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  1. Article ; Online: The photic blink reflex as an index of photophobia.

    Hackley, Steven A / Johnson, Lenworth N

    Biological psychology

    2023  Volume 184, Page(s) 108695

    Abstract: Two recent studies of eye closure triggered by intense luminance increase suggest that this behavior reflects the melanopsin-based retinal activity known to underlie photophobia, the pathological aversion to light (Kardon, 2012; Kaiser et al., 2021). ... ...

    Abstract Two recent studies of eye closure triggered by intense luminance increase suggest that this behavior reflects the melanopsin-based retinal activity known to underlie photophobia, the pathological aversion to light (Kardon, 2012; Kaiser et al., 2021). Early studies of the photic blink reflex (PBR) are reviewed to help guide future research on this possible objective index of photophobia. Electromyographic recordings of the lid-closure muscle, orbicularis oculi, reveal distinct bursts with typical onset latencies of 50 and 80 ms, R50 and R80, respectively. The latter component appears to be especially sensitive to visual signals from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and to prior trigeminal nociceptive stimuli. The authors argue that the R80's function, in addition to protecting the eyeballs from physical contact, is to shape the upper and lower eyelids into a narrow slit to restrict incoming light. This serves to prevent retinal bleaching or injury, while allowing continued visual function.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Photophobia ; Photic Stimulation ; Blinking ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Sensation ; Reflex, Pupillary/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-25
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 185105-6
    ISSN 1873-6246 ; 0301-0511
    ISSN (online) 1873-6246
    ISSN 0301-0511
    DOI 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108695
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    Zs.A 1544: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease: Why We Must 'Look for the Protein'.

    Johnson, Lenworth N

    Rhode Island medical journal (2013)

    2016  Volume 99, Issue 6, Page(s) 18–21

    Abstract: For years, clinicians and scientists interested in glaucoma have focused on the anterior segment of the eye and lowering of the intraocular pressure with respect to glaucoma causes and therapies. Yet glaucoma progresses in many individuals despite ... ...

    Abstract For years, clinicians and scientists interested in glaucoma have focused on the anterior segment of the eye and lowering of the intraocular pressure with respect to glaucoma causes and therapies. Yet glaucoma progresses in many individuals despite lowering the intraocular pressure. Herein, the concept of glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease is presented. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-06.asp, free with no login].
    MeSH term(s) Actins/metabolism ; Genome, Human ; Glaucoma/genetics ; Glaucoma/physiopathology ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/genetics ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology ; Trinucleotide Repeats
    Chemical Substances Actins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-06-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2707068-2
    ISSN 2327-2228 ; 2327-2228
    ISSN (online) 2327-2228
    ISSN 2327-2228
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  3. Article ; Online: Is Neuroretinitis Associated With Multiple Sclerosis?

    Miller, Neil R / Johnson, Lenworth N / Bakaeva, Tatiana / Van Stavern, Gregory P / Lee, Andrew G

    Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

    2021  Volume 42, Issue 1, Page(s) 126–130

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Multiple Sclerosis/complications ; Multiple Sclerosis/diagnosis ; Optic Neuritis/complications ; Retinitis/diagnosis ; Retinitis/etiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1189901-3
    ISSN 1536-5166 ; 1070-8022
    ISSN (online) 1536-5166
    ISSN 1070-8022
    DOI 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001374
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    Zs.A 1670: Show issues Location:
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  4. Article ; Online: The relationship between cerebral and retinal microbleeds in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA): A pilot study.

    Alber, Jessica / Arthur, Edmund / Goldfarb, Danielle / Drake, Jonathan / Boxerman, Jerrold L / Silver, Brian / Ott, Brian R / Johnson, Lenworth N / Snyder, Peter J

    Journal of the neurological sciences

    2021  Volume 423, Page(s) 117383

    Abstract: Background: The standard in vivo diagnostic imaging technique for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is costly and thereby of limited utility for point-of-care diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Recent recognition that retinal changes may ... ...

    Abstract Background: The standard in vivo diagnostic imaging technique for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is costly and thereby of limited utility for point-of-care diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Recent recognition that retinal changes may reflect cerebral changes in neurodegenerative disease provides an ideal opportunity for development of accessible and cost-effective biomarkers for point-of-care use in the detection and monitoring of CAA. In this pilot study, we examined structural and angiographic retinal changes in CAA patients relative to a control group, and compared retinal and cerebral pathology in a group of CAA patients.
    Methods: We used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to image the retina and compared retinal microbleeds to both cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in CAA patients, as seen on MRI. We compared retinal angiographic changes, along with structural retinal neuronal layer changes in CAA patients and cognitively normal older adults, and examined the relationship between retinal and cerebral microbleeds and cognition in CAA patients.
    Results: We found a trend level correlation between retinal and cerebral microbleeds in CAA patients. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between retinal microbleeds and episodic memory performance in CAA patients. There were no significant group differences between CAA patients and cognitively normal older adults on retinal angiographic or structural measurements.
    Conclusion: Retinal microbleeds may reflect degree of cerebral microbleed burden in CAA. This picture was complicated by systolic hypertension in the CAA group, which is a confounding factor for the interpretation of these data. Our results stimulate motivation for pursuit of a more comprehensive prospective study to determine the feasibility of retinal biomarkers in CAA.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/complications ; Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/diagnostic imaging ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/complications ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Pilot Projects ; Prospective Studies ; Retina/diagnostic imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80160-4
    ISSN 1878-5883 ; 0022-510X ; 0374-8642
    ISSN (online) 1878-5883
    ISSN 0022-510X ; 0374-8642
    DOI 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117383
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    Zs.A 308: Show issues Location:
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  5. Article: Increased Prevalence of Optic Disc Drusen after Papilloedema from Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: On the Possible Formation of Optic Disc Drusen.

    Birnbaum, Faith A / Johnson, Gabriella M / Johnson, Lenworth N / Jun, Bokkwan / Machan, Jason T

    Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press)

    2016  Volume 40, Issue 4, Page(s) 171–180

    Abstract: This is a 25-year observational retrospective review of 372 consecutive participants with optic disc drusen or resolved papilloedema from idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The prevalence of optic disc drusen at 19% among eyes with resolved ... ...

    Abstract This is a 25-year observational retrospective review of 372 consecutive participants with optic disc drusen or resolved papilloedema from idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The prevalence of optic disc drusen at 19% among eyes with resolved papilloedema was approximately 10 times higher and significantly increased (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 604820-1
    ISSN 1744-506X ; 0165-8107
    ISSN (online) 1744-506X
    ISSN 0165-8107
    DOI 10.1080/01658107.2016.1198917
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    Zs.A 1784: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article: Giant cell arteritis.

    Johnson, Lenworth N

    Ophthalmology

    2002  Volume 109, Issue 2, Page(s) 220–221

    MeSH term(s) Age Distribution ; Biopsy ; California/epidemiology ; Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Giant Cell Arteritis/diagnosis ; Giant Cell Arteritis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Sex Distribution ; Temporal Arteries/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 392083-5
    ISSN 1549-4713 ; 0161-6420
    ISSN (online) 1549-4713
    ISSN 0161-6420
    DOI 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00963-0
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    Zs.MO 533: Show issues

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  7. Article: Glaucoma: our role in reducing the burden of blindness.

    Johnson, Lenworth N

    Journal of the National Medical Association

    2002  Volume 94, Issue 10, Page(s) 908–911

    MeSH term(s) African Americans ; Blindness/etiology ; Blindness/prevention & control ; Glaucoma/complications ; Glaucoma/ethnology ; Glaucoma/therapy ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/drug effects ; Mass Screening
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 419737-9
    ISSN 0027-9684
    ISSN 0027-9684
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  8. Article: Medical vs surgical therapy in preventing visual field loss.

    Johnson, Lenworth N

    Ophthalmology

    2003  Volume 110, Issue 2, Page(s) 250–251

    MeSH term(s) Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/drug therapy ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/surgery ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Trabeculectomy ; Vision Disorders/prevention & control ; Visual Fields
    Chemical Substances Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comment ; Comparative Study ; Letter
    ZDB-ID 392083-5
    ISSN 1549-4713 ; 0161-6420
    ISSN (online) 1549-4713
    ISSN 0161-6420
    DOI 10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01722-0
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    Ul II Zs.83: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article ; Online: Levodopa as a possible treatment of visual loss in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

    Lyttle, Deanna P / Johnson, Lenworth N / Margolin, Edward A / Madsen, Richard W

    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie

    2016  Volume 254, Issue 4, Page(s) 757–764

    Abstract: Purpose: To determine the clinical effectiveness and potential neuroprotection of levodopa in improving visual acuity, visual field, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in eyes affected by NAION.: Method: Retrospective cohort study ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To determine the clinical effectiveness and potential neuroprotection of levodopa in improving visual acuity, visual field, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in eyes affected by NAION.
    Method: Retrospective cohort study involving 59 eyes of 59 participants with NAION who were evaluated within 15 days of NAION onset. Participants received 25 mg carbidopa/100 mg levodopa three times daily with meals for 12 weeks (levodopa group) or were untreated (control group). Best-corrected visual acuity converted to logMAR, mean deviation (MD) threshold sensitivity on automated perimetry, and mean RNFL thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT) were assessed. The primary outcome was the categorization of eyes into improved visual acuity (by 0.3 logMAR difference), worsened visual acuity (by 0.3 logMAR difference), or no change in visual acuity. The proportions in each category were compared between the levodopa and control groups.
    Results: Among participants with 20/60 or worse initial visual acuity, levodopa-treated participants had significant improvement (P < 0.0001) in the mean change from initial to final logMAR visual acuity of -0.74 ± 0.56 (95 % CI, -0.98 to -0.50), while the mean change for the control group at -0.37 ± 1.09 (95 % confidence interval estimate, -1.00 to +0.26) was not significant (P = 0.23). A significant difference between groups was observed (P = 0.0086) such that 19/23 (83 %) in the levodopa group improved and none got worse, as compared with 6/14 (43 %) in the control group improving while four (29 %) worsened. The change in visual field MD and RNFL thickness on OCT showed no significant difference at P = 0.23 and P = 0.75 respectively. No levodopa-treated participant had any adverse event from the levodopa.
    Conclusions: Treatment within 15 days of onset of NAION with levodopa improved central visual acuity by an average of 6 lines on Snellen acuity chart. Levodopa may promote neuroprotection of the maculopapular retinal ganglion cell fibers in NAION.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arteritis/diagnosis ; Arteritis/drug therapy ; Dopamine Agents/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Levodopa/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers/pathology ; Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use ; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/diagnosis ; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/drug therapy ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity/drug effects ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Dopamine Agents ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Levodopa (46627O600J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-04
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 8435-9
    ISSN 1435-702X ; 0721-832X
    ISSN (online) 1435-702X
    ISSN 0721-832X
    DOI 10.1007/s00417-015-3191-z
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  10. Article ; Online: Pseudotumor cerebri: What We Have Learned from the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial.

    Thakore, Rachel V / Johnson, Meredith A J / Krohel, Gregory B / Johnson, Lenworth N

    Rhode Island medical journal (2013)

    2016  Volume 99, Issue 5, Page(s) 22–24

    Abstract: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is an unexplained increase in intracranial pressure associated with permanent severe visual loss in 25% of cases and debilitating headaches. The condition is often associated with ... ...

    Abstract Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is an unexplained increase in intracranial pressure associated with permanent severe visual loss in 25% of cases and debilitating headaches. The condition is often associated with obesity. The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial, a large, randomized, collaborative clinical trial, evaluated the efficacy of acetazolamide with weight loss versus placebo with weight loss in participants. Herein, we describe the major components of the clinical trial and discuss its shortcomings. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-05.asp, free with no login].
    MeSH term(s) Acetazolamide/administration & dosage ; Acetazolamide/adverse effects ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Diuretics/administration & dosage ; Diuretics/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; North America ; Obesity/complications ; Pseudotumor Cerebri/drug therapy ; Pseudotumor Cerebri/therapy ; Weight Loss ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Diuretics ; Acetazolamide (O3FX965V0I)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-05-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 2707068-2
    ISSN 2327-2228 ; 2327-2228
    ISSN (online) 2327-2228
    ISSN 2327-2228
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