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Article: Evolutionary physiology at 30+: Has the promise been fulfilled?: Advances in Evolutionary Physiology: Advances in Evolutionary Physiology

Galván, Ismael / Schwartz, Tonia S. / Garland, Theodore, Jr

BioEssays. 2022 Jan., v. 44, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Three decades ago, interactions between evolutionary biology and physiology gave rise to evolutionary physiology. This caused comparative physiologists to improve their research methods by incorporating evolutionary thinking. Simultaneously, evolutionary ...

Abstract	Three decades ago, interactions between evolutionary biology and physiology gave rise to evolutionary physiology. This caused comparative physiologists to improve their research methods by incorporating evolutionary thinking. Simultaneously, evolutionary biologists began focusing more on physiological mechanisms that may help to explain constraints on and trade‐offs during microevolutionary processes, as well as macroevolutionary patterns in physiological diversity. Here we argue that evolutionary physiology has yet to reach its full potential, and propose new avenues that may lead to unexpected advances. Viewing physiological adaptations in wild animals as potential solutions to human diseases offers enormous possibilities for biomedicine. New evidence of epigenetic modifications as mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity that regulate physiological traits may also arise in coming years, which may also represent an overlooked enhancer of adaptation via natural selection to explain physiological evolution. Synergistic interactions at these intersections and other areas will lead to a novel understanding of organismal biology.
Keywords	epigenetics ; humans ; medicine ; natural selection ; phenotypic plasticity ; physiology
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	50140-2
ISSN	1521-1878 ; 0265-9247
ISSN (online)	1521-1878
ISSN	0265-9247
DOI	10.1002/bies.202100167
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Inverse Krogh Principle: All Organisms Are Worthy of Study.

Clark, Christopher J / Hutchinson, John R / Garland, Theodore

Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ

2022 Volume 96, Issue 1, Page(s) 1–16

Abstract: AbstractKrogh's principle states, "For such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied." The downside of picking a question first and then finding an ideal organism ... ...

Abstract	AbstractKrogh's principle states, "For such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied." The downside of picking a question first and then finding an ideal organism on which to study it is that it will inevitably leave many organisms neglected. Here, we promote the inverse Krogh principle: all organisms are worthy of study. The inverse Krogh principle and the Krogh principle are not opposites. Rather, the inverse Krogh principle emphasizes a different starting point for research: start with a biological unit, such as an organism, clade, or specific organism trait, then seek or create tractable research questions. Even the hardest-to-study species have research questions that can be asked of them: Where does it fall within the tree of life? What resources does it need to survive and reproduce? How does it differ from close relatives? Does it have unique adaptations? The Krogh and inverse Krogh approaches are complementary, and many research programs naturally include both. Other considerations for picking a study species include extreme species, species informative for phylogenetic analyses, and the creation of models when a suitable species does not exist. The inverse Krogh principle also has pitfalls. A scientist that picks the organism first might choose a research question not really suited to the organism, and funding agencies rarely fund organism-centered grant proposals. The inverse Krogh principle does not call for all organisms to receive the same amount of research attention. As knowledge continues to accumulate, some organisms-models-will inevitably have more known about them than others. Rather, it urges a broader search across organismal diversity to find sources of inspiration for research questions and the motivation needed to pursue them.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Phylogeny ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Phenotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1473845-4
ISSN	1537-5293 ; 1522-2152
ISSN (online)	1537-5293
ISSN	1522-2152
DOI	10.1086/721620
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The long-lasting shadow of litter size in rodents

Marcela Parra-Vargas / Sebastien G. Bouret / Jens C. Bruning / Egberto G. de Moura / Theodore Garland, Jr. / Patricia C. Lisboa / Susan E. Ozanne / Mary-Elizabeth Patti / Andreas Plagemann / John R. Speakman / Manuel Tena-Sempere / Catherine Vergely / Lori M. Zeltser / Josep C. Jiménez-Chillarón

Molecular Metabolism, Vol 71, Iss , Pp 101707- (2023)

litter size is an underreported variable that strongly determines adult physiology

2023

Abstract: Background/Purpose: Litter size is a biological variable that strongly influences adult physiology in rodents. Despite evidence from previous decades and recent studies highlighting its major impact on metabolism, information about litter size is ... ...

Abstract	Background/Purpose: Litter size is a biological variable that strongly influences adult physiology in rodents. Despite evidence from previous decades and recent studies highlighting its major impact on metabolism, information about litter size is currently underreported in the scientific literature. Here, we urge that this important biological variable should be explicitly stated in research articles. Results/Conclusion: Below, we briefly describe the scientific evidence supporting the impact of litter size on adult physiology and outline a series of recommendations and guidelines to be implemented by investigators, funding agencies, editors in scientific journals, and animal suppliers to fill this important gap.
Keywords	Litter size reduction ; Neonatal growth ; Childhood obesity ; Experimental models of physiology ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: DNA methylation in AgRP neurons regulates voluntary exercise behavior in mice

Harry MacKay / C. Anthony Scott / Jack D. Duryea / Maria S. Baker / Eleonora Laritsky / Amanda E. Elson / Theodore Garland Jr. / Marta L. Fiorotto / Rui Chen / Yumei Li / Cristian Coarfa / Richard B. Simerly / Robert A. Waterland

Nature Communications, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 11

Abstract: AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) are involved in regulating hunger and energy balance. Here the authors show that knockout of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in AgRP neurons of the ARH leads to a reduction in voluntary exercise ... ...

Abstract	AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) are involved in regulating hunger and energy balance. Here the authors show that knockout of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in AgRP neurons of the ARH leads to a reduction in voluntary exercise along with numerous epigenetic and gene expression changes in ARH neurons.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: DNA methylation in AgRP neurons regulates voluntary exercise behavior in mice

Nature Communications, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 11

Abstract	AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) are involved in regulating hunger and energy balance. Here the authors show that knockout of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in AgRP neurons of the ARH leads to a reduction in voluntary exercise along with numerous epigenetic and gene expression changes in ARH neurons.
Keywords	Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Long-Term Effects of Fatherhood on Morphology, Energetics, and Exercise Performance in California Mice (

Andrew, Jacob R / Garland, Theodore / Chappell, Mark A / Zhao, Meng / Horrell, Nathan D / Saltzman, Wendy

Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ

2019 Volume 93, Issue 1, Page(s) 75–86

Abstract: In male mammals that provide care for their offspring, fatherhood can lead to changes in behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits, some of which might constitute trade-offs. However, relatively little is known about these changes, especially ... ...

Abstract	In male mammals that provide care for their offspring, fatherhood can lead to changes in behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits, some of which might constitute trade-offs. However, relatively little is known about these changes, especially across multiple reproductive bouts, which are expected to magnify differences between fathers and nonreproductive males. We evaluated consequences of fatherhood in the monogamous, biparental California mouse (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Parity ; Paternal Behavior ; Peromyscus/anatomy & histology ; Peromyscus/metabolism ; Peromyscus/physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1473845-4
ISSN	1537-5293 ; 1522-2152
ISSN (online)	1537-5293
ISSN	1522-2152
DOI	10.1086/706863
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effects of short- and long-term cold acclimation on morphology, physiology, and exercise performance of California mice (Peromyscus californicus): potential modulation by fatherhood.

Andrew, Jacob R / Garland, Theodore / Chappell, Mark A / Zhao, Meng / Saltzman, Wendy

Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology

2019 Volume 189, Issue 3-4, Page(s) 471–487

Abstract: California mice (Peromyscus californicus) differ from most other mammals in that they are biparental, genetically monogamous, and (compared with other Peromyscus) relatively large. We evaluated effects of cold acclimation on metabolic rate, exercise ... ...

Abstract	California mice (Peromyscus californicus) differ from most other mammals in that they are biparental, genetically monogamous, and (compared with other Peromyscus) relatively large. We evaluated effects of cold acclimation on metabolic rate, exercise performance, and morphology of pair-housed male California mice, as well as modulation of these effects by fatherhood. In Experiment 1, virgin males housed at 5° or 10 °C for approximately 25 days were compared with virgins housed at standard vivarium temperature of 22 °C. Measures included resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]max), grip strength, and sprint speed. In Experiment 2, virgin males housed at 22 °C were compared with three groups of males housed at 10 °C: virgins, breeding males (housed with a female and their pups), and non-breeding males (housed with an ovariectomized, estrogen- and progesterone-treated female) after long-term acclimation (mean 243 days). Measures in this experiment included basal metabolic rate (BMR), [Formula: see text]max, maximal thermogenic capacity ([Formula: see text]sum), and morphological traits. In Experiment 1, virgin males housed at 5° and 10 °C had higher RMR and [Formula: see text]max than those at 22 °C. In Experiment 2, 10 °C-acclimated groups had shorter bodies; increased body, fat, and lean masses; higher BMR and [Formula: see text]sum, and generally greater morphometric measures and organ masses than virgin males at 22 °C. Among the groups housed at 10 °C, breeding males had higher BMR and lower [Formula: see text]max than non-breeding and/or virgin males. Overall, we found that effects of fatherhood during cold acclimation were inconsistent, and that several aspects of cold acclimation differ substantially between California mice and other small mammals.
MeSH term(s)	Acclimatization/physiology ; Animals ; Cold Temperature ; Fertility/physiology ; Male ; Peromyscus/physiology ; Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-09
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	231245-1
ISSN	1432-136X ; 0174-1578
ISSN (online)	1432-136X
ISSN	0174-1578
DOI	10.1007/s00360-019-01219-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Swimming with a sword: tail beat kinematics in relation to sword length in Xiphophorus

Oufiero, Christopher E / Jugo, Kristine / Garland, Theodore, Jr / Van Damme, Raoul

Functional ecology. 2014 Aug., v. 28, no. 4

2014

Abstract: Exaggerated morphological structures that evolve under sexual selection have the potential to alter functional relationships and hence affect aspects of movement. These effects may be more pronounced when the exaggerated morphological trait is coupled to ...

Abstract	Exaggerated morphological structures that evolve under sexual selection have the potential to alter functional relationships and hence affect aspects of movement. These effects may be more pronounced when the exaggerated morphological trait is coupled to the propulsive system. Many studies have examined the effects of sexually selected traits on whole‐organism performance, but few have documented their effects on the kinematics of locomotion. Using four swordtail (Xiphophorus) species that vary naturally in their expression of the sexually selected sword, and an experimental manipulation for the species in our sample with the longest sword (X.� alvarezi), we examined how variation in sword length affects the kinematics of swimming. Among the four species, we found few differences in tail beat kinematics, despite the large variation in sword length among species. In particular, the two species with long swords did not differ from the species lacking a sword, suggesting no locomotor ‘cost’ of having long swords. Using experimental manipulation, sword removal significantly increased tail beat amplitude, but not frequency, suggesting a potential increase in thrust production. Our comparative results suggest that swimming kinematics do not vary much with sword length, despite the variation in this sexually selected trait among the four species. This result suggests that other physiological mechanisms may be compensating for sword length, or as has been suggested recently, the sword may not impose a significant swimming cost.
Keywords	Xiphophorus ; kinematics ; locomotion ; sexual selection ; swimming ; tail
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-08
Size	p. 924-932.
Publishing place	Blackwell Scientific Publications
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2020307-X
ISSN	1365-2435 ; 0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
ISSN	0269-8463
DOI	10.1111/1365-2435.12222
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The long-lasting shadow of litter size in rodents: litter size is an underreported variable that strongly determines adult physiology.

Parra-Vargas, Marcela / Bouret, Sebastien G / Bruning, Jens C / de Moura, Egberto G / Garland, Theodore / Lisboa, Patricia C / Ozanne, Susan E / Patti, Mary-Elizabeth / Plagemann, Andreas / Speakman, John R / Tena-Sempere, Manuel / Vergely, Catherine / Zeltser, Lori M / Jiménez-Chillarón, Josep C

Molecular metabolism

2023 Volume 71, Page(s) 101707

Abstract: Background/purpose: Litter size is a biological variable that strongly influences adult physiology in rodents. Despite evidence from previous decades and recent studies highlighting its major impact on metabolism, information about litter size is ... ...

Abstract	Background/purpose: Litter size is a biological variable that strongly influences adult physiology in rodents. Despite evidence from previous decades and recent studies highlighting its major impact on metabolism, information about litter size is currently underreported in the scientific literature. Here, we urge that this important biological variable should be explicitly stated in research articles. Results/conclusion: Below, we briefly describe the scientific evidence supporting the impact of litter size on adult physiology and outline a series of recommendations and guidelines to be implemented by investigators, funding agencies, editors in scientific journals, and animal suppliers to fill this important gap.
MeSH term(s)	Pregnancy ; Animals ; Female ; Litter Size/physiology ; Rodentia
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-16
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2708735-9
ISSN	2212-8778 ; 2212-8778
ISSN (online)	2212-8778
ISSN	2212-8778
DOI	10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101707
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running exhibit lower blood pressure during withdrawal from wheel access

Kolb, Erik M / Kelly, Scott A / Garland, Theodore, Jr

Physiology & behavior. 2013 Mar. 15, v. 112-113

2013

Abstract: Exercise is known to be rewarding and have positive effects on mental and physical health. Excessive exercise, however, can be the result of an underlying behavioral/physiological addiction. Both humans who exercise regularly and rodent models of ... ...

Abstract	Exercise is known to be rewarding and have positive effects on mental and physical health. Excessive exercise, however, can be the result of an underlying behavioral/physiological addiction. Both humans who exercise regularly and rodent models of exercise addiction sometimes display behavioral withdrawal symptoms, including depression and anxiety, when exercise is denied. However, few studies have examined the physiological state that occurs during this withdrawal period. Alterations in blood pressure (BP) are common physiological indicators of withdrawal in a variety of addictions. In this study, we examined exercise withdrawal in four replicate lines of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running (HR lines). Mice from the HR lines run almost 3-fold greater distances on wheels than those from non-selected control lines, and have altered brain activity as well as increased behavioral despair when wheel access is removed. We tested the hypothesis that male HR mice have an altered cardiovascular response (heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure [MAP]) during exercise withdrawal. Measurements using an occlusion tail-cuff system were taken during 8days of baseline, 6days of wheel access, and 2days of withdrawal (wheel access blocked). During withdrawal, HR mice had significantly lower systolic BP, diastolic BP, and MAP than controls, potentially indicating a differential dependence on voluntary wheel running in HR mice. This is the first characterization of a cardiovascular withdrawal response in an animal model of high voluntary exercise.
Keywords	animal models ; anxiety ; blood pressure ; brain ; exercise ; heart rate ; humans ; mice ; physiological state ; wheels
Language	English
Dates of publication	2013-0315
Size	p. 49-55.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3907-x
ISSN	1873-507X ; 0031-9384
ISSN (online)	1873-507X
ISSN	0031-9384
DOI	10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.010
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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