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Article ; Online: Did our ancestors nearly die out?

Ashton, Nick / Stringer, Chris

2023 Volume 381, Issue 6661, Page(s) 947–948

Abstract: Genetic analyses suggest an ancient human population crash 900,000 years ago. ...

Abstract	Genetic analyses suggest an ancient human population crash 900,000 years ago.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.adj9484
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Article ; Online: Introduction to special issue "Humans in transition: The occupation of Western Europe, 600-400 Ka".

García-Medrano, Paula / Martinón-Torres, María / Ashton, Nick

Journal of human evolution

2023 Volume 180, Page(s) 103388

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Hominidae ; Europe ; Occupations
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103388
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Article ; Online: Hominins likely occupied northern Europe before one million years ago.

Key, Alastair / Ashton, Nick

Evolutionary anthropology

2022 Volume 32, Issue 1, Page(s) 10–25

Abstract: Our understanding of when hominins first reached northern Europe is dependent on a fragmented archaeological and fossil record known from as early as marine isotope stage (MIS) 21 or 25 (c. 840 or 950 thousand years ago [Ka]). This contrasts sharply with ...

Abstract	Our understanding of when hominins first reached northern Europe is dependent on a fragmented archaeological and fossil record known from as early as marine isotope stage (MIS) 21 or 25 (c. 840 or 950 thousand years ago [Ka]). This contrasts sharply with southern Europe, where hominin occupation is evidenced from MIS 37 to 45 (c. 1.22 or 1.39 million years ago [Ma]). Northern Europe, however, exhibits climatic, geological, demographic, and historical disadvantages when it comes to preserving fossil and archaeological evidence of early hominin habitation. It is argued here that perceived differences in first occupation timings between the two European regions needs to be revised in light of these factors. To enhance this understanding, optimal linear estimation models are run using data from the current fossil and artefact record. Results suggest northern Europe to have first been occupied as early as 1.16 Ma, or as late as 913 Ka. These timings could represent minimum date expectations and be extended through future archaeological and fossil discoveries.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Hominidae ; Europe ; Fossils ; Archaeology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1131718-8
ISSN	1520-6505 ; 1060-1538
ISSN (online)	1520-6505
ISSN	1060-1538
DOI	10.1002/evan.21966
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Zs.A 3515: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Cultural mosaics, social structure, and identity: The Acheulean threshold in Europe.

Ashton, Nick / Davis, Rob

Journal of human evolution

2021 Volume 156, Page(s) 103011

Abstract: The period between 600 and 400 ka is a critical phase for human evolution in Europe. The south and northwest saw a dramatic increase in sites, the spread of handaxe technology alongside bone and wooden tool manufacture, efficient hunting techniques, and ... ...

Abstract	The period between 600 and 400 ka is a critical phase for human evolution in Europe. The south and northwest saw a dramatic increase in sites, the spread of handaxe technology alongside bone and wooden tool manufacture, efficient hunting techniques, and the use of fire. Lithic assemblages show considerable variation, including the presence/absence of handaxes and tool morphology. To explain this variation, we propose the Cultural Mosaic Model, which suggests that there is a range of expressions of the Acheulean, with local resources being instrumental in creating distinct material cultures with or without handaxes. We argue that if typologically and technologically distinct assemblage types are regionally distributed, chronologically separated, and persistent over time, then they are unlikely to be caused purely by raw material constraints or functional variation but rather reflect populations with different material cultures. We initially assess the model using British data. Britain was a northwestern peninsula of Europe, and oscillations in climate led to episodic occupation. The terraces of the pre-MIS 12 Bytham River provide a framework for dating occupation to MIS 13 and 15, while during MIS 11, archaeological sites with rich environmental records can be dated to substage level. We suggest there are six chronologically and typologically distinct assemblage types that reflect a series of population incursions into Britain. We review the broader European lithic record, which is consistent with the Cultural Mosaic Model. In developing the model, we suggest that during stable climate, localized cultures developed, while climatic change led to shifts in population, with increased knowledge exchange and gene flow. We suggest that group expression through material culture was an important stage in social development by promoting group cohesion, larger group size, better cooperation, improved knowledge transfer, and enabling populations to survive in larger foraging territories in northern Europe.
MeSH term(s)	Archaeology ; Europe ; Gene Flow ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Rivers ; Technology/history
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103011
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Article ; Online: The Western European Acheulean: Reading variability at a regional scale.

García-Medrano, Paula / Moncel, Marie-Hélène / Maldonado-Garrido, Elías / Ollé, Andreu / Ashton, Nick

Journal of human evolution

2023 Volume 179, Page(s) 103357

Abstract: In the context of the Western European Acheulean Project, this study aims to characterize Acheulean technology in Western Europe through the analysis of handaxes and cleavers from 10 key sites (Britain 4, France 4, and Spain 2) to acquire a regional view ...

Abstract	In the context of the Western European Acheulean Project, this study aims to characterize Acheulean technology in Western Europe through the analysis of handaxes and cleavers from 10 key sites (Britain 4, France 4, and Spain 2) to acquire a regional view of the occupation. The historically different systems used to categorize and analyze the data have made it difficult to compare results. Here we apply a unified and simple method (Western European Acheulean Project) that combines the traditional technological and metrical analysis of assemblages containing handaxes and cleavers with an in-depth geometric morphometric approach using three-dimensional models. This approach allows us to achieve a regional interpretation that identifies innovations through time and shaping strategies across the area. Our findings indicate the existence of two main technological groups in the sampled record: 1) northwestern and central France and Britain, from MIS 17/16 to MIS 11, and 2) Atlantic edge (Atapuerca in Spain and Menez-Dregan in France), from MIS 12/11 to MIS 8. Based on our technological analysis, the shaping of handaxes and cleavers was developed through time as a continuum of accumulative actions, with longer and more complex shaping strategies over time. Shaping technology shows traditions of manufacture over both time and geographical areas, which suggest cultural diffusion. Our geometric morphometric analysis further helped to identify not only general trends but also local adaptations in handaxe forms. Based on our findings, there were no apparent sudden innovations, but rather the application and development of specific techniques to refine size and shape.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Reading ; Archaeology ; Europe ; France ; Spain ; Technology ; Hominidae
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103357
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Article ; Online: Flake tools in the European Lower Paleolithic: A case study from MIS 9 Britain.

Rawlinson, Aaron / Dale, Luke / Ashton, Nick / Bridgland, David / White, Mark

Journal of human evolution

2022 Volume 165, Page(s) 103153

Abstract: Studies of flake tools in the British Lower Paleolithic are rare owing to lower quantities of flake tools than handaxes and the perception that flake tool technology became more important in the succeeding Middle Paleolithic. In Britain, and Europe more ... ...

Abstract	Studies of flake tools in the British Lower Paleolithic are rare owing to lower quantities of flake tools than handaxes and the perception that flake tool technology became more important in the succeeding Middle Paleolithic. In Britain, and Europe more broadly, MIS 9 (328-301 ka) has been characterized as a period of technological transition owing to the presence of early prepared core technology and the status of the period as the final interglacial prior to the onset of the Middle Paleolithic. It has been argued that the period demonstrates an increase in both the numbers and importance of flake tools, possibly showing emerging Middle Paleolithic behaviors. This study presents the results of a technological examination of flake tools in Britain during MIS 9, focusing on 25 sites, including 15 assemblages previously recorded as having higher quantities of flake tools. We use these assemblages to assess whether the flake tools of MIS 9 represent a transition toward the technology of the Middle Paleolithic. We consider factors including collection history, site formation, function, reduction, and cultural groups. We argue that in Britain the archaeological record of MIS 9 does not show an increase in the use of flake tools and demonstrates more continuity than change in relation to earlier periods of the Lower Paleolithic. There is a technological background of ad hoc retouch of simple flake tools with occasional evidence of more invasively retouched scrapers. Furthermore, aside from the introduction of Levallois technology, flake tools change little in the Early Middle Paleolithic. These results are contextualized within the broader evidence from Europe and comparisons to the longer sequences at key sites. We conclude that the major changes in technology began between MIS 13 and MIS 11 and these merely became cemented during MIS 9 and the following Middle Paleolithic.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Archaeology ; Europe ; Hominidae ; Technology ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103153
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Article ; Online: Acheulean Diversity in Britain (MIS 15-MIS11)

Paula García-Medrano / Ceri Shipton / Mark White / Nick Ashton

Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol

From the Standardization to the Regionalization of Technology

2022 Volume 10

Abstract: The appearance of the Acheulean and the production of new bifacial tools marked a revolution in human behavior. The use of longer and complex operative chains, with centripetal and recurrent knapping, adapted to different raw materials, created long ... ...

Abstract	The appearance of the Acheulean and the production of new bifacial tools marked a revolution in human behavior. The use of longer and complex operative chains, with centripetal and recurrent knapping, adapted to different raw materials, created long useful edges, converging in a functional distal end. How and why these handaxes vary has been the subject of intense debates. Britain provides a clearly defined region at the edge of the hominin occupied world for discussing variation in Acheulean assemblages. The environmental changes from MIS 15 to MIS 11 are significant in understanding population change, with probable breaks in evidence during MIS 14 and MIS 12, followed by several sites during the long stable climate of MIS11c. In this latter period, different Acheulean technological expressions appear to coexist in Britain. This paper draws together different studies, combining technology and geometric morphometrics to analyze handaxes from six British sites: Brandon Fields, Boxgrove (Q1B), High Lodge, Hitchin, Swanscombe (UMG), and Elveden. Compared to the earlier Acheulean of MIS 15, the assemblages of MIS 13 show increased standardization and the use of soft hammer percussion for thinning mid-sections and butts of tools, or sharpening tips through tranchet removals. Although there is regional population discontinuity through MIS12 there is no evidence of a marked change in technology after this glacial period. Rather, there is a development towards more intense shaping with the same underlying techniques, but with flexibility in imposed handaxe form. From MIS11 there appear to be distinctive localized traditions of manufacture, which suggest that a recognition of place and territories had developed by this time. These are expressed over medium time-scales of several thousand years and have significance for how we view cultural expression and transmission.
Keywords	middle pleistocene ; britain ; acheulean ; technology ; handaxes ; geometric morphometrics (GM) ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: The human occupation of Britain during the Hoxnian Interglacial

Ashton, Nick

Quaternary international. 2016 July 21, v. 409

2016

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the MIS 11 record for Britain. The glacial history of Britain, in particular the Anglian glaciation of MIS 12, enables the identification of a number of sites that can be attributed to MIS 11. The good biological ... ...

Abstract	This paper provides an overview of the MIS 11 record for Britain. The glacial history of Britain, in particular the Anglian glaciation of MIS 12, enables the identification of a number of sites that can be attributed to MIS 11. The good biological preservation at several of the sites allows correlation between them and therefore a better understanding of the chronology of the associated lithic industries. These assemblages can also in some cases be linked to the changing geographic position of Britain as sometimes a peninsula and other times an island of mainland Europe. It means that populations were colonising, retreating, or becoming locally extinct, then recolonizing as the geographic status changed. The initial colonisers seem to have lacked handaxe technology. Although this has been traditionally framed within a parochial ‘Clactonian’ debate, this paper suggests that it is better viewed within a European context to understand better the dynamics of population movement and the possible source areas for those populations. Equally differences in other lithic technologies, such as handaxes, can be viewed in this light. Finally, the paper suggests that within a European context, non-handaxes assemblages should be viewed as part of the technocomplex of the Acheulian and that there are many other technological and behavioural features that unite the various sites of MIS 11 Europe.
Keywords	glaciation ; human settlements ; industry ; occupations ; United Kingdom
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-0721
Size	p. 41-53.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	1040-6182
DOI	10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.055
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Acheulean variability in Western Europe: The case of Menez-Dregan I (Plouhinec, Finistère, France).

Ravon, Anne-Lyse / García-Medrano, Paula / Moncel, Marie-Hélène / Ashton, Nick

Journal of human evolution

2021 Volume 162, Page(s) 103103

Abstract: The establishment of the Acheulean in Europe occurred after MIS 17, but it was after the harsh glaciation of MIS 12 and during the long interglacial of MIS 11 that human occupation of Western Europe became more sustained, with an increased number of ... ...

Abstract	The establishment of the Acheulean in Europe occurred after MIS 17, but it was after the harsh glaciation of MIS 12 and during the long interglacial of MIS 11 that human occupation of Western Europe became more sustained, with an increased number of sites. Menez-Dregan I (Brittany, France) is one of the key sites in Western Europe that dates from this threshold, with an alternating sequence of 16 occupation levels and four marine deposits, from MIS 12 to 8. The large lithic assemblages of more than 154,000 artifacts from knapping (cores, flakes) and shaping (macrotools and shaping flakes) show the varying use of raw materials and activities at the site through the sequence. This work focuses on the study of the handaxes and cleavers using technological and metrical methods with multivariate analysis, in combination with geometric morphometrics, and places these analyses within the context of other technological changes at the site. Collectively, results show the persistent use through the sequence of the same lithic raw materials and technologies, including fire use and the import of glossy sandstone from 20 km away, but with variation in activities at the site. These findings suggest that Menez-Dregan I shows the development of a specific material culture that reflects the local resources and environment. Results further indicate that the site shows the sustained hominin occupation of the area, despite varying climate and environment, with strong traditions of social learning that were maintained through flexibility of site use, deep understanding of the local territory, and the innovation of new technologies, such as the use of fire. Evidence from the site is placed within the wider context of Europe, and contrasted with areas to the north, such as Britain, where hominin occupation was more sporadic and driven by cyclical climate change.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Archaeology ; Europe ; France ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Technology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103103
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Article ; Online: Impact of maternal intermittent fasting during pregnancy on cardiovascular, metabolic and renal function in adult rat offspring.

Alkhalefah, Alaa / Eyre, Heather J / Hussain, Rezwana / Glazier, Jocelyn D / Ashton, Nick

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) e0258372

Abstract: Pregnant Muslim women are exempt from fasting during Ramadan; however a majority are reported to fast. The impact of this form of maternal intermittent fasting (IF) on fetal development and offspring health is not well defined. Using a rat model, we have ...

Abstract	Pregnant Muslim women are exempt from fasting during Ramadan; however a majority are reported to fast. The impact of this form of maternal intermittent fasting (IF) on fetal development and offspring health is not well defined. Using a rat model, we have shown previously that maternal IF results in fetal growth restriction accompanied by changes in placental nutrient transport function. The aim of this study was to assess cardiovascular, metabolic and renal function in adult offspring of IF-exposed dams. Food was withheld from Wistar rats from 17:00 to 09:00 daily throughout pregnancy; controls had ad libitum access to food. Birth weight was unaffected; however male IF pups grew more slowly up to 10 weeks of age (P < 0.01) whereas IF females matched their control counterparts. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose tolerance and basal renal function at 14 weeks were not affected by IF exposure. When offered saline solutions (0.9-2.1%) to drink, females showed a greater salt preference than males (P < 0.01); however there were no differences between dietary groups. A separate group of pups was weaned onto a 4% NaCl diet. SBP increased in IF pups sooner, at 7 weeks (P < 0.01), than controls which became hypertensive from 10 weeks. Renal function did not appear to differ; however markers of renal injury were elevated in IF males (P < 0.05). Maternal IF does not affect resting cardiovascular, metabolic and renal function; but when challenged by dietary salt load male IF offspring are more prone to renal injury.
MeSH term(s)	Adult Children ; Animals ; Fasting ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney/physiology ; Male ; Placenta/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0258372
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