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Article ; Online: What is episodic memory and how do we use it?

Ranganath, Charan

2022 Volume 26, Issue 12, Page(s) 1059–1061

Abstract: What are the neural and computational principles that give rise to episodic memory? Although memory is probably the most studied topic in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, most research has focused on learning at the micro-level. I outline the ... ...

Abstract	What are the neural and computational principles that give rise to episodic memory? Although memory is probably the most studied topic in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, most research has focused on learning at the micro-level. I outline the limitations of this approach and propose a 'molar' approach to tackle episodic memory at the scale of life.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Cognitive Neuroscience
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2010989-1
ISSN	1879-307X ; 1364-6613
ISSN (online)	1879-307X
ISSN	1364-6613
DOI	10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.023
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Article ; Online: Flexible reuse of cortico-hippocampal representations during encoding and recall of naturalistic events.

Reagh, Zachariah M / Ranganath, Charan

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 1279

Abstract: Although every life event is unique, there are considerable commonalities across events. However, little is known about whether or how the brain flexibly represents information about different event components at encoding and during remembering. Here, we ...

Abstract	Although every life event is unique, there are considerable commonalities across events. However, little is known about whether or how the brain flexibly represents information about different event components at encoding and during remembering. Here, we show that different cortico-hippocampal networks systematically represent specific components of events depicted in videos, both during online experience and during episodic memory retrieval. Regions of an Anterior Temporal Network represented information about people, generalizing across contexts, whereas regions of a Posterior Medial Network represented context information, generalizing across people. Medial prefrontal cortex generalized across videos depicting the same event schema, whereas the hippocampus maintained event-specific representations. Similar effects were seen in real-time and recall, suggesting reuse of event components across overlapping episodic memories. These representational profiles together provide a computationally optimal strategy to scaffold memory for different high-level event components, allowing efficient reuse for event comprehension, recollection, and imagination.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Brain Mapping ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mental Recall ; Hippocampus ; Memory, Episodic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-36805-5
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Article ; Online: A complementary learning systems model of how sleep moderates retrieval practice effects.

Liu, Xiaonan L / Ranganath, Charan / O'Reilly, Randall C

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2024

Abstract: ... our recent behavioral study (Liu & Ranganath, 2021, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28[6], 2035-2044) suggests ... and Ranganath (2021) using our biologically plausible computational model, TEACH, developed based ...

Abstract	While many theories assume that sleep is critical in stabilizing and strengthening memories, our recent behavioral study (Liu & Ranganath, 2021, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28[6], 2035-2044) suggests that sleep does not simply stabilize memories. Instead, it plays a more complex role, integrating information across two temporally distinct learning episodes. In the current study, we simulated the results of Liu and Ranganath (2021) using our biologically plausible computational model, TEACH, developed based on the complementary learning systems (CLS) framework. Our model suggests that when memories are activated during sleep, the reduced influence of temporal context establishes connections across temporally separated events through mutual training between the hippocampus and neocortex. In addition to providing a compelling mechanistic explanation for the selective effect of sleep, this model offers new examples of the diverse ways in which the cortex and hippocampus can interact during learning.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-024-02489-1
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Article ; Online: Time, memory, and the legacy of Howard Eichenbaum.

Ranganath, Charan

Hippocampus

2018 Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) 146–161

Abstract: Over the past 15 years, there has been an explosion of new research on the role of the hippocampus in the representation of information about time in memory. Much of this work was inspired by the ideas and research of Howard Eichenbaum, who made major ... ...

Abstract	Over the past 15 years, there has been an explosion of new research on the role of the hippocampus in the representation of information about time in memory. Much of this work was inspired by the ideas and research of Howard Eichenbaum, who made major contributions to our understanding of the neurobiology of episodic memory and the neural representation of time. In this article, I will review evidence regarding the role of time in understanding hippocampal function. This review will cover a broad range of evidence from studies of humans and nonhuman animals with a narrative arc that follows Howard's major discoveries. These studies demonstrate that the hippocampus encodes information in relation to an episodic context, and that time, as well as space, serves to define these contexts. Moreover, the research has shown that the hippocampus can encode temporal, spatial, and situational information in parallel. Building on this work, I present a new framework for understanding temporal structure in human episodic memory. I conclude by outlining current controversies and new questions that must be addressed by the field in the years to come.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Hippocampus/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Memory, Episodic ; Neurosciences/history ; Time Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	1074352-2
ISSN	1098-1063 ; 1050-9631
ISSN (online)	1098-1063
ISSN	1050-9631
DOI	10.1002/hipo.23007
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Zs.A 3227: Show issues

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
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Article ; Online: Aging impacts memory for perceptual, but not narrative, event details.

Delarazan, Angelique I / Ranganath, Charan / Reagh, Zachariah M

Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)

2023 Volume 30, Issue 2, Page(s) 48–54

Abstract: Memory is well known to decline over the course of healthy aging. However, memory is not a monolith and draws from different kinds of representations. Historically, much of our understanding of age-related memory decline stems from recognition of ... ...

Abstract	Memory is well known to decline over the course of healthy aging. However, memory is not a monolith and draws from different kinds of representations. Historically, much of our understanding of age-related memory decline stems from recognition of isolated studied items. In contrast, real-life events are often remembered as narratives, and this kind of information is generally missed in typical recognition memory studies. Here, we designed a task to tax mnemonic discrimination of event details, directly contrasting perceptual and narrative memory. Older and younger adults watched an episode of a television show and later completed an old/new recognition test featuring targets, novel foils, and similar lures in narrative and perceptual domains. While we observed no age-related differences on basic recognition of repeated targets and novel foils, older adults showed a deficit in correctly rejecting perceptual, but not narrative, lures. These findings provide insight into the vulnerability of different memory domains in aging and may be useful in characterizing individuals at risk for pathological cognitive decline.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Aged ; Aging ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Healthy Aging ; Memory ; Mental Recall
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1204777-6
ISSN	1549-5485 ; 1072-0502
ISSN (online)	1549-5485
ISSN	1072-0502
DOI	10.1101/lm.053740.122
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Zs.A 4107: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Integration of event experiences to build relational knowledge in the human brain.

Leshinskaya, Anna / Nguyen, Mitchell A / Ranganath, Charan

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

2023 Volume 33, Issue 18, Page(s) 9997–10012

Abstract: We investigated how the human brain integrates experiences of specific events to build general knowledge about typical event structure. We examined an episodic memory area important for temporal relations, anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex, and a ... ...

Abstract	We investigated how the human brain integrates experiences of specific events to build general knowledge about typical event structure. We examined an episodic memory area important for temporal relations, anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex, and a semantic memory area important for action concepts, middle temporal gyrus, to understand how and when these areas contribute to these processes. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while learning and recalling temporal relations among novel events over two sessions 1 week apart. Across distinct contexts, individual temporal relations among events could either be consistent or inconsistent with each other. Within each context, during the recall phase, we measured associative coding as the difference of multivoxel correlations among related vs unrelated pairs of events. Neural regions that form integrative representations should exhibit stronger associative coding in the consistent than the inconsistent contexts. We found evidence of integrative representations that emerged quickly in anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex (at session 1), and only subsequently in middle temporal gyrus, which showed a significant change across sessions. A complementary pattern of findings was seen with signatures during learning. This suggests that integrative representations are established early in anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex and may be a pathway to the later emergence of semantic knowledge in middle temporal gyrus.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Brain Mapping/methods ; Temporal Lobe ; Entorhinal Cortex ; Learning ; Memory, Episodic ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/bhad260
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Zs.A 3235: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Resurrected memories: Sleep-dependent memory consolidation saves memories from competition induced by retrieval practice.

Liu, Xiaonan L / Ranganath, Charan

Psychonomic bulletin & review

2021 Volume 28, Issue 6, Page(s) 2035–2044

Abstract: Retrieval practice improves retention of tested information, and it can either impair or facilitate retention of untested information. Here, we investigated how semantic relatedness, episodic context, and sleep-dependent memory consolidation determine ... ...

Abstract	Retrieval practice improves retention of tested information, and it can either impair or facilitate retention of untested information. Here, we investigated how semantic relatedness, episodic context, and sleep-dependent memory consolidation determine the effects of retrieval practice on retention of untested items. Participants studied lists of scene-word associations. Each scene was associated with two different words ("pairmates") that were either semantically related or unrelated and either in the same (temporally close) or different lists (temporally far). In three experiments, retrieval practice of scene-word associations facilitated retention of unpracticed, temporally close pairmates and impaired retention of temporally far, semantically unrelated pairmates. Critically, retrieval practice impaired retention of temporally far, semantically related pairmates if participants were unable to sleep during the retention interval, but it facilitated retention of these items if participants were able to sleep. Our findings suggest that sleep extends the benefits of testing to related information learned in temporally separate episodes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Learning ; Memory Consolidation ; Mental Recall ; Semantics ; Sleep
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2031311-1
ISSN	1531-5320 ; 1069-9384
ISSN (online)	1531-5320
ISSN	1069-9384
DOI	10.3758/s13423-021-01953-6
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Article: The Structure of Systematicity in the Brain.

O'Reilly, Randall C / Ranganath, Charan / Russin, Jacob L

Current directions in psychological science

2022 Volume 31, Issue 2, Page(s) 124–130

Abstract: A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to adapt to new situations, by applying learned rules to new content (systematicity) and thereby enabling an open-ended number of inferences and actions (generativity). Here, we propose that the human brain ...

Abstract	A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to adapt to new situations, by applying learned rules to new content (systematicity) and thereby enabling an open-ended number of inferences and actions (generativity). Here, we propose that the human brain accomplishes these feats through pathways in the parietal cortex that encode the abstract structure of space, events, and tasks, and pathways in the temporal cortex that encode information about specific people, places, and things (content). Recent neural network models show how the separation of structure and content might emerge through a combination of architectural biases and learning, and these networks show dramatic improvements in the ability to capture systematic, generative behavior. We close by considering how the hippocampal formation may form integrative memories that enable rapid learning of new structure and content representations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2026362-4
ISSN	1467-8721 ; 0963-7214
ISSN (online)	1467-8721
ISSN	0963-7214
DOI	10.1177/09637214211049233
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Article ; Online: Contextual Codes in the Hippocampus.

Geva-Sagiv, Maya / Ranganath, Charan

Trends in neurosciences

2020 Volume 43, Issue 6, Page(s) 357–359

Abstract: The hippocampus is thought to support memory and decisions by binding relevant aspects of experiences within a context. A recent paper by Gulli et al. studies how activity in the macaque hippocampus varies according to different contextual requirements ... ...

Abstract	The hippocampus is thought to support memory and decisions by binding relevant aspects of experiences within a context. A recent paper by Gulli et al. studies how activity in the macaque hippocampus varies according to different contextual requirements in the same space. This study demonstrates how a hippocampal cognitive map can flexibly reflect both spatial and nonspatial task demands.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Hippocampus ; Memory ; Primates ; Space Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Comment
ZDB-ID	282488-7
ISSN	1878-108X ; 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
ISSN (online)	1878-108X
ISSN	0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
DOI	10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.001
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Zs.A 1442: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MG 53: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Contextual Expectations Shape Cortical Reinstatement of Sensory Representations.

Clarke, Alex / Crivelli-Decker, Jordan / Ranganath, Charan

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2022 Volume 42, Issue 30, Page(s) 5956–5965

Abstract: When making a turn at a familiar intersection, we know what items and landmarks will come into view. These perceptual expectations, or predictions, come from our knowledge of the context; however, it is unclear how memory and perceptual systems interact ... ...

Abstract	When making a turn at a familiar intersection, we know what items and landmarks will come into view. These perceptual expectations, or predictions, come from our knowledge of the context; however, it is unclear how memory and perceptual systems interact to support the prediction and reactivation of sensory details in cortex. To address this, human participants learned the spatial layout of animals positioned in a cross maze. During fMRI, participants of both sexes navigated between animals to reach a target, and in the process saw a predictable sequence of five animal images. Critically, to isolate activity patterns related to item predictions, rather than bottom-up inputs, one-fourth of trials ended early, with a blank screen presented instead. Using multivariate pattern similarity analysis, we reveal that activity patterns in early visual cortex, posterior medial regions, and the posterior hippocampus showed greater similarity when seeing the same item compared with different items. Further, item effects in posterior hippocampus were specific to the sequence context. Critically, activity patterns associated with seeing an item in visual cortex and posterior medial cortex, were also related to activity patterns when an item was expected, but omitted, suggesting sequence predictions were reinstated in these regions. Finally, multivariate connectivity showed that patterns in the posterior hippocampus at one position in the sequence were related to patterns in early visual cortex and posterior medial cortex at a later position. Together, our results support the idea that hippocampal representations facilitate sensory processing by modulating visual cortical activity in anticipation of expected items.
MeSH term(s)	Brain Mapping/methods ; Female ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Motivation ; Visual Cortex/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2045-21.2022
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