spatial pattern across the AOB. Throughout an experiment, the AOB network shows varying degrees of similarity to this pattern, in a manner that depends on the sensory stimulus. Analysis of LFP signal polarity and single-unit activity indicates that oscillatory episodes are generated locally within the AOB, likely representing a reciprocal interaction between AMCs and granule cells. Notably, spike times of many AMCs are constrained to the negative LFP oscillation phase in a manner that can drastically affect integration by downstream processing stages. Based on these observations, we propose that LFP oscillations may gate, bind, and organize outgoing signals from individual AOB neurons to downstream processing stages. Our findings suggest that, as in other neuronal systems and brain regions, population-level oscillations play a key role in organizing and enhancing transmission of socially relevant chemosensory information.
MeSH term(s)	Mice ; Male ; Female ; Animals ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Cues
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1055-23.2023
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Article ; Online: Adaptive olfactory circuitry restores function despite severe olfactory bulb degeneration.

Licht, Tamar / Yunerman, Michael / Maor, Ido / Lawabny, Naheel / Oz Rokach, Renana / Shiff, Idit / Mizrahi, Adi / Rokni, Dan

Current biology : CB

2023 Volume 33, Issue 22, Page(s) 4857–4868.e6

Abstract: The olfactory bulb (OB) is a critical component of mammalian olfactory neuroanatomy. Beyond being the first and sole relay station for olfactory information to the rest of the brain, it also contains elaborate stereotypical circuitry that is considered ... ...

Abstract	The olfactory bulb (OB) is a critical component of mammalian olfactory neuroanatomy. Beyond being the first and sole relay station for olfactory information to the rest of the brain, it also contains elaborate stereotypical circuitry that is considered essential for olfaction. Indeed, substantial lesions of the OB in rodents lead to anosmia. Here, we examined the circuitry that underlies olfaction in a mouse model with severe developmental degeneration of the OB. These mice could perform odor-guided tasks and even responded normally to innate olfactory cues. Despite the near total loss of the OB, piriform cortices in these mice responded to odors, and its neural activity sufficed to decode odor identity. We found that sensory neurons express the full repertoire of olfactory receptors, and their axons project primarily to the rudiments of the OB but also, ectopically, to olfactory cortical regions. Within the OB, the number of principal neurons was greatly reduced, and the morphology of their dendrites was abnormal, extending over large regions within the OB. Glomerular organization was totally lost in the severe cases of OB degeneration and altered in the more conserved OBs. This study shows that olfactory functionality can be preserved despite reduced and aberrant circuitry that is missing many of the elements believed to be essential for olfaction, and it may explain reported retention of olfaction in humans with degenerated OBs.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Smell/physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; Odorants ; Axons ; Mammals
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1071731-6
ISSN	1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
ISSN (online)	1879-0445
ISSN	0960-9822
DOI	10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.061
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Article: Mixture Coding and Segmentation in the Anterior Piriform Cortex.

Penker, Sapir / Licht, Tamar / Hofer, Katharina T / Rokni, Dan

Frontiers in systems neuroscience

2020 Volume 14, Page(s) 604718

Abstract: Coding of odorous stimuli has been mostly studied using single isolated stimuli. However, a single sniff of air in a natural environment is likely to introduce airborne chemicals emitted by multiple objects into the nose. The olfactory system is ... ...

Abstract	Coding of odorous stimuli has been mostly studied using single isolated stimuli. However, a single sniff of air in a natural environment is likely to introduce airborne chemicals emitted by multiple objects into the nose. The olfactory system is therefore faced with the task of segmenting odor mixtures to identify objects in the presence of rich and often unpredictable backgrounds. The piriform cortex is thought to be the site of object recognition and scene segmentation, yet the nature of its responses to odorant mixtures is largely unknown. In this study, we asked two related questions. (1) How are mixtures represented in the piriform cortex? And (2) Can the identity of individual mixture components be read out from mixture representations in the piriform cortex? To answer these questions, we recorded single unit activity in the piriform cortex of naïve mice while sequentially presenting single odorants and their mixtures. We find that a normalization model explains mixture responses well, both at the single neuron, and at the population level. Additionally, we show that mixture components can be identified from piriform cortical activity by pooling responses of a small population of neurons-in many cases a single neuron is sufficient. These results indicate that piriform cortical representations are well suited to perform figure-background segmentation without the need for learning.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2453005-0
ISSN	1662-5137
ISSN	1662-5137
DOI	10.3389/fnsys.2020.604718
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Article ; Online: Paradoxical relationship between speed and accuracy in olfactory figure-background segregation.

Lior Lebovich / Michael Yunerman / Viviana Scaiewicz / Yonatan Loewenstein / Dan Rokni

PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 17, Iss 12, p e

2021 Volume 1009674

Abstract	In natural settings, many stimuli impinge on our sensory organs simultaneously. Parsing these sensory stimuli into perceptual objects is a fundamental task faced by all sensory systems. Similar to other sensory modalities, increased odor backgrounds decrease the detectability of target odors by the olfactory system. The mechanisms by which background odors interfere with the detection and identification of target odors are unknown. Here we utilized the framework of the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to consider possible interference mechanisms in an odor detection task. We first considered pure effects of background odors on either signal or noise in the decision-making dynamics and showed that these produce different predictions about decision accuracy and speed. To test these predictions, we trained mice to detect target odors that are embedded in random background mixtures in a two-alternative choice task. In this task, the inter-trial interval was independent of behavioral reaction times to avoid motivating rapid responses. We found that increased backgrounds reduce mouse performance but paradoxically also decrease reaction times, suggesting that noise in the decision making process is increased by backgrounds. We further assessed the contributions of background effects on both noise and signal by fitting the DDM to the behavioral data. The models showed that background odors affect both the signal and the noise, but that the paradoxical relationship between trial difficulty and reaction time is caused by the added noise.
Keywords	Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Analysis and synthesis in olfaction.

Rokni, Dan / Murthy, Venkatesh N

ACS chemical neuroscience

2014 Volume 5, Issue 10, Page(s) 870–872

Abstract: Natural environments contain numerous volatile compounds emanating from a large number of sources, and the survival of many animals depends on their ability to segregate odors of interest within complex odorous scenes. In a recent paper, we described how ...

Abstract	Natural environments contain numerous volatile compounds emanating from a large number of sources, and the survival of many animals depends on their ability to segregate odors of interest within complex odorous scenes. In a recent paper, we described how the ability of mice to detect odors within mixtures depends on the chemical structure and neural representation of the target and background odorants.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Male ; Odorants ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Perception/physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; Smell/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-09-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ISSN	1948-7193
ISSN (online)	1948-7193
DOI	10.1021/cn500199n
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Article ; Online: Reading Out Olfactory Receptors: Feedforward Circuits Detect Odors in Mixtures without Demixing.

Mathis, Alexander / Rokni, Dan / Kapoor, Vikrant / Bethge, Matthias / Murthy, Venkatesh N

Neuron

2016 Volume 91, Issue 5, Page(s) 1110–1123

Abstract: The olfactory system, like other sensory systems, can detect specific stimuli of interest amidst complex, varying backgrounds. To gain insight into the neural mechanisms underlying this ability, we imaged responses of mouse olfactory bulb glomeruli to ... ...

Abstract	The olfactory system, like other sensory systems, can detect specific stimuli of interest amidst complex, varying backgrounds. To gain insight into the neural mechanisms underlying this ability, we imaged responses of mouse olfactory bulb glomeruli to mixtures. We used this data to build a model of mixture responses that incorporated nonlinear interactions and trial-to-trial variability and explored potential decoding mechanisms that can mimic mouse performance when given glomerular responses as input. We find that a linear decoder with sparse weights could match mouse performance using just a small subset of the glomeruli (∼15). However, when such a decoder is trained only with single odors, it generalizes poorly to mixture stimuli due to nonlinear mixture responses. We show that mice similarly fail to generalize, suggesting that they learn this segregation task discriminatively by adjusting task-specific decision boundaries without taking advantage of a demixed representation of odors.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Complex Mixtures/physiology ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Feedback, Physiological ; Linear Models ; Mice ; Odorants/analysis ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Pathways/physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/physiology
Chemical Substances	Complex Mixtures ; Receptors, Odorant
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-09-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	808167-0
ISSN	1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
ISSN (online)	1097-4199
ISSN	0896-6273
DOI	10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.007
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Zs.A 2496: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MG 92: Show issues

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Article ; Online: An olfactory cocktail party: figure-ground segregation of odorants in rodents.

Rokni, Dan / Hemmelder, Vivian / Kapoor, Vikrant / Murthy, Venkatesh N

Nature neuroscience

2014 Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) 1225–1232

Abstract: In odorant-rich environments, animals must be able to detect specific odorants of interest against variable backgrounds. However, studies have found that both humans and rodents are poor at analyzing the components of odorant mixtures, suggesting that ... ...

Abstract	In odorant-rich environments, animals must be able to detect specific odorants of interest against variable backgrounds. However, studies have found that both humans and rodents are poor at analyzing the components of odorant mixtures, suggesting that olfaction is a synthetic sense in which mixtures are perceived holistically. We found that mice could be easily trained to detect target odorants embedded in unpredictable and variable mixtures. To relate the behavioral performance to neural representation, we imaged the responses of olfactory bulb glomeruli to individual odors in mice expressing the Ca(2+) indicator GCaMP3 in olfactory receptor neurons. The difficulty of segregating the target from the background depended strongly on the extent of overlap between the glomerular responses to target and background odors. Our study indicates that the olfactory system has powerful analytic abilities that are constrained by the limits of combinatorial neural representation of odorants at the level of the olfactory receptors.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning, Psychological/physiology ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Odorants ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Perception/physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; Perceptual Masking/physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/physiology ; Sensory Thresholds/physiology ; Smell/physiology
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Odorant
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-08-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1420596-8
ISSN	1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
ISSN (online)	1546-1726
ISSN	1097-6256
DOI	10.1038/nn.3775
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Zs.A 4891: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MG 67: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Functional properties of cortical feedback projections to the olfactory bulb.

Markopoulos, Foivos / Rokni, Dan / Gire, David H / Murthy, Venkatesh N

Neuron

2012 Volume 76, Issue 6, Page(s) 1175–1188

Abstract: Sensory perception is not a simple feed-forward process, and higher brain areas can actively modulate information processing in "lower" areas. We used optogenetic methods to examine how cortical feedback projections affect circuits in the first olfactory ...

Abstract	Sensory perception is not a simple feed-forward process, and higher brain areas can actively modulate information processing in "lower" areas. We used optogenetic methods to examine how cortical feedback projections affect circuits in the first olfactory processing stage, the olfactory bulb. Selective activation of back projections from the anterior olfactory nucleus/cortex (AON) revealed functional glutamatergic synaptic connections on several types of bulbar interneurons. Unexpectedly, AON axons also directly depolarized mitral cells (MCs), enough to elicit spikes reliably in a time window of a few milliseconds. MCs received strong disynaptic inhibition, a third of which arises in the glomerular layer. Activating feedback axons in vivo suppressed spontaneous as well as odor-evoked activity of MCs, sometimes preceded by a temporally precise increase in firing probability. Our study indicates that cortical feedback can shape the activity of bulbar output neurons by enabling precisely timed spikes and enforcing broad inhibition to suppress background activity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Evoked Potentials/physiology ; Feedback, Physiological/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/cytology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Nerve Net/cytology ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Pathways/cytology ; Olfactory Pathways/physiology ; Olfactory Perception/physiology ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Transgenic
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	808167-0
ISSN	1097-4199 ; 0896-6273
ISSN (online)	1097-4199
ISSN	0896-6273
DOI	10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.028
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Zs.A 2496: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Regularity, variability and bi-stability in the activity of cerebellar purkinje cells.

Rokni, Dan / Tal, Zohar / Byk, Hananel / Yarom, Yosef

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

2009 Volume 3, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that the membrane potential of Purkinje cells is bi-stable and that this phenomenon underlies bi-modal simple spike firing. Membrane potential alternates between a depolarized state, that is associated with spontaneous ... ...

Abstract	Recent studies have demonstrated that the membrane potential of Purkinje cells is bi-stable and that this phenomenon underlies bi-modal simple spike firing. Membrane potential alternates between a depolarized state, that is associated with spontaneous simple spike firing (up state), and a quiescent hyperpolarized state (down state). A controversy has emerged regarding the relevance of bi-stability to the awake animal, yet recordings made from behaving cat Purkinje cells have demonstrated that at least 50% of the cells exhibit bi-modal firing. The robustness of the phenomenon in vitro or in anaesthetized systems on the one hand, and the controversy regarding its expression in behaving animals on the other hand suggest that state transitions are under neuronal control. Indeed, we have recently demonstrated that synaptic inputs can induce transitions between the states and suggested that the role of granule cell input is to control the states of Purkinje cells rather than increase or decrease firing rate gradually. We have also shown that the state of a Purkinje cell does not only affect its firing but also the waveform of climbing fiber-driven complex spikes and the associated calcium influx. These findings call for a reconsideration of the role of Purkinje cells in cerebellar function. In this manuscript we review the recent findings on Purkinje cell bi-stability and add some analyses of its effect on the regularity and variability of Purkinje cell activity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-11-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452963-1
ISSN	1662-5102 ; 1662-5102
ISSN (online)	1662-5102
ISSN	1662-5102
DOI	10.3389/neuro.03.012.2009
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