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Article ; Online: An assessment of the airborne longevity of group A Streptococcus.

Oswin, Henry P / Blake, Evie / Haddrell, Allen E / Finn, Adam / Sriskandan, Shiranee / Reid, Jonathan P / Halliday, Alice / Goenka, Anu

Microbiology (Reading, England)

2024 Volume 170, Issue 1

Abstract: Group A streptococcus (GAS) infections result in more than 500 000 deaths annually. Despite mounting evidence for airborne transmission of GAS, little is known about its stability in aerosol. Measurements of GAS airborne stability were carried out using ... ...

Abstract	Group A streptococcus (GAS) infections result in more than 500 000 deaths annually. Despite mounting evidence for airborne transmission of GAS, little is known about its stability in aerosol. Measurements of GAS airborne stability were carried out using the Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosols onto a Substrate (CELEBS) instrument. CELEBS measurements with two different isolates of GAS suggest that it is aerostable, with approximately 70 % of bacteria remaining viable after 20 min of levitation at 50 % relative humidity (RH), with lower survival as RH was reduced. GAS airborne viability loss was driven primarily by desiccation and efflorescence (i.e. salt crystallization), with high pH also potentially playing a role, given reduced survival in bicarbonate containing droplet compositions. At low enough RH for efflorescence to occur, a greater proportion of organic components in the droplet appeared to protect the bacteria from efflorescence. These first insights into the aerosol stability of GAS indicate that airborne transmission of these respiratory tract bacteria may occur, and that both the composition of the droplet containing the bacteria, and the RH of the air affect the duration of bacterial survival in this environment. Future studies will explore a broader range of droplet and air compositions and include a larger selection of GAS strains.
MeSH term(s)	Streptococcus pyogenes ; Sodium Chloride ; Aerosols
Chemical Substances	Sodium Chloride (451W47IQ8X) ; Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1180712-x
ISSN	1465-2080 ; 1350-0872
ISSN (online)	1465-2080
ISSN	1350-0872
DOI	10.1099/mic.0.001421
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Article ; Online: Toward Standardized Aerovirology: A Critical Review of Existing Results and Methodologies.

Groth, Robert / Niazi, Sadegh / Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Spann, Kirsten / Morawska, Lidia / Ristovski, Zoran

Environmental science & technology

2024 Volume 58, Issue 8, Page(s) 3595–3608

Abstract: Understanding the airborne survival of viruses is important for public health and epidemiological modeling and potentially to develop mitigation strategies to minimize the transmission of airborne pathogens. Laboratory experiments typically involve ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the airborne survival of viruses is important for public health and epidemiological modeling and potentially to develop mitigation strategies to minimize the transmission of airborne pathogens. Laboratory experiments typically involve investigating the effects of environmental parameters on the viability or infectivity of a target airborne virus. However, conflicting results among studies are common. Herein, the results of 34 aerovirology studies were compared to identify links between environmental and compositional effects on the viability of airborne viruses. While the specific experimental apparatus was not a factor in variability between reported results, it was determined that the experimental procedure was a major factor that contributed to discrepancies in results. The most significant contributor to variability between studies was poorly defined initial viable virus concentration in the aerosol phase, causing many studies to not measure the rapid inactivation, which occurs quickly after particle generation, leading to conflicting results. Consistently, studies that measured their reference airborne viability minutes after aerosolization reported higher viability at subsequent times, which indicates that there is an initial loss of viability which is not captured in these studies. The composition of the particles which carry the viruses was also found to be important in the viability of airborne viruses; however, the mechanisms for this effect are unknown. Temperature was found to be important for aerosol-phase viability, but there is a lack of experiments that directly compare the effects of temperature in the aerosol phase and the bulk phase. There is a need for repeated measurements between different research groups under identical conditions both to assess the degree of variability between studies and also to attempt to better understand already published data. Lack of experimental standardization has hindered the ability to quantify the differences between studies, for which we provide recommendations for future studies. These recommendations are as follows: measuring the reference airborne viability using the "direct method"; use equipment which maximizes time resolution; quantify all losses appropriately; perform, at least, a 5- and 10-min sample, if possible; report clearly the composition of the virus suspension; measure the composition of the gas throughout the experiment. Implementing these recommendations will address the most significant oversights in the existing literature and produce data which can more easily be quantitatively compared.
MeSH term(s)	Viruses ; Aerosols
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.3c07275
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Article ; Online: Oxidative Stress Contributes to Bacterial Airborne Loss of Viability.

Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Hughes, Cordelia / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Thomas, Richard J / Reid, Jonathan P

Microbiology spectrum

2023 , Page(s) e0334722

Abstract: While the airborne decay of bacterial viability has been observed for decades, an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decay has remained elusive. The airborne transport of bacteria is often a key step in their life cycle and as such, ... ...

Abstract	While the airborne decay of bacterial viability has been observed for decades, an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decay has remained elusive. The airborne transport of bacteria is often a key step in their life cycle and as such, characterizing the mechanisms driving the airborne decay of bacteria is an essential step toward a more complete understanding of microbial ecology. Using the Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosols onto a Substrate (CELEBS), it was possible to systematically evaluate the impact of different physicochemical and environmental parameters on the survival of Escherichia coli in airborne droplets of Luria Bertani broth. Rather than osmotic stress driving the viability loss, as was initially considered, oxidative stress was found to play a key role. As the droplets evaporate and equilibrate with the surrounding environment, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, which in turn increased the formation of reactive oxygen species in the droplet. These reactive oxygen species appear to play a key role in driving the airborne loss of viability of E. coli.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.03347-22
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Article ; Online: Ambient carbon dioxide concentration correlates with SARS-CoV-2 aerostability and infection risk.

Haddrell, Allen / Oswin, Henry / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Robinson, Joshua F / Cogan, Tristan / Alexander, Robert / Mann, Jamie F S / Hill, Darryl / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Nature communications

2024 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 3487

Abstract: An improved understanding of the underlying physicochemical properties of respiratory aerosol that influence viral infectivity may open new avenues to mitigate the transmission of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that an ...

Abstract	An improved understanding of the underlying physicochemical properties of respiratory aerosol that influence viral infectivity may open new avenues to mitigate the transmission of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Previous studies have shown that an increase in the pH of respiratory aerosols following generation due to changes in the gas-particle partitioning of pH buffering bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide is a significant factor in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. We show here that a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 aerostability results from a moderate increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (e.g. 800 ppm), an effect that is more marked than that observed for changes in relative humidity. We model the likelihood of COVID-19 transmission on the ambient concentration of CO
MeSH term(s)	Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; COVID-19/transmission ; COVID-19/virology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Aerosols ; Humidity ; Ventilation ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/metabolism ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/virology ; Atmosphere/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J) ; Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-024-47777-5
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Article ; Online: Atmospheric microplastic deposition associated with GDP and population growth: Insights from megacities in northern China.

Liu, Pengju / Shao, Longyi / Zhang, Yaxing / Silvonen, Ville / Oswin, Henry / Cao, Yaxin / Guo, Ziyu / Ma, Xuying / Morawska, Lidia

Journal of hazardous materials

2024 Volume 469, Page(s) 134024

Abstract: Microplastic (MP) pollution is evolving into one of the most pressing environmental concerns worldwide. This study assessed the impact of economic activities on atmospheric MP pollution across 17 megacities in northern China, analyzing the correlation ... ...

Abstract	Microplastic (MP) pollution is evolving into one of the most pressing environmental concerns worldwide. This study assessed the impact of economic activities on atmospheric MP pollution across 17 megacities in northern China, analyzing the correlation between the deposition flux of atmospheric MPs and variables such as city population, gross domestic product (GDP), and industrial structure. The results have shown that the MP pollution is obviously impacted by human activities related to increased GDP, population, as well as tertiary service sector, in which the MP pollution shows most close relationship with the GDP growth. Polypropylene, polyamide, polyurethane, and polyethylene were identified as the primary components of atmospheric MPs. The average particle size of MPs in atmospheric dustfall is 78.3 µm, and the frequency of MP particles increases as the particle size decreases. The findings highlight the complex relationship between socio-economic development and atmospheric MP accumulation, providing essential insights for the formulation of targeted emission reduction strategies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134024
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Article ; Online: Differences in airborne stability of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is impacted by alkalinity of surrogates of respiratory aerosol.

Haddrell, Allen / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Oswin, Henry / Cogan, Tristan / Bazire, James / Tian, Jianghan / Alexander, Robert / Mann, Jamie F S / Hill, Darryl / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

2023 Volume 20, Issue 203, Page(s) 20230062

Abstract: The mechanistic factors hypothesized to be key drivers for the loss of infectivity of viruses in the aerosol phase often remain speculative. Using a next-generation bioaerosol technology, we report measurements of the aero-stability of several SARS-CoV-2 ...

Abstract	The mechanistic factors hypothesized to be key drivers for the loss of infectivity of viruses in the aerosol phase often remain speculative. Using a next-generation bioaerosol technology, we report measurements of the aero-stability of several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in aerosol droplets of well-defined size and composition at high (90%) and low (40%) relative humidity (RH) upwards of 40 min. When compared with the ancestral virus, the infectivity of the Delta variant displayed different decay profiles. At low RH, a loss of viral infectivity of approximately 55% was observed over the initial 5 s for both variants. Regardless of RH and variant, greater than 95% of the viral infectivity was lost after 40 min of being aerosolized. Aero-stability of the variants correlate with their sensitivities to alkaline pH. Removal of all acidic vapours dramatically increased the rate of infectivity decay, with 90% loss after 2 min, while the addition of nitric acid vapour improved aero-stability. Similar aero-stability in droplets of artificial saliva and growth medium was observed. A model to predict loss of viral infectivity is proposed: at high RH, the high pH of exhaled aerosol drives viral infectivity loss; at low RH, high salt content limits the loss of viral infectivity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2156283-0
ISSN	1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
ISSN (online)	1742-5662
ISSN	1742-5689
DOI	10.1098/rsif.2023.0062
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Article ; Online: Transformative Approach To Investigate the Microphysical Factors Influencing Airborne Transmission of Pathogens.

Otero Fernandez, Mara / Thomas, Richard J / Oswin, Henry / Haddrell, Allen E / Reid, Jonathan P

Applied and environmental microbiology

2020 Volume 86, Issue 23

Abstract: Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order ... ...

Abstract	Emerging outbreaks of airborne pathogenic infections worldwide, such as the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, have raised the need to understand parameters affecting the airborne survival of microbes in order to develop measures for effective infection control. We report a novel experimental strategy, TAMBAS (tandem approach for microphysical and biological assessment of airborne microorganism survival), to explore the synergistic interactions between the physicochemical and biological processes that impact airborne microbe survival in aerosol droplets. This innovative approach provides a unique and detailed understanding of the processes taking place from aerosol droplet generation through to equilibration and viability decay in the local environment, elucidating decay mechanisms not previously described. The impact of evaporation kinetics, solute hygroscopicity and concentration, particle morphology, and equilibrium particle size on airborne survival are reported, using
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; Air Microbiology ; Betacoronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Cough/microbiology ; Crystallization ; Escherichia coli/physiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/transmission ; Humans ; Infection Control/methods ; Microbial Viability ; Pandemics ; Particle Size ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sneezing/physiology
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/AEM.01543-20
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Article ; Online: Comparative study on physicochemical characteristics of atmospheric microplastics in winter in inland and coastal megacities: A case of Beijing and Shanghai, China.

Liu, Pengju / Shao, Longyi / Zhang, Yaxing / Silvonen, Ville / Oswin, Henry / Cao, Yaxin / Guo, Ziyu / Ma, Xuying / Morawska, Lidia

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 912, Page(s) 169308

Abstract: Atmospheric microplastics (MPs) have received global attention across various sectors of society due to their potential negative impacts. This study aims to understand the physicochemical characteristics of MPs in inland and coastal megacities for ... ...

Abstract	Atmospheric microplastics (MPs) have received global attention across various sectors of society due to their potential negative impacts. This study aims to understand the physicochemical characteristics of MPs in inland and coastal megacities for raising awareness about the urgent need to reduce plastic pollution. Laser Direct Infrared Imaging (LDIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) techniques were employed to characterize atmospheric MPs in megacities (inland megacity Beijing and coastal megacity Shanghai) in China, focusing on their physicochemical characteristics, including compositional types, number concentration, morphology, size, possible sources, and potential health risks. The LDIR analysis identified sixteen different types of MPs present in the atmospheres of Beijing and Shanghai. The number concentration of atmospheric MPs in Beijing (3.0 items/m
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169308
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Article ; Online: Reply to Klein et al.: The importance of aerosol pH for airborne respiratory virus transmission.

Oswin, Henry P / Haddrell, Allen E / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Hilditch, Thomas G / Tian, Jianghan / Hardy, Dan / Hill, Darryl J / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Reid, Jonathan P

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 39, Page(s) e2212556119

MeSH term(s)	Air Microbiology ; Cough ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets/virology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/transmission ; Respiratory Tract Infections/virology ; Virus Diseases/transmission
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2212556119
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Article ; Online: Mucin Transiently Sustains Coronavirus Infectivity through Heterogenous Changes in Phase Morphology of Evaporating Aerosol.

Alexander, Robert W / Tian, Jianghan / Haddrell, Allen E / Oswin, Henry P / Neal, Edward / Hardy, Daniel A / Otero-Fernandez, Mara / Mann, Jamie F S / Cogan, Tristan A / Finn, Adam / Davidson, Andrew D / Hill, Darryl J / Reid, Jonathan P

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 9

Abstract: Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential ...

Abstract	Respiratory pathogens can be spread though the transmission of aerosolised expiratory secretions in the form of droplets or particulates. Understanding the fundamental aerosol parameters that govern how such pathogens survive whilst airborne is essential to understanding and developing methods of restricting their dissemination. Pathogen viability measurements made using Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosol onto Substrate (CELEBS) in tandem with a comparative kinetics electrodynamic balance (CKEDB) measurements allow for a direct comparison between viral viability and evaporation kinetics of the aerosol with a time resolution of seconds. Here, we report the airborne survival of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and determine a comparable loss of infectivity in the aerosol phase to our previous observations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Through the addition of clinically relevant concentrations of mucin to the bioaerosol, there is a transient mitigation of the loss of viral infectivity at 40% RH. Increased concentrations of mucin promoted heterogenous phase change during aerosol evaporation, characterised as the formation of inclusions within the host droplet. This research demonstrates the role of mucus in the aerosol phase and its influence on short-term airborne viral stability.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; COVID-19 ; Mice ; Microbial Viability ; Mucins ; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Mucins
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14091856
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