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  1. Article ; Online: Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Opportunities and Challenges.

    Flory, Marta N / Napel, Sandy / Tsai, Emily B

    Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR

    2024  

    Abstract: Artificial intelligence's (AI) emergence in radiology elicits both excitement and uncertainty. AI holds promise for improving radiology with regards to clinical practice, education, and research opportunities. Yet, AI systems are trained on select ... ...

    Abstract Artificial intelligence's (AI) emergence in radiology elicits both excitement and uncertainty. AI holds promise for improving radiology with regards to clinical practice, education, and research opportunities. Yet, AI systems are trained on select datasets that can contain bias and inaccuracies. Radiologists must understand these limitations and engage with AI developers at every step of the process - from algorithm initiation and design to development and implementation - to maximize benefit and minimize harm that can be enabled by this technology.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1353113-x
    ISSN 1558-5034 ; 0887-2171
    ISSN (online) 1558-5034
    ISSN 0887-2171
    DOI 10.1053/j.sult.2024.02.004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Lung Nodules, From the

    Liu, Jonathan A / Yang, Issac Y / Tsai, Emily B

    AJR. American journal of roentgenology

    2022  Volume 219, Issue 5, Page(s) 703–712

    Abstract: Interest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications for lung nodules continues to grow among radiologists, particularly with the expanding eligibility criteria and clinical utilization of lung cancer screening CT. AI has been heavily investigated for ... ...

    Abstract Interest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications for lung nodules continues to grow among radiologists, particularly with the expanding eligibility criteria and clinical utilization of lung cancer screening CT. AI has been heavily investigated for detecting and characterizing lung nodules and for guiding prognostic assessment. AI tools have also been used for image postprocessing (e.g., rib suppression on radiography or vessel suppression on CT) and for noninterpretive aspects of reporting and workflow, including management of nodule follow-up. Despite growing interest in and rapid development of AI tools and FDA approval of AI tools for pulmonary nodule evaluation, integration into clinical practice has been limited. Challenges to clinical adoption have included concerns about generalizability, regulatory issues, technical hurdles in implementation, and human skepticism. Further validation of AI tools for clinical use and demonstration of benefit in terms of patient-oriented outcomes also are needed. This article provides an overview of potential applications of AI tools in the imaging evaluation of lung nodules and discusses the challenges faced by practices interested in clinical implementation of such tools.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Artificial Intelligence ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging ; Radiologists ; Lung
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 82076-3
    ISSN 1546-3141 ; 0361-803X ; 0092-5381
    ISSN (online) 1546-3141
    ISSN 0361-803X ; 0092-5381
    DOI 10.2214/AJR.22.27487
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Perceived norms about male circumcision and personal circumcision status: a cross-sectional, population-based study in rural Uganda.

    Perkins, Jessica M / Kakuhikire, Bernard / Baguma, Charles / Jeon, Sehee / Walker, Sarah F / Dongre, Rohit / Kyokunda, Viola / Juliet, Mercy / Satinsky, Emily N / Comfort, Alison B / Siedner, Mark / Ashaba, Scholastic / Tsai, Alexander C

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: Introduction: Over the past decade, 15 high-priority countries in eastern and southern Africa have promoted voluntary medical male circucmsion for HIV and STI prevention. Despite male circumcision prevalence in Uganda nearly doubling from 26% in 2011 to ...

    Abstract Introduction: Over the past decade, 15 high-priority countries in eastern and southern Africa have promoted voluntary medical male circucmsion for HIV and STI prevention. Despite male circumcision prevalence in Uganda nearly doubling from 26% in 2011 to 43% in 2016, it remained below the target level by 2020. Little is known about perceived norms of male circumcision and their association with circumcision uptake among men.
    Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study targeting all adult residents across eight villages in Rwampara District, southwestern Uganda in 2020-2022. We compared what men and women reported as the adult male circumcision prevalence within their village (perceived norm: >50% (most), 10% to <50% (some), <10%, (few), or do not know) to the aggregated prevalence of circumcision as reported by men aged <50 years. We used a modified multivariable Poisson regression model to estimate the association between perceived norms about male circumcision uptake and personal circumcision status among men.
    Results: Overall, 167 (38%) men < 50 years old were circumcised (and 27% of all men were circumcised). Among all 1566 participants (91% response rate), 189 (27%) men and 177 (20%) women underestimated the male circumcision prevalence, thinking that few men in their own village had been circumcised. Additionally, 10% of men and 25% of women reported not knowing the prevalence. Men who underestimated the prevalence were less likely to be circumcised (aRR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.83) compared to those who thought that some village men were circumcised, adjusting for perceived personal risk of HIV, whether any same-household women thought most men were circumcised, and other sociodemographic factors.
    Conclusions: Across eight villages, a quarter of the population underestimated the local prevalence of male circumcision. Men who underestimated circumcision uptake were less likely to be circumcised. Future research should evaluate norms-based approaches to promoting male circumcision uptake. Strategies may include disseminating messages about the increasing prevalence of adult male circumcision uptake in Uganda and providing personalized normative feedback to men who underestimated local rates about how uptake is greater than they thought.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.04.24.23288996
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Male circumcision uptake and misperceived norms about male circumcision: Cross-sectional, population-based study in rural Uganda.

    Perkins, Jessica M / Kakuhikire, Bernard / Baguma, Charles / Jeon, Sehee / Walker, Sarah F / Dongre, Rohit / Kyokunda, Viola / Juliet, Mercy / Satinsky, Emily N / Comfort, Alison B / Siedner, Mark J / Ashaba, Scholastic / Tsai, Alexander C

    Journal of global health

    2023  Volume 13, Page(s) 4149

    Abstract: Background: Over the past decade, 15 high-priority countries in eastern and southern Africa have promoted voluntary medical male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention. The prevalence of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Over the past decade, 15 high-priority countries in eastern and southern Africa have promoted voluntary medical male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention. The prevalence of male circumcision in Uganda nearly doubled from 26% in 2011 to 43% in 2016, but remains below the 2020 target level. Little is known about how common male circumcision is perceived to be, how accurate such perceptions are, and whether they are associated with men's own circumcision uptake.
    Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of all adult residents of eight villages in Rwampara District, southwestern Uganda in 2020-2022. We elicited their perceptions of the adult male circumcision prevalence within their village: >50% (most men), 10% to <50% (some), <10%, (few to none), or do not know. We compared their perceived norms to the aggregated prevalence of circumcision reported in these villages. We used a modified multivariable Poisson regression model to estimate the association between perceived norms and personal circumcision uptake among men.
    Results: We surveyed 1566 participants (91% response rate): 698 men and 868 women. Among the men, 167 (27%) reported being circumcised, including 167/444 (38%) men <50 years of age. Approximately one-fourth of the population (189 (27%) men and 177 (20%) women) believed that few to no men in their own village had been circumcised. In a multivariable regression model, men who underestimated the prevalence of male circumcision were less likely to be circumcised themselves (adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.83).
    Conclusions: In this population-based study in rural Uganda, one-fourth of men underestimated the prevalence of male circumcision. Men who underestimated the extent of circumcision uptake were themselves less likely to be circumcised. If the observed association is causal and underestimates within the population contribute to low uptake, then interventions correcting these misperceived norms could increase uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Circumcision, Male ; Uganda/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-20
    Publishing country Scotland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2741629-X
    ISSN 2047-2986 ; 2047-2986
    ISSN (online) 2047-2986
    ISSN 2047-2986
    DOI 10.7189/jogh.13.04149
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Multisensory gamma stimulation promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid.

    Murdock, Mitchell H / Yang, Cheng-Yi / Sun, Na / Pao, Ping-Chieh / Blanco-Duque, Cristina / Kahn, Martin C / Kim, TaeHyun / Lavoie, Nicolas S / Victor, Matheus B / Islam, Md Rezaul / Galiana, Fabiola / Leary, Noelle / Wang, Sidney / Bubnys, Adele / Ma, Emily / Akay, Leyla A / Sneve, Madison / Qian, Yong / Lai, Cuixin /
    McCarthy, Michelle M / Kopell, Nancy / Kellis, Manolis / Piatkevich, Kiryl D / Boyden, Edward S / Tsai, Li-Huei

    Nature

    2024  Volume 627, Issue 8002, Page(s) 149–156

    Abstract: The glymphatic movement of fluid through the brain removes metabolic ... ...

    Abstract The glymphatic movement of fluid through the brain removes metabolic waste
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Mice ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Aquaporin 4/metabolism ; Astrocytes/metabolism ; Brain/cytology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Extracellular Fluid/metabolism ; Glymphatic System/physiology ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Gamma Rhythm ; Electric Stimulation
    Chemical Substances Amyloid ; Aquaporin 4 ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (37221-79-7) ; Aqp4 protein, mouse
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-28
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-024-07132-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Minimal Residual Disease using a Plasma-Only Circulating Tumor DNA Assay to Predict Recurrence of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Following Curative Intent Treatment.

    Parikh, Aparna R / Chee, Bryant H / Tsai, Jill / Rich, Thereasa A / Price, Kristin S / Patel, Sonia A / Zhang, Li / Ibrahim, Faaiz / Esquivel, Mikaela / Van Seventer, Emily E / Jarnagin, Joy X / Raymond, Victoria M / Corvera, Carlos U / Hirose, Kenzo / Nakakura, Eric K / Corcoran, Ryan B / Van Loon, Katherine / Atreya, Chloe E

    Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research

    2024  

    Abstract: Purpose: Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection identifies patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) likely to recur following definitive treatment. We evaluated a plasma only MRD assay to predict recurrence and survival in metastatic CRC patients ...

    Abstract Purpose: Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection identifies patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) likely to recur following definitive treatment. We evaluated a plasma only MRD assay to predict recurrence and survival in metastatic CRC patients undergoing curative intent procedures (surgery and/or radiotherapy), with or without (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. The primary objective of this study was to assess the correlation of post-procedure tumor cfDNA detection status with radiographic disease recurrence (RFS).
    Experimental design: Pre- and post-procedure longitudinal samples were collected from 53 patients and analyzed with a multiomic MRD assay detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from genomic and epigenomic signals. Pre- and post-procedure ctDNA detection correlated with recurrence-free and overall survival.
    Results: 230/233 samples from 52 patients were successfully analyzed. At the time of data cutoff, 36 (69.2%) patients recurred with median follow-up of 31 months. 19/42 patients (45.2%) with ctDNA analyzed 3 weeks post-procedure had detectable ctDNA. ctDNA detection 3 weeks post-procedure was associated with shorter median RFS (HR 5.27; 95% CI, 2.31-12.0, p<0.0001) and overall survival (OS) (HR 12.83; 95% CI, 3.6-45.9, p<0.0001). Pre-procedure ctDNA detection status was not associated with RFS but was associated with improved OS (HR 4.65; 95% CI, 1.4-15.2, p=0.0111). Undetectable ctDNA pre-procedure had notable long-term overall survival, >90% 3 years post-procedure.
    Conclusion: In this cohort of oligometastatic CRC, detection of ctDNA pre- or post-procedure was associated with inferior outcomes even after accounting for prognostic clinicopathologic variables. This suggests ctDNA may enhance current risk stratification methods helping evaluate novel treatments and surveillance strategies toward improving patient outcomes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1225457-5
    ISSN 1557-3265 ; 1078-0432
    ISSN (online) 1557-3265
    ISSN 1078-0432
    DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-3660
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Maternal adverse childhood experiences, child mental health, and the mediating effect of maternal depression: A cross-sectional, population-based study in rural, southwestern Uganda.

    Kim, Andrew Wooyoung / Rieder, Amber D / Cooper-Vince, Christine E / Kakuhikire, Bernard / Baguma, Charles / Satinsky, Emily N / Perkins, Jessica M / Kiconco, Allen / Namara, Elizabeth B / Rasmussen, Justin D / Ashaba, Scholastic / Bangsberg, David R / Tsai, Alexander C / Puffer, Eve S

    American journal of biological anthropology

    2023  Volume 182, Issue 1, Page(s) 19–31

    Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to examine the intergenerational effects of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child mental health outcomes in rural Uganda, as well as the potentially mediating role of maternal depression in this pathway. ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to examine the intergenerational effects of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child mental health outcomes in rural Uganda, as well as the potentially mediating role of maternal depression in this pathway. Additionally, we sought to test the extent to which maternal social group membership attenuated the mediating effect of maternal depression on child mental health.
    Methods: Data come from a population-based cohort of families living in the Nyakabare Parish, a rural district in southwestern Uganda. Between 2016 and 2018, mothers completed surveys about childhood adversity, depressive symptoms, social group membership, and their children's mental health. Survey data were analyzed using causal mediation and moderated-mediation analysis.
    Results: Among 218 mother-child pairs, 61 mothers (28%) and 47 children (22%) showed symptoms meeting cutoffs for clinically significant psychological distress. In multivariable linear regression models, maternal ACEs had a statistically significant association with severity of child conduct problems, peer problems, and total child difficulty scores. Maternal depression mediated the relationship between maternal ACEs and conduct problems, peer problems, and total difficulty, but this mediating effect was not moderated by maternal group membership.
    Conclusions: Maternal depression may act as a potential mechanism linking maternal childhood adversity with poor child mental health in the next generation. Within a context of elevated rates of psychiatric morbidity, high prevalence of childhood adversity, and limited healthcare and economic infrastructures across Uganda, these results emphasize the prioritization of social services and mental health resources for rural Ugandan families.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Adverse Childhood Experiences ; Mental Health ; Uganda/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2692-7691
    ISSN (online) 2692-7691
    DOI 10.1002/ajpa.24758
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Engineering the lymph node environment promotes antigen-specific efficacy in type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation.

    Gammon, Joshua M / Carey, Sean T / Saxena, Vikas / Eppler, Haleigh B / Tsai, Shannon J / Paluskievicz, Christina / Xiong, Yanbao / Li, Lushen / Ackun-Farmmer, Marian / Tostanoski, Lisa H / Gosselin, Emily A / Yanes, Alexis A / Zeng, Xiangbin / Oakes, Robert S / Bromberg, Jonathan S / Jewell, Christopher M

    Nature communications

    2023  Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 681

    Abstract: Antigen-specific tolerance is a key goal of experimental immunotherapies for autoimmune disease and allograft rejection. This outcome could selectively inhibit detrimental inflammatory immune responses without compromising functional protective immunity. ...

    Abstract Antigen-specific tolerance is a key goal of experimental immunotherapies for autoimmune disease and allograft rejection. This outcome could selectively inhibit detrimental inflammatory immune responses without compromising functional protective immunity. A major challenge facing antigen-specific immunotherapies is ineffective control over immune signal targeting and integration, limiting efficacy and causing systemic non-specific suppression. Here we use intra-lymph node injection of diffusion-limited degradable microparticles that encapsulate self-antigens with the immunomodulatory small molecule, rapamycin. We show this strategy potently inhibits disease during pre-clinical type 1 diabetes and allogenic islet transplantation. Antigen and rapamycin are required for maximal efficacy, and tolerance is accompanied by expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells in treated and untreated lymph nodes. The antigen-specific tolerance in type 1 diabetes is systemic but avoids non-specific immune suppression. Further, microparticle treatment results in the development of tolerogenic structural microdomains in lymph nodes. Finally, these local structural and functional changes in lymph nodes promote memory markers among antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and tolerance that is durable. This work supports intra-lymph node injection of tolerogenic microparticles as a powerful platform to promote antigen-dependent efficacy in type 1 diabetes and allogenic islet transplantation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Immune Tolerance ; Autoantigens ; Lymph Nodes/pathology ; Sirolimus
    Chemical Substances Autoantigens ; Sirolimus (W36ZG6FT64)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-36225-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Revealing nanostructures in brain tissue via protein decrowding by iterative expansion microscopy.

    Sarkar, Deblina / Kang, Jinyoung / Wassie, Asmamaw T / Schroeder, Margaret E / Peng, Zhuyu / Tarr, Tyler B / Tang, Ai-Hui / Niederst, Emily D / Young, Jennie Z / Su, Hanquan / Park, Demian / Yin, Peng / Tsai, Li-Huei / Blanpied, Thomas A / Boyden, Edward S

    Nature biomedical engineering

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 9, Page(s) 1057–1073

    Abstract: Many crowded biomolecular structures in cells and tissues are inaccessible to labelling antibodies. To understand how proteins within these structures are arranged with nanoscale precision therefore requires that these structures be decrowded before ... ...

    Abstract Many crowded biomolecular structures in cells and tissues are inaccessible to labelling antibodies. To understand how proteins within these structures are arranged with nanoscale precision therefore requires that these structures be decrowded before labelling. Here we show that an iterative variant of expansion microscopy (the permeation of cells and tissues by a swellable hydrogel followed by isotropic hydrogel expansion, to allow for enhanced imaging resolution with ordinary microscopes) enables the imaging of nanostructures in expanded yet otherwise intact tissues at a resolution of about 20 nm. The method, which we named 'expansion revealing' and validated with DNA-probe-based super-resolution microscopy, involves gel-anchoring reagents and the embedding, expansion and re-embedding of the sample in homogeneous swellable hydrogels. Expansion revealing enabled us to use confocal microscopy to image the alignment of pre-synaptic calcium channels with post-synaptic scaffolding proteins in intact brain circuits, and to uncover periodic amyloid nanoclusters containing ion-channel proteins in brain tissue from a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Expansion revealing will enable the further discovery of previously unseen nanostructures within cells and tissues.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; Hydrogels ; Mice ; Microscopy/methods ; Nanostructures ; Proteins/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Calcium Channels ; Hydrogels ; Proteins ; DNA (9007-49-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2157-846X
    ISSN (online) 2157-846X
    DOI 10.1038/s41551-022-00912-3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Engineering the lymph node environment promotes antigen-specific efficacy in type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation

    Joshua M. Gammon / Sean T. Carey / Vikas Saxena / Haleigh B. Eppler / Shannon J. Tsai / Christina Paluskievicz / Yanbao Xiong / Lushen Li / Marian Ackun-Farmmer / Lisa H. Tostanoski / Emily A. Gosselin / Alexis A. Yanes / Xiangbin Zeng / Robert S. Oakes / Jonathan S. Bromberg / Christopher M. Jewell

    Nature Communications, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2023  Volume 18

    Abstract: Antigen-specific tolerance represents a promising strategy to treat type 1 diabetes and islet allograft rejection. Here, the authors deliver immune signals to lymph nodes to promote antigen-specific regulatory T cells and prevent disease in models of ... ...

    Abstract Antigen-specific tolerance represents a promising strategy to treat type 1 diabetes and islet allograft rejection. Here, the authors deliver immune signals to lymph nodes to promote antigen-specific regulatory T cells and prevent disease in models of type 1 diabetes and allogenic islet transplantation.
    Keywords Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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