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Article: Potential Molecular Targets for Narrow-Spectrum Agents to Combat Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Disease.

Balish, Mitchell F / Distelhorst, Steven L

2016 Volume 7, Page(s) 205

Abstract: As Mycoplasma pneumoniae macrolide resistance grows and spreads worldwide, it is becoming more important to develop new drugs to prevent infection or limit disease. Because other mycoplasma species have acquired resistance to other classes of antibiotics, ...

Abstract	As Mycoplasma pneumoniae macrolide resistance grows and spreads worldwide, it is becoming more important to develop new drugs to prevent infection or limit disease. Because other mycoplasma species have acquired resistance to other classes of antibiotics, it is reasonable to presume that M. pneumoniae can do the same, so switching to commonly used antibiotics like fluoroquinolones will not result in forms of therapy with long-term utility. Moreover, broad-spectrum antibiotics can have serious consequences for the patient, as these drugs may have severe impacts on the natural microbiota of the individual, compromising the health of the patient either short-term or long-term. Therefore, developing narrow-spectrum antibiotics that effectively target only M. pneumoniae and no more than a small portion of the microbiota is likely to yield impactful, positive results that can be used perhaps indefinitely to combat M. pneumoniae. Development of these agents requires a deep understanding of the basic biology of M. pneumoniae, in many areas deeper than what is currently known. In this review, we discuss potential targets for new, narrow-spectrum agents and both the positive and negative aspects of selecting these targets, which include toxic molecules, metabolic pathways, and attachment and motility. By gathering this information together, we anticipate that it will be easier for researchers to evaluate topics of priority for study of M. pneumoniae.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-02-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2587354-4
ISSN	1664-302X
ISSN	1664-302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2016.00205
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Article ; Online: Gain-of-function variants of FtsA form diverse oligomeric structures on lipids and enhance FtsZ protofilament bundling.

Schoenemann, Kara M / Krupka, Marcin / Rowlett, Veronica W / Distelhorst, Steven L / Hu, Bo / Margolin, William

Molecular microbiology

2018 Volume 109, Issue 5, Page(s) 676–693

Abstract: Escherichia coli requires FtsZ, FtsA and ZipA proteins for early stages of cell division, the latter two tethering FtsZ polymers to the cytoplasmic membrane. Hypermorphic mutants of FtsA such as FtsA* (R286W) map to the FtsA self-interaction interface ... ...

Abstract	Escherichia coli requires FtsZ, FtsA and ZipA proteins for early stages of cell division, the latter two tethering FtsZ polymers to the cytoplasmic membrane. Hypermorphic mutants of FtsA such as FtsA* (R286W) map to the FtsA self-interaction interface and can bypass the need for ZipA. Purified FtsA forms closed minirings on lipid monolayers that antagonize bundling of FtsZ protofilaments, whereas FtsA* forms smaller oligomeric arcs that enable bundling. Here, we examined three additional FtsA-like mutant proteins for their ability to form oligomers on lipid monolayers and bundle FtsZ. Surprisingly, all three formed distinct structures ranging from mostly arcs (T249M), a mixture of minirings, arcs and straight filaments (Y139D) or short straight double filaments (G50E). All three could form filament sheets at higher concentrations with added ATP. Despite forming these diverse structures, all three mutant proteins acted like FtsA to enable FtsZ protofilament bundling on lipid monolayers. Synthesis of the FtsA*-like proteins in vivo suppressed the toxic effects of a bundling-defective FtsZ, exacerbated effects of a hyper-bundled FtsZ, and rescued some thermosensitive cell division alleles. Together, the data suggest that conversion of FtsA minirings into any type of non-miniring oligomer can promote progression of cytokinesis through FtsZ bundling and other mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cytokinesis ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Cytoskeleton/chemistry ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism ; Gain of Function Mutation ; Lipids/chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry ; Mutant Proteins/genetics ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; FtsA protein, E coli ; FtsZ protein, Bacteria ; Lipids ; Mutant Proteins ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-08-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	619315-8
ISSN	1365-2958 ; 0950-382X
ISSN (online)	1365-2958
ISSN	0950-382X
DOI	10.1111/mmi.14069
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Article ; Online: Aerosol tracer testing in Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft to simulate exposure potential of infectious aerosol such as SARS-CoV-2.

Kinahan, Sean M / Silcott, David B / Silcott, Blake E / Silcott, Ryan M / Silcott, Peter J / Silcott, Braden J / Distelhorst, Steven L / Herrera, Vicki L / Rivera, Danielle N / Crown, Kevin K / Lucero, Gabriel A / Santarpia, Joshua L

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s) e0246916

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has reintroduced questions regarding the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure amongst passengers on an aircraft. Quantifying risk with computational fluid dynamics models or contact tracing methods alone is challenging, as ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has reintroduced questions regarding the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure amongst passengers on an aircraft. Quantifying risk with computational fluid dynamics models or contact tracing methods alone is challenging, as experimental results for inflight biological aerosols is lacking. Using fluorescent aerosol tracers and real time optical sensors, coupled with DNA-tagged tracers for aerosol deposition, we executed ground and inflight testing on Boeing 767 and 777 airframes. Analysis here represents tracer particles released from a simulated infected passenger, in multiple rows and seats, to determine the exposure risk via penetration into breathing zones in that row and numerous rows ahead and behind the index case. We present here conclusions from 118 releases of fluorescent tracer particles, with 40+ Instantaneous Biological Analyzer and Collector sensors placed in passenger breathing zones for real-time measurement of simulated virus particle penetration. Results from both airframes showed a minimum reduction of 99.54% of 1 μm aerosols from the index source to the breathing zone of a typical passenger seated directly next to the source. An average 99.97 to 99.98% reduction was measured for the breathing zones tested in the 767 and 777, respectively. Contamination of surfaces from aerosol sources was minimal, and DNA-tagged 3 μm tracer aerosol collection techniques agreed with fluorescent methodologies.
MeSH term(s)	Aircraft ; COVID-19/pathology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19/virology ; Computer Simulation ; DNA/chemistry ; DNA/metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Humans ; Masks ; Microspheres ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/chemistry ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Fluorescent Dyes ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0246916
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Article ; Online: The Variable Internal Structure of the Mycoplasma penetrans Attachment Organelle Revealed by Biochemical and Microscopic Analyses: Implications for Attachment Organelle Mechanism and Evolution.

Distelhorst, Steven L / Jurkovic, Dominika A / Shi, Jian / Jensen, Grant J / Balish, Mitchell F

Journal of bacteriology

2017 Volume 199, Issue 12

Abstract: Although mycoplasmas have small genomes, many of them, including the HIV-associated ... ...

Abstract	Although mycoplasmas have small genomes, many of them, including the HIV-associated opportunist
MeSH term(s)	Bacterial Structures/chemistry ; Bacterial Structures/ultrastructure ; Biological Evolution ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mycoplasma penetrans/chemistry ; Mycoplasma penetrans/ultrastructure ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/chemistry ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/physiology ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/ultrastructure ; Organelles/chemistry ; Organelles/ultrastructure
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2968-3
ISSN	1098-5530 ; 0021-9193
ISSN (online)	1098-5530
ISSN	0021-9193
DOI	10.1128/JB.00069-17
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Article ; Online: Development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae biofilms in vitro and the limited role of motility.

Feng, Monica / Schaff, Andrew C / Cuadra Aruguete, Sara A / Riggs, Hailey E / Distelhorst, Steven L / Balish, Mitchell F

International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM

2018 Volume 308, Issue 3, Page(s) 324–334

Abstract: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen of humans that is a major causative agent of chronic respiratory disease. M. pneumoniae infections often recur even after successful treatment of symptoms with antibiotics, and resistance to antibiotics is ... ...

Abstract	Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen of humans that is a major causative agent of chronic respiratory disease. M. pneumoniae infections often recur even after successful treatment of symptoms with antibiotics, and resistance to antibiotics is increasing worldwide, with nearly complete resistance in some places. Although biofilms often contribute to chronicity and resistance, M. pneumoniae biofilms remain poorly characterized. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells of wild-type (WT) M. pneumoniae strain M129 biofilms, as well as mutants II-3 and II-3R, in vitro became increasingly rounded as the biofilm towers matured over 5 days. The role of gliding motility in biofilm formation was addressed by analyzing differences in biofilm architecture in non-motile mutant II-3R and hypermotile mutant prpC-and by using time-lapse microcinematography to measure flux of cells around biofilm towers. There were no major differences in biofilm architecture between WT and motility mutants, with perhaps a slight tendency for the prpC- cells to spread outside towers during early stages of biofilm formation. Consistent with an insignificant role of motility in biofilm development, flux of cells near towers, which was low, was dominated by exit of cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that motility-associated attachment organelle (AO) proteins exhibited no discernable changes in localization to foci over time, but immunoblotting identified a decrease in steady-state levels of protein P200, which is required for normal gliding speed, as the WT culture aged. Non-adherent strain II-3 and non-motile strain II-3R also exhibited a steady decrease in P200 steady-state levels, suggesting that the decrease in P200 levels was not a response to changes in gliding behavior during maturation. We conclude that M. pneumoniae cells undergo morphological changes as biofilms mature, motility plays no major role in biofilm development, and P200 loss might be related to maturation of cells. This study helps to characterize potential therapeutic targets for M. pneumoniae infections.
MeSH term(s)	Bacterial Adhesion ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/physiology ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae/ultrastructure
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-13
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2006518-8
ISSN	1618-0607 ; 1438-4221
ISSN (online)	1618-0607
ISSN	1438-4221
DOI	10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.01.007
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Article ; Online: Aerosol tracer testing in Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft to simulate exposure potential of infectious aerosol such as SARS-CoV-2.

Sean M Kinahan / David B Silcott / Blake E Silcott / Ryan M Silcott / Peter J Silcott / Braden J Silcott / Steven L Distelhorst / Vicki L Herrera / Danielle N Rivera / Kevin K Crown / Gabriel A Lucero / Joshua L Santarpia

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e

2021 Volume 0246916

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has reintroduced questions regarding the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure amongst passengers on an aircraft. Quantifying risk with computational fluid dynamics models or contact tracing methods alone is challenging, as experimental results for inflight biological aerosols is lacking. Using fluorescent aerosol tracers and real time optical sensors, coupled with DNA-tagged tracers for aerosol deposition, we executed ground and inflight testing on Boeing 767 and 777 airframes. Analysis here represents tracer particles released from a simulated infected passenger, in multiple rows and seats, to determine the exposure risk via penetration into breathing zones in that row and numerous rows ahead and behind the index case. We present here conclusions from 118 releases of fluorescent tracer particles, with 40+ Instantaneous Biological Analyzer and Collector sensors placed in passenger breathing zones for real-time measurement of simulated virus particle penetration. Results from both airframes showed a minimum reduction of 99.54% of 1 μm aerosols from the index source to the breathing zone of a typical passenger seated directly next to the source. An average 99.97 to 99.98% reduction was measured for the breathing zones tested in the 767 and 777, respectively. Contamination of surfaces from aerosol sources was minimal, and DNA-tagged 3 μm tracer aerosol collection techniques agreed with fluorescent methodologies.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Aerosol tracer testing in the cabin of wide-bodied Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft to simulate exposure potential of infectious particulate such as SARS-CoV-2

medRxiv

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has reintroduced questions regarding the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure amongst passengers on an aircraft. Quantifying risk with computational fluid dynamics models or contact tracing methods alone is challenging, as experimental results for inflight biological aerosols is lacking. Using fluorescent aerosol tracers and real time optical sensors, coupled with DNA-tagged tracers for aerosol deposition, we executed ground and inflight testing on Boeing 767 and 777 airframes. Analysis here represents tracer particles released from a simulated infected passenger, in multiple rows and seats, to determine the exposure risk via penetration into breathing zones in that row and numerous rows ahead and behind the index case. We completed over 65 releases of 180,000,000 fluorescent particles from the source, with 40+ Instantaneous Biological Analyzer and Collector sensors placed in passenger breathing zones for real-time measurement of simulated virus particle penetration. Results from both airframes showed a minimum reduction of 99.54% of 1 micron aerosols from the index source to the breathing zone of a typical passenger seated directly next to the source. An average 99.97 to 99.98% reduction was measured for the breathing zones tested in the 767 and 777, respectively. Contamination of surfaces from aerosol sources was minimal, and DNA-tagged 3 micron tracer aerosol collection techniques agreed with fluorescent methodologies.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-13
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.01.11.21249626
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Cellular Microbiology of Mycoplasma canis.

Michaels, Dina L / Leibowitz, Jeffrey A / Azaiza, Mohammed T / Shil, Pollob K / Shama, Suzanne M / Kutish, Gerald F / Distelhorst, Steven L / Balish, Mitchell F / May, Meghan A / Brown, Daniel R

Infection and immunity

2016 Volume 84, Issue 6, Page(s) 1785–1795

Abstract: Mycoplasma canis can infect many mammalian hosts but is best known as a commensal or opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The unexpected presence of M. canis in brains of dogs with idiopathic meningoencephalitis prompted new in vitro studies to help fill the ... ...

Abstract	Mycoplasma canis can infect many mammalian hosts but is best known as a commensal or opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The unexpected presence of M. canis in brains of dogs with idiopathic meningoencephalitis prompted new in vitro studies to help fill the void of basic knowledge about the organism's candidate virulence factors, the host responses that it elicits, and its potential roles in pathogenesis. Secretion of reactive oxygen species and sialidase varied quantitatively (P < 0.01) among strains of M. canis isolated from canine brain tissue or mucosal surfaces. All strains colonized the surface of canine MDCK epithelial and DH82 histiocyte cells and murine C8-D1A astrocytes. Transit through MDCK and DH82 cells was demonstrated by gentamicin protection assays and three-dimensional immunofluorescence imaging. Strains further varied (P < 0.01) in the extents to which they influenced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the neuroendocrine regulatory peptide endothelin-1 by DH82 cells. Inoculation with M. canis also decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen expression by DH82 cells (P < 0.01), while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and complement factor H was unaffected. The basis for differences in the responses elicited by these strains was not obvious in their genome sequences. No acute cytopathic effects on any homogeneous cell line, or consistent patterns of M. canis polyvalent antigen distribution in canine meningoencephalitis case brain tissues, were apparent. Thus, while it is not likely a primary neuropathogen, M. canis has the capacity to influence meningoencephalitis through complex interactions within the multicellular and neurochemical in vivo milieu.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/genetics ; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology ; Astrocytes/immunology ; Astrocytes/microbiology ; Brain/immunology ; Brain/microbiology ; Complement Factor H/genetics ; Complement Factor H/immunology ; Dog Diseases/immunology ; Dog Diseases/microbiology ; Dog Diseases/pathology ; Dogs ; Endothelin-1/genetics ; Endothelin-1/immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histiocytes/immunology ; Histiocytes/microbiology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Interferon-gamma/genetics ; Interferon-gamma/immunology ; Interleukin-10/genetics ; Interleukin-10/immunology ; Interleukin-6/genetics ; Interleukin-6/immunology ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Meningoencephalitis/immunology ; Meningoencephalitis/microbiology ; Meningoencephalitis/pathology ; Meningoencephalitis/veterinary ; Mycoplasma/genetics ; Mycoplasma/immunology ; Mycoplasma/pathogenicity ; Neuraminidase/secretion ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology ; Virulence
Chemical Substances	Antigens, Bacterial ; Endothelin-1 ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II ; Interleukin-6 ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Complement Factor H (80295-65-4) ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6) ; Neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218698-6
ISSN	1098-5522 ; 0019-9567
ISSN (online)	1098-5522
ISSN	0019-9567
DOI	10.1128/IAI.01440-15
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Article ; Online: Supportive care during treatment for breast cancer: resource allocations in low- and middle-income countries. A Breast Health Global Initiative 2013 consensus statement.

Cardoso, Fatima / Bese, Nuran / Distelhorst, Sandra R / Bevilacqua, Jose Luiz B / Ginsburg, Ophira / Grunberg, Steven M / Gralla, Richard J / Steyn, Ann / Pagani, Olivia / Partridge, Ann H / Knaul, Felicia Marie / Aapro, Matti S / Andersen, Barbara L / Thompson, Beti / Gralow, Julie R / Anderson, Benjamin O

Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland)

2013 Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) 593–605

Abstract: Breast cancer patients may have unmet supportive care needs during treatment, including symptom management of treatment-related toxicities, and educational, psychosocial, and spiritual needs. Delivery of supportive care is often a low priority in low- ... ...

Abstract	Breast cancer patients may have unmet supportive care needs during treatment, including symptom management of treatment-related toxicities, and educational, psychosocial, and spiritual needs. Delivery of supportive care is often a low priority in low- and middle-income settings, and is also dependent on resources available. This consensus statement describes twelve key recommendations for supportive care during treatment in low- and middle-income countries, identified by an expert international panel as part of the 5th Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) Global Summit for Supportive Care, which was held in October 2012, in Vienna, Austria. Panel recommendations are presented in a 4-tier resource-stratified table to illustrate how health systems can provide supportive care services during treatment to breast cancer patients, starting at a basic level of resource allocation and incrementally adding program resources as they become available. These recommendations include: health professional and patient and family education; management of treatment related toxicities, management of treatment-related symptoms of fatigue, insomnia and non-specific pain, and management of psychosocial and spiritual issues related to breast cancer treatment. Establishing supportive care during breast cancer treatment will help ensure that breast cancer patients receive comprehensive care that can help 1) improve adherence to treatment recommendations, 2) manage treatment-related toxicities and other treatment related symptoms, and 3) address the psychosocial and spiritual aspects of breast cancer and breast cancer treatments.
MeSH term(s)	Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects ; Breast Neoplasms/complications ; Breast Neoplasms/economics ; Breast Neoplasms/psychology ; Breast Neoplasms/therapy ; Depression/diagnosis ; Depression/therapy ; Developing Countries ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/therapy ; Fatigue/therapy ; Female ; Health Personnel/education ; Humans ; Pain Management ; Patient Education as Topic ; Postoperative Complications/therapy ; Resource Allocation
Chemical Substances	Antineoplastic Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-31
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Consensus Development Conference ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1143210-x
ISSN	1532-3080 ; 0960-9776
ISSN (online)	1532-3080
ISSN	0960-9776
DOI	10.1016/j.breast.2013.07.050
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Article ; Online: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes.

Klionsky, Daniel J / Abeliovich, Hagai / Agostinis, Patrizia / Agrawal, Devendra K / Aliev, Gjumrakch / Askew, David S / Baba, Misuzu / Baehrecke, Eric H / Bahr, Ben A / Ballabio, Andrea / Bamber, Bruce A / Bassham, Diane C / Bergamini, Ettore / Bi, Xiaoning / Biard-Piechaczyk, Martine / Blum, Janice S / Bredesen, Dale E / Brodsky, Jeffrey L / Brumell, John H /

Brunk, Ulf T / Bursch, Wilfried / Camougrand, Nadine / Cebollero, Eduardo / Cecconi, Francesco / Chen, Yingyu / Chin, Lih-Shen / Choi, Augustine / Chu, Charleen T / Chung, Jongkyeong / Clarke, Peter G H / Clark, Robert S B / Clarke, Steven G / Clavé, Corinne / Cleveland, John L / Codogno, Patrice / Colombo, María I / Coto-Montes, Ana / Cregg, James M / Cuervo, Ana Maria / Debnath, Jayanta / Demarchi, Francesca / Dennis, Patrick B / Dennis, Phillip A / Deretic, Vojo / Devenish, Rodney J / Di Sano, Federica / Dice, J Fred / Difiglia, Marian / Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma / Distelhorst, Clark W / Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan / Dorsey, Frank C / Dröge, Wulf / Dron, Michel / Dunn, William A / Duszenko, Michael / Eissa, N Tony / Elazar, Zvulun / Esclatine, Audrey / Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa / Fésüs, László / Finley, Kim D / Fuentes, José M / Fueyo, Juan / Fujisaki, Kozo / Galliot, Brigitte / Gao, Fen-Biao / Gewirtz, David A / Gibson, Spencer B / Gohla, Antje / Goldberg, Alfred L / Gonzalez, Ramon / González-Estévez, Cristina / Gorski, Sharon / Gottlieb, Roberta A / Häussinger, Dieter / He, You-Wen / Heidenreich, Kim / Hill, Joseph A / Høyer-Hansen, Maria / Hu, Xun / Huang, Wei-Pang / Iwasaki, Akiko / Jäättelä, Marja / Jackson, William T / Jiang, Xuejun / Jin, Shengkan / Johansen, Terje / Jung, Jae U / Kadowaki, Motoni / Kang, Chanhee / Kelekar, Ameeta / Kessel, David H / Kiel, Jan A K W / Kim, Hong Pyo / Kimchi, Adi / Kinsella, Timothy J / Kiselyov, Kirill / Kitamoto, Katsuhiko / Knecht, Erwin / Komatsu, Masaaki / Kominami, Eiki / Kondo, Seiji / Kovács, Attila L / Kroemer, Guido / Kuan, Chia-Yi / Kumar, Rakesh / Kundu, Mondira / Landry, Jacques / Laporte, Marianne / Le, Weidong / Lei, Huan-Yao / Lenardo, Michael J / Levine, Beth / Lieberman, Andrew / Lim, Kah-Leong / Lin, Fu-Cheng / Liou, Willisa / Liu, Leroy F / Lopez-Berestein, Gabriel / López-Otín, Carlos / Lu, Bo / Macleod, Kay F / Malorni, Walter / Martinet, Wim / Matsuoka, Ken / Mautner, Josef / Meijer, Alfred J / Meléndez, Alicia / Michels, Paul / Miotto, Giovanni / Mistiaen, Wilhelm P / Mizushima, Noboru / Mograbi, Baharia / Monastyrska, Iryna / Moore, Michael N / Moreira, Paula I / Moriyasu, Yuji / Motyl, Tomasz / Münz, Christian / Murphy, Leon O / Naqvi, Naweed I / Neufeld, Thomas P / Nishino, Ichizo / Nixon, Ralph A / Noda, Takeshi / Nürnberg, Bernd / Ogawa, Michinaga / Oleinick, Nancy L / Olsen, Laura J / Ozpolat, Bulent / Paglin, Shoshana / Palmer, Glen E / Papassideri, Issidora / Parkes, Miles / Perlmutter, David H / Perry, George / Piacentini, Mauro / Pinkas-Kramarski, Ronit / Prescott, Mark / Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula / Raben, Nina / Rami, Abdelhaq / Reggiori, Fulvio / Rohrer, Bärbel / Rubinsztein, David C / Ryan, Kevin M / Sadoshima, Junichi / Sakagami, Hiroshi / Sakai, Yasuyoshi / Sandri, Marco / Sasakawa, Chihiro / Sass, Miklós / Schneider, Claudio / Seglen, Per O / Seleverstov, Oleksandr / Settleman, Jeffrey / Shacka, John J / Shapiro, Irving M / Sibirny, Andrei / Silva-Zacarin, Elaine C M / Simon, Hans-Uwe / Simone, Cristiano / Simonsen, Anne / Smith, Mark A / Spanel-Borowski, Katharina / Srinivas, Vickram / Steeves, Meredith / Stenmark, Harald / Stromhaug, Per E / Subauste, Carlos S / Sugimoto, Seiichiro / Sulzer, David / Suzuki, Toshihiko / Swanson, Michele S / Tabas, Ira / Takeshita, Fumihiko / Talbot, Nicholas J / Tallóczy, Zsolt / Tanaka, Keiji / Tanaka, Kozo / Tanida, Isei / Taylor, Graham S / Taylor, J Paul / Terman, Alexei / Tettamanti, Gianluca / Thompson, Craig B / Thumm, Michael / Tolkovsky, Aviva M / Tooze, Sharon A / Truant, Ray / Tumanovska, Lesya V / Uchiyama, Yasuo / Ueno, Takashi / Uzcátegui, Néstor L / van der Klei, Ida / Vaquero, Eva C / Vellai, Tibor / Vogel, Michael W / Wang, Hong-Gang / Webster, Paul / Wiley, John W / Xi, Zhijun / Xiao, Gutian / Yahalom, Joachim / Yang, Jin-Ming / Yap, George / Yin, Xiao-Ming / Yoshimori, Tamotsu / Yu, Li / Yue, Zhenyu / Yuzaki, Michisuke / Zabirnyk, Olga / Zheng, Xiaoxiang / Zhu, Xiongwei / Deter, Russell L

Autophagy

2007 Volume 4, Issue 2, Page(s) 151–175

Abstract: Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,(1) and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have ... ...

Abstract	Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,(1) and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.(2,3) There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Autophagy/physiology ; Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Eukaryotic Cells/physiology ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Phagosomes/metabolism ; Phagosomes/physiology ; Plants/metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Protein Transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	ATG8 protein, S cerevisiae ; Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-11-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2454135-7
ISSN	1554-8635 ; 1554-8627
ISSN (online)	1554-8635
ISSN	1554-8627
DOI	10.4161/auto.5338
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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