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  1. Article ; Online: Not doomed: Examining the path from misinformation exposure to verification and correction in the context of COVID-19 pandemic.

    Xiao, Xizhu

    Telematics and informatics

    2022  Volume 74, Page(s) 101890

    Abstract: Misinformation exposure has attracted growing scholarly attention. While much research highlights misinformation exposure's negative impacts, this study argues that its positive effects should also be noted. By using a more precise measurement of ... ...

    Abstract Misinformation exposure has attracted growing scholarly attention. While much research highlights misinformation exposure's negative impacts, this study argues that its positive effects should also be noted. By using a more precise measurement of misinformation exposure and a path model, this study outlines a path from misinformation exposure to anti-misinformation behaviors, partially mediated by misperceptions in the context of COVID-19. Findings indicate that exposure to popular but widely-denounced COVID-19 misinformation via social media had positive effects on verification intention. Frequent exposure to misinformation on social media is associated with lower misperceptions, suggesting a healthy dose of skepticism toward the platform and low internalization of misinformation. Special attention, however, needs to be paid to online news websites and personal contacts as misinformation sources. More tailored interventions and communication strategies to reduce misperceptions and increase media-literate behaviors are needed for younger, conservative, and ethnic minority individuals. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1879-324X
    ISSN (online) 1879-324X
    DOI 10.1016/j.tele.2022.101890
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  2. Article: Narrative versus statistical messages: The interplay of perceived susceptibility and misperceptions on vaccine intention.

    Borah, Porismita / Xiao, Xizhu / Vishnevskaya, Anastasia / Su, Yan

    Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)

    2023  , Page(s) 1–16

    Abstract: Although there is enough scientific evidence to show the benefits and safety of vaccines, vaccine rates are low, while misperceptions about vaccines are on the rise. The main purposes of the current study are to 1) examine the effects of narrative vs. ... ...

    Abstract Although there is enough scientific evidence to show the benefits and safety of vaccines, vaccine rates are low, while misperceptions about vaccines are on the rise. The main purposes of the current study are to 1) examine the effects of narrative vs. statistical messages on vaccine intention, 2) test the mediating role of perceived expectancies, and 3) examine the moderating roles of perceived susceptibility and misperceptions on vaccine intention. Data were collected with an online experiment through Amazon Mturk. The online experiment was conducted via Qualtrics once the study was considered exempt by the Institutional Research Board of a large University in the U.S. A total of 300 participants aged 18 and above completed the survey. Findings show that perceived expectancies mediate the relationship between message manipulation and vaccine intention. Our findings also show a three-way interaction which indicates that among individuals with high misperceptions, statistical messages are more persuasive for individuals with high perceived susceptibility, while narrative messages are more influential for individuals with low perceived susceptibility.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2021598-8
    ISSN 1936-4733 ; 1046-1310
    ISSN (online) 1936-4733
    ISSN 1046-1310
    DOI 10.1007/s12144-023-04770-3
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  3. Article ; Online: Effectiveness of video-based health promotion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Xiao, Xizhu / Wong, Rachel Min / Yang, Wenyuan

    Patient education and counseling

    2023  Volume 119, Page(s) 108095

    Abstract: Background: Although health promotion scholars and practitioners frequently employ video-based promotion, its effectiveness remains uncertain due to mixed findings. Nuanced details regarding content and design also remain under-explored.: Methods: We ...

    Abstract Background: Although health promotion scholars and practitioners frequently employ video-based promotion, its effectiveness remains uncertain due to mixed findings. Nuanced details regarding content and design also remain under-explored.
    Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across nine databases to identify relevant empirical research articles.
    Results: Our systematic review included a total of 54 studies, with 38 studies eligible for meta-analysis. Findings highlight the promising potential of video messaging strategies in promoting health behaviors.
    Conclusions: Future research should focus on designing video content that targets detection behaviors within an appropriate length, guided by robust theoretical frameworks to maximize the efficacy of video promotion. More substantial evidence is needed to assess whether video promotion can achieve similar persuasive effectiveness across diverse cultural, political, and economic circumstances. Factors related to the audience (e.g., distinct psychological and personality influences) and message characteristics (e.g., length, credibility) should be further explored to better elucidate the relationship between video-based health promotion and health outcomes.
    Practice implications: Health practitioners and organizations should incorporate video-based messages in interventions as supplement or alternative means to educate audiences of positive prevention methods, establish accurate attitude and intentions toward prevention behaviors, and increase their vigilance toward risky behaviors.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Health Promotion/methods ; Health Behavior ; Communications Media
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-04
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 605590-4
    ISSN 1873-5134 ; 0738-3991
    ISSN (online) 1873-5134
    ISSN 0738-3991
    DOI 10.1016/j.pec.2023.108095
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  4. Article ; Online: Integrating Reasoned Action Approach and Message Sidedness in the Era of Misinformation: The Case of HPV Vaccination Promotion.

    Xiao, Xizhu / Su, Yan

    Journal of health communication

    2021  Volume 26, Issue 6, Page(s) 371–380

    Abstract: Building upon extant research on the reasoned action approach and message sidedness, this study investigates the persuasive effects of one-sided and two-sided social media messages on the attitude about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the ... ...

    Abstract Building upon extant research on the reasoned action approach and message sidedness, this study investigates the persuasive effects of one-sided and two-sided social media messages on the attitude about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the context of misinformation. Results of a controlled experiment (
    MeSH term(s) Communication ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Vaccination
    Chemical Substances Papillomavirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1427988-5
    ISSN 1087-0415 ; 1081-0730
    ISSN (online) 1087-0415
    ISSN 1081-0730
    DOI 10.1080/10810730.2021.1950873
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  5. Article ; Online: Narrative Messages, Information Seeking and COVID-19 Vaccine Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Behavioral Control.

    Borah, Porismita / Xiao, Xizhu / Lee, Danielle Ka Lai

    American journal of health promotion : AJHP

    2022  Volume 36, Issue 6, Page(s) 923–933

    Abstract: Purpose: The main purposes of the current study are to examine 1) the influence of narrative vs statistics messages on COVID-19 related information seeking and COVID-19 vaccine intention and 2) the moderating role of perceived behavioral control (PBC).!# ...

    Abstract Purpose: The main purposes of the current study are to examine 1) the influence of narrative vs statistics messages on COVID-19 related information seeking and COVID-19 vaccine intention and 2) the moderating role of perceived behavioral control (PBC).
    Design: Data for a between-subject randomized experiment were collected online. The manipulation messages were presented as screenshots from the CDC's Facebook page.
    Setting: The participants were recruited from Amazon MTurk.
    Subjects: A total of 300 subjects participated in the study, who were 18 years and above (
    Measures: Intention to seek information, COVID-19 vaccine intention, and PBC.
    Analysis: To test the hypotheses, we utilized Hayes's (2014) PROCESS for SPSS (Model 1). For intention to seek information, the main effect of the message manipulation (narrative vs statistics) [
    Results: Our research found that narrative messages were more persuasive for both information seeking and vaccine intention. But this was true only in the case of individuals whose PBC was low.
    Conclusions: Our findings have critical implications for vaccine promotion research.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Behavior Control ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Information Seeking Behavior ; Intention
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 645160-3
    ISSN 2168-6602 ; 0890-1171
    ISSN (online) 2168-6602
    ISSN 0890-1171
    DOI 10.1177/08901171221075019
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  6. Article ; Online: Vaccine hesitancy and perceived behavioral control: A meta-analysis.

    Xiao, Xizhu / Wong, Rachel Min

    Vaccine

    2020  Volume 38, Issue 33, Page(s) 5131–5138

    Abstract: Objectives: The World Health Organization recognizes that vaccine hesitancy is a top threat to the public health. To address vaccine hesitancy, much research guided by behavioral theories attempted to examine factors that contribute to vaccination ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: The World Health Organization recognizes that vaccine hesitancy is a top threat to the public health. To address vaccine hesitancy, much research guided by behavioral theories attempted to examine factors that contribute to vaccination intentions. The current study synthesizes the summary effects of attitude, norms and perceived behavioral control on vaccination intentions.
    Methods: We searched five databases with relevant keyword combinations without time constraints. A sample of 5149 participants was included for final analysis.
    Results: Attitude, norms and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of vaccination intentions with attitude being the strongest. Type of recipient significantly moderated the PBC-intention relationship, while norm-intention correlations were significantly moderated by type of norm measures. Formative belief elicitation research had no moderating influences.
    Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate clear support for the utility of theory of planned behavior in explaining vaccine hesitancy. Research is needed on how interventions can change these constructs to motivate vaccination.
    MeSH term(s) Attitude ; Humans ; Intention ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaccination ; Vaccines
    Chemical Substances Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-11
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.076
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    Zs.MO 458: Show issues

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  7. Article ; Online: Do Norms Matter? Examining Norm-Based Messages in HPV Vaccination Promotion.

    Xiao, Xizhu / Borah, Porismita

    Health communication

    2020  Volume 36, Issue 12, Page(s) 1476–1484

    Abstract: This research examines the influence of norm-based messages (positively worded descriptive vs. negatively worded descriptive vs. injunctive vs. basic information) on intentions and risk perceptions about receiving human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination ... ...

    Abstract This research examines the influence of norm-based messages (positively worded descriptive vs. negatively worded descriptive vs. injunctive vs. basic information) on intentions and risk perceptions about receiving human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among young adults aged 18-29. Results from an experiment show that compared to the basic information condition, additional exposure to injunctive normative messages increased intention to seek further information about HPV vaccination, which in turn enhanced intention to get the vaccine. Negatively worded descriptive normative messaging should be used with caution since it resulted in the highest risk perceptions of the HPV vaccine, compared to positively worded descriptive norms and basic information messages. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Intention ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Papillomavirus Vaccines ; Vaccination ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Papillomavirus Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1038723-7
    ISSN 1532-7027 ; 1041-0236
    ISSN (online) 1532-7027
    ISSN 1041-0236
    DOI 10.1080/10410236.2020.1770506
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    Zs.A 2769: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: A Story is Better Told With Collective Interests: An Experimental Examination of Misinformation Correction During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Xiao, Xizhu / Borah, Porismita / Lee, Danielle Ka Lai / Su, Yan / Kim, Sojung

    American journal of health promotion : AJHP

    2023  Volume 37, Issue 7, Page(s) 915–923

    Abstract: Purpose: To examine strategies that help motivate social correction behaviors to combat COVID-19-related health misinformation on social media.: Design: 2 (message types: narrative vs statistics) x 2 (social frames: individual vs collective) between- ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To examine strategies that help motivate social correction behaviors to combat COVID-19-related health misinformation on social media.
    Design: 2 (message types: narrative vs statistics) x 2 (social frames: individual vs collective) between-subjects experiment.
    Setting: Qualtrics-based online experiment via Lucid.
    Subjects: The final sample consisted of 450 participants (
    Measures: Manipulation check, discussion and correction intentions, and need for cognition (NFC).
    Analysis: ANCOVA and PROCESS model 3 were used to analyze the data.
    Results: Significant interaction effects emerged between message types and social frames on discussion intention,
    Conclusion: In motivating social correction behaviors, a story is better told with an emphasis on collective interests, and numbers are better presented with personal gains and losses. Future interventions should identify the target audience based on the level of NFC.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Communication ; Intention ; Cognition ; Social Media
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 645160-3
    ISSN 2168-6602 ; 0890-1171
    ISSN (online) 2168-6602
    ISSN 0890-1171
    DOI 10.1177/08901171231184075
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  9. Article ; Online: The dangers of blind trust: Examining the interplay among social media news use, misinformation identification, and news trust on conspiracy beliefs.

    Xiao, Xizhu / Borah, Porismita / Su, Yan

    Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)

    2021  Volume 30, Issue 8, Page(s) 977–992

    Abstract: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation has been circulating on social media and multiple conspiracy theories have since become quite popular. We conducted a U.S. national survey for three main purposes. First, we aim to examine the ... ...

    Abstract Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation has been circulating on social media and multiple conspiracy theories have since become quite popular. We conducted a U.S. national survey for three main purposes. First, we aim to examine the association between social media news consumption and conspiracy beliefs specific to COVID-19 and general conspiracy beliefs. Second, we investigate the influence of an important moderator, social media news trust, that has been overlooked in prior studies. Third, we further propose a moderated moderation model by including misinformation identification. Our findings show that social media news use was associated with higher conspiracy beliefs, and trust in social media news was found to be a significant moderator of the relationship between social media news use and conspiracy beliefs. Moreover, our findings show that misinformation identification moderated the relationship between social media news use and trust. Implications are discussed.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1421272-9
    ISSN 1361-6609 ; 0963-6625
    ISSN (online) 1361-6609
    ISSN 0963-6625
    DOI 10.1177/0963662521998025
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  10. Article: "I enjoy thinking critically, and I'm in control": Examining the influences of media literacy factors on misperceptions amidst the COVID-19 infodemic.

    Su, Yan / Lee, Danielle Ka Lai / Xiao, Xizhu

    Computers in human behavior

    2021  Volume 128, Page(s) 107111

    Abstract: Misinformation circulation has arguably reached a peak during the COVID-19 pandemic, creating an "infodemic" that severely endangers public health and well-being. Using a moderated mediation model, a survey of 712 respondents from China reveals that ... ...

    Abstract Misinformation circulation has arguably reached a peak during the COVID-19 pandemic, creating an "infodemic" that severely endangers public health and well-being. Using a moderated mediation model, a survey of 712 respondents from China reveals that social media information seeking is positively associated with COVID-19 misperceptions, while need for cognition (NFC) is negatively associated with it. Both relationships became more significant while mediating through individuals' general misperceptions. Moreover, it is found that among those with greater locus of control over media, the association between social media information seeking and COVID-19 misperceptions became more positive, while the association between NFC and COVID-19 misperceptions became more negative among those with greater media locus of control. Findings provide insights into the misperception research and have practical implications regarding infodemic management.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 52665-4
    ISSN 0747-5632
    ISSN 0747-5632
    DOI 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107111
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