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Article ; Online: Should we stay or should we go-The ever-growing role of Twitter (X) in neuroscience dissemination and a quandary of conscience for a field.

Foxe, Kenneth A / Foxe, John J

2023 Volume 59, Issue 3, Page(s) 319–322

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Conscience ; Social Media
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	France
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.16236
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: PERMUTOOLS: A MATLAB PACKAGE FOR MULTIVARIATE PERMUTATION TESTING.

Crosse, Michael J / Foxe, John J / Molholm, Sophie

ArXiv

2024

Abstract: Statistical hypothesis testing and effect size measurement are routine parts of quantitative research. Advancements in computer processing power have greatly improved the capability of statistical inference through the availability of resampling methods. ...

Abstract	Statistical hypothesis testing and effect size measurement are routine parts of quantitative research. Advancements in computer processing power have greatly improved the capability of statistical inference through the availability of resampling methods. However, many of the statistical practices used today are based on traditional, parametric methods that rely on assumptions about the underlying population. These assumptions may not always be valid, leading to inaccurate results and misleading interpretations. Permutation testing, on the other hand, generates the sampling distribution empirically by permuting the observed data, providing distribution-free hypothesis testing. Furthermore, this approach lends itself to a powerful method for multiple comparison correction - known as max correction - which is less prone to type II errors than conventional correction methods. Parametric methods have also traditionally been utilized for estimating the confidence interval of various test statistics and effect size measures. However, these too can be estimated empirically using permutation or bootstrapping techniques. Whilst resampling methods are generally considered preferable, many popular programming languages and statistical software packages lack efficient implementations. Here, we introduce PERMUTOOLS, a MATLAB package for multivariate permutation testing and effect size measurement.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
ISSN	2331-8422
ISSN (online)	2331-8422
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Reduced Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults Underlies Performance Costs During Dual-Task Walking: A Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) Study.

Richardson, David P / Foxe, John J / Freedman, Edward G

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Age-related reductions in cognitive flexibility may limit modulation of control processes during systematic increases to cognitive-motor demands, exacerbating dual-task costs. In this study, behavioral and neurophysiologic changes to proactive and ... ...

Abstract	Age-related reductions in cognitive flexibility may limit modulation of control processes during systematic increases to cognitive-motor demands, exacerbating dual-task costs. In this study, behavioral and neurophysiologic changes to proactive and reactive control during progressive cognitive-motor demands were compared across older and younger adults to explore the basis for age-differences in cognitive-motor interference (CMI). 19 younger (19 - 29 years old, mean age = 22.84 +/- 2.75 years, 6 male, 13 female) and 18 older (60 - 77 years old, mean age = 67.89 +/- 4.60 years, 9 male, 9 female) healthy adults completed cued task-switching while alternating between sitting and walking on a treadmill. Gait kinematics, task performance measures, and brain activity were recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) based Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI). Response accuracy on easier trial types improved in younger, but not older adults when they walked while performing the cognitive task. As difficulty increased, walking provoked accuracy costs in older, but not younger adults. Both groups registered faster responses and reduced gait variability during dual-task walking. Older adults exhibited lower amplitude modulations of proactive and reactive neural activity as cognitive-motor demands systematically increased, which may reflect reduced flexibility for progressive preparatory and reactive adjustments over behavioral control.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.01.27.577090
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Article: Intact Somatosensory Temporal Sensitivity in Adults on the Autism Spectrum: A High-Density Electrophysiological Mapping Study Using the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) Sensory Memory Paradigm.

Isenstein, Emily L / Freedman, Edward G / Molholm, Sophie / Foxe, John J

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2024

Abstract: Atypical reactivity to somatosensory inputs is common in autism spectrum disorder and carries considerable impact on downstream social communication and quality of life. While behavioral and survey work have established differences in the perception of ... ...

Abstract	Atypical reactivity to somatosensory inputs is common in autism spectrum disorder and carries considerable impact on downstream social communication and quality of life. While behavioral and survey work have established differences in the perception of somatosensory information, little has been done to elucidate the underlying neurophysiological processes that drive these characteristics. Here, we implemented a duration-based somatosensory mismatch negativity paradigm to examine the role of temporal sensitivity and sensory memory in the processing of vibrotactile information in autistic (n=30) and neurotypical (n=30) adults. To capture the variability in responses between groups across a range of duration discrepancies, we compared the electrophysiological responses to frequent standard vibrations (100 ms) and four infrequent deviant vibrations (115, 130, 145, and 160 ms). The same stimuli were used in a follow-up behavioral task to determine active detection of the infrequent vibrations. We found no differences between the two groups with regard to discrimination between standard and deviant vibrations, demonstrating comparable neurologic and behavioral temporal somatosensory perception. However, exploratory analyses yielded subtle differences in amplitude at the N1 and P220 time points. Together, these results indicate that the temporal mechanisms of somatosensory discrimination are conserved in adults on the autism spectrum, though more general somatosensory processing may be affected. We discuss these findings in the broader context of the MMN literature in autism, as well as the potential role of cortical maturity in somatosensory mechanisms.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2024.02.05.578908
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Cued motor processing in autism and typical development: A high-density electrical mapping study of response-locked neural activity in children and adolescents.

Wakim, Kathryn-Mary / Foxe, John J / Molholm, Sophie

The European journal of neuroscience

2023 Volume 58, Issue 3, Page(s) 2766–2786

Abstract: Motor atypicalities are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are often evident prior to classical ASD symptoms. Despite evidence of differences in neural processing during imitation in autistic individuals, research on the integrity and ... ...

Abstract	Motor atypicalities are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are often evident prior to classical ASD symptoms. Despite evidence of differences in neural processing during imitation in autistic individuals, research on the integrity and spatiotemporal dynamics of basic motor processing is surprisingly sparse. To address this need, we analysed electroencephalography (EEG) data recorded from a large sample of autistic (n = 84) and neurotypical (n = 84) children and adolescents while they performed an audiovisual speeded reaction time (RT) task. Analyses focused on RTs and response-locked motor-related electrical brain responses over frontoparietal scalp regions: the late Bereitschaftspotential, the motor potential and the reafferent potential. Evaluation of behavioural task performance indicated greater RT variability and lower hit rates in autistic participants compared to typically developing age-matched neurotypical participants. Overall, the data revealed clear motor-related neural responses in ASD, but with subtle differences relative to typically developing participants evident over fronto-central and bilateral parietal scalp sites prior to response onset. Group differences were further parsed as a function of age (6-9, 9-12 and 12-15 years), sensory cue preceding the response (auditory, visual and bi-sensory audiovisual) and RT quartile. Group differences in motor-related processing were most prominent in the youngest group of children (age 6-9), with attenuated cortical responses observed for young autistic participants. Future investigations assessing the integrity of such motor processes in younger children, where larger differences may be present, are warranted.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Autistic Disorder ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Cues ; Brain ; Evoked Potentials/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.16063
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Event-related potential (ERP) markers of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and associated psychosis.

Francisco, Ana A / Foxe, John J / Molholm, Sophie

Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders

2023 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 19

Abstract: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical features, ranging from life-threatening to less severe conditions. One-third of individuals with the deletion live with mild to moderate ... ...

Abstract	22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical features, ranging from life-threatening to less severe conditions. One-third of individuals with the deletion live with mild to moderate intellectual disability; approximately 60% meet criteria for at least one psychiatric condition.22q11.2DS has become an important model for several medical, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. We have been particularly interested in understanding the risk for psychosis in this population: Approximately 30% of the individuals with the deletion go on to develop schizophrenia. The characterization of cognitive and neural differences between those individuals who develop schizophrenia and those who do not, despite being at genetic risk, holds important promise in what pertains to the clarification of paths to disease and to the development of tools for early identification and intervention.Here, we review our previous event-related potential (ERP) findings as potential markers for 22q11.2DS and the associated risk for psychosis, while discussing others' work. We focus on auditory processing (auditory-evoked potentials, auditory adaptation, and auditory sensory memory), visual processing (visual-evoked potentials and visual adaptation), and inhibition and error monitoring.The findings discussed suggest basic mechanistic and disease process effects on neural processing in 22q11.2DS that are present in both early sensory and later cognitive processing, with possible implications for phenotype. In early sensory processes, both during auditory and visual processing, two mechanisms that impact neural responses in opposite ways seem to coexist-one related to the deletion, which increases brain responses; another linked to psychosis, decreasing neural activity. Later, higher-order cognitive processes may be equally relevant as markers for psychosis. More specifically, we argue that components related to error monitoring may hold particular promise in the study of risk for schizophrenia in the general population.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; DiGeorge Syndrome/psychology ; Psychotic Disorders/complications ; Schizophrenia/complications ; Schizophrenia/genetics ; Evoked Potentials ; Brain
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2487174-6
ISSN	1866-1955 ; 1866-1955
ISSN (online)	1866-1955
ISSN	1866-1955
DOI	10.1186/s11689-023-09487-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: PERMUTOOLS

Crosse, Michael J. / Foxe, John J. / Molholm, Sophie

A MATLAB Package for Multivariate Permutation Testing

2024

Abstract	Statistical hypothesis testing and effect size measurement are routine parts of quantitative research. Advancements in computer processing power have greatly improved the capability of statistical inference through the availability of resampling methods. However, many of the statistical practices used today are based on traditional, parametric methods that rely on assumptions about the underlying population. These assumptions may not always be valid, leading to inaccurate results and misleading interpretations. Permutation testing, on the other hand, generates the sampling distribution empirically by permuting the observed data, providing distribution-free hypothesis testing. Furthermore, this approach lends itself to a powerful method for multiple comparison correction - known as max correction - which is less prone to type II errors than conventional correction methods. Parametric methods have also traditionally been utilized for estimating the confidence interval of various test statistics and effect size measures. However, these too can be estimated empirically using permutation or bootstrapping techniques. Whilst resampling methods are generally considered preferable, many popular programming languages and statistical software packages lack efficient implementations. Here, we introduce PERMUTOOLS, a MATLAB package for multivariate permutation testing and effect size measurement. Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, for PERMUTOOLS toolbox, see https://github.com/mickcrosse/PERMUTOOLS
Keywords	Statistics - Methodology ; Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods ; Statistics - Computation
Subject code	310
Publishing date	2024-01-17
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early visual processing differences in children and adults with Cystinosis (CTNS gene mutations).

Horsthuis, Douwe John / Molholm, Sophie / Foxe, John J / Francisco, Ana A

Research square

2023

Abstract: Background: Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within multiple tissues, including kidney and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild ... ...

Abstract	Background: Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within multiple tissues, including kidney and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs during early disease, but since therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, neurological implications are of increasing interest, necessitating deeper understanding of the impact of cystinosis on neurocognitive function. Behavioral difficulties have been reported in cystinosis in the visual domain. Very little is known, however, about how the brains of people living with cystinosis process visual information. This is especially interesting given that cystine accumulation in the cornea and posterior ocular structures is a hallmark of cystinosis. Methods: Here, high-density scalp electrophysiology was recorded to visual stimuli (during a Go/No-Go task) to investigate early visual processing in individuals with cystinosis, compared to age-matched controls. Analyses focused on early stages of cortical visual processing. Results: The groups differed in their initial cortical response, with individuals with cystinosis exhibiting a significantly larger visual evoked potential (VEP) in the 130-150 ms time window. The groups also differed in the associations between neural responses and verbal abilities: While controls with higher IQ scores presented larger neural responses, that relationship was not observed in cystinosis. Conclusions: The enlarged VEP in cystinosis could be the result of cortical hyperexcitability and/or differences in attentional engagement and explain, at least partially, the visual and visual-spatial difficulties described in this population.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.21203/rs.3.rs-3176642/v1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence of early visual processing differences in cystinosis.

Horsthuis, Douwe J / Molholm, Sophie / Foxe, John J / Francisco, Ana A

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within tissues and organs, including the kidneys and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs, but ...

Abstract	Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within tissues and organs, including the kidneys and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs, but therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, necessitating deeper understanding of its impact on neurocognitive function. Behavioral difficulties have been reported in cystinosis in the visual and visual-processing domain. Very little is known, however, about how the brains of people living with cystinosis process visual information, although cysteamine accumulation in the retina is a prominent feature of cystinosis. Here, electrophysiology was recorded during a Go/No-Go task to investigate early visual processing in cystinosis, compared to an age-matched control group. Analyses focused on early stages of cortical visual processing. The groups differed in their initial cortical response, with individuals with cystinosis exhibiting a significantly larger visual evoked potential (VEP) in the 130 to 150 ms time window. The timing and topography of this response suggested an enhanced P1 in cystinosis that could be the result of cortical hyperexcitability and/or differences in attentional engagement and explain, at least partially, the visual and visual-spatial difficulties described in this population. The groups also differed in the associations between neural responses and verbal abilities: While controls with higher IQ scores presented larger neural responses, that relationship was not observed in cystinosis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.03.31.535154
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for visual processing differences in children and adults with cystinosis (CTNS gene mutations).

Horsthuis, Douwe J / Molholm, Sophie / Foxe, John J / Francisco, Ana A

Orphanet journal of rare diseases

2023 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 389

Abstract	Background: Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within multiple tissues, including kidney and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs during early disease, but since therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, neurological implications are of increasing interest, necessitating deeper understanding of the impact of cystinosis on neurocognitive function. Behavioral difficulties have been reported in cystinosis in the visual domain. Very little is known, however, about how the brains of people living with cystinosis process visual information. This is especially interesting given that cystine accumulation in the cornea and posterior ocular structures is a hallmark of cystinosis. Methods: Here, high-density scalp electrophysiology was recorded to visual stimuli (during a Go/No-Go task) to investigate visual processing in individuals with cystinosis, compared to age-matched controls. Analyses focused on early stages of cortical visual processing. Results: The groups differed in their initial cortical response, with individuals with cystinosis exhibiting a significantly larger visual evoked potential (VEP) in the 130-150 ms time window. The groups also differed in the associations between neural responses and verbal abilities: While controls with higher IQ scores presented larger neural responses, that relationship was not observed in cystinosis. Conclusions: The enlarged VEP in cystinosis could be the result of cortical hyperexcitability and/or differences in attentional engagement and explain, at least partially, the visual and visual-spatial difficulties described in this population.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Adult ; Humans ; Cystinosis/genetics ; Cystinosis/drug therapy ; Cystine/genetics ; Cystine/metabolism ; Cystine/therapeutic use ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Mutation/genetics ; Eye Diseases ; Visual Perception ; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/genetics ; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Cystine (48TCX9A1VT) ; Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral ; CTNS protein, human
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2225857-7
ISSN	1750-1172 ; 1750-1172
ISSN (online)	1750-1172
ISSN	1750-1172
DOI	10.1186/s13023-023-02985-y
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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