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Article: The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces

Riddell, Shane / Goldie, Sarah / Hill, Andrew / Eagles, Debbie / Drew, Trevor W

Virology journal. 2020 Dec., v. 17, no. 1

2020

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of fomite transmission from contaminated surfaces. METHODS: This study measured the survival rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, on several common surface types. All experiments were carried out in the dark, to negate any effects of UV light. Inoculated surfaces were incubated at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C and sampled at various time points. RESULTS: Survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 were determined at different temperatures and D-values, Z-values and half-life were calculated. We obtained half lives of between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20 °C, reducing to a few hours when temperature was elevated to 40 °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent to the highest titres excreted by infectious patients, viable virus was isolated for up to 28 days at 20 °C from common surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and both paper and polymer banknotes. Conversely, infectious virus survived less than 24 h at 40 °C on some surfaces. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious for significantly longer time periods than generally considered possible. These results could be used to inform improved risk mitigation procedures to prevent the fomite spread of COVID-19.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; fomites ; glass ; half life ; paper ; polymers ; risk reduction ; stainless steel ; temperature ; ultraviolet radiation ; virology ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-12
Size	p. 145.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces.

Riddell, Shane / Goldie, Sarah / Hill, Andrew / Eagles, Debbie / Drew, Trevor W

Virology journal

2020 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 145

Abstract: Background: The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of ... ...

Abstract	Background: The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of fomite transmission from contaminated surfaces. Methods: This study measured the survival rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, on several common surface types. All experiments were carried out in the dark, to negate any effects of UV light. Inoculated surfaces were incubated at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C and sampled at various time points. Results: Survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 were determined at different temperatures and D-values, Z-values and half-life were calculated. We obtained half lives of between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20 °C, reducing to a few hours when temperature was elevated to 40 °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent to the highest titres excreted by infectious patients, viable virus was isolated for up to 28 days at 20 °C from common surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and both paper and polymer banknotes. Conversely, infectious virus survived less than 24 h at 40 °C on some surfaces. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious for significantly longer time periods than generally considered possible. These results could be used to inform improved risk mitigation procedures to prevent the fomite spread of COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus/physiology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Humans ; Microbial Viability ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Viral Load
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2160640-7
ISSN	1743-422X ; 1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7
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Article ; Online: The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces

Shane Riddell / Sarah Goldie / Andrew Hill / Debbie Eagles / Trevor W. Drew

Virology Journal, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2020 Volume 7

Abstract: Abstract Background The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of fomite transmission from contaminated surfaces. Methods This study measured the survival rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, on several common surface types. All experiments were carried out in the dark, to negate any effects of UV light. Inoculated surfaces were incubated at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C and sampled at various time points. Results Survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 were determined at different temperatures and D-values, Z-values and half-life were calculated. We obtained half lives of between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20 °C, reducing to a few hours when temperature was elevated to 40 °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent to the highest titres excreted by infectious patients, viable virus was isolated for up to 28 days at 20 °C from common surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and both paper and polymer banknotes. Conversely, infectious virus survived less than 24 h at 40 °C on some surfaces. Conclusion These findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious for significantly longer time periods than generally considered possible. These results could be used to inform improved risk mitigation procedures to prevent the fomite spread of COVID-19.
Keywords	Environmental stability ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Survivability ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216 ; covid19
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mechanistic forecasts of species responses to climate change: The promise of biophysical ecology.

Briscoe, Natalie J / Morris, Shane D / Mathewson, Paul D / Buckley, Lauren B / Jusup, Marko / Levy, Ofir / Maclean, Ilya M D / Pincebourde, Sylvain / Riddell, Eric A / Roberts, Jessica A / Schouten, Rafael / Sears, Michael W / Kearney, Michael Ray

Global change biology

2022 Volume 29, Issue 6, Page(s) 1451–1470

Abstract: A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond to future environmental change and to manage these responses. To make such predictions and management actions robust to novel futures, we need to accurately characterize how ...

Abstract	A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond to future environmental change and to manage these responses. To make such predictions and management actions robust to novel futures, we need to accurately characterize how organisms experience their environments and the biological mechanisms by which they respond. All organisms are thermodynamically connected to their environments through the exchange of heat and water at fine spatial and temporal scales and this exchange can be captured with biophysical models. Although mechanistic models based on biophysical ecology have a long history of development and application, their use in global change biology remains limited despite their enormous promise and increasingly accessible software. We contend that greater understanding and training in the theory and methods of biophysical ecology is vital to expand their application. Our review shows how biophysical models can be implemented to understand and predict climate change impacts on species' behavior, phenology, survival, distribution, and abundance. It also illustrates the types of outputs that can be generated, and the data inputs required for different implementations. Examples range from simple calculations of body temperature at a particular site and time, to more complex analyses of species' distribution limits based on projected energy and water balances, accounting for behavior and phenology. We outline challenges that currently limit the widespread application of biophysical models relating to data availability, training, and the lack of common software ecosystems. We also discuss progress and future developments that could allow these models to be applied to many species across large spatial extents and timeframes. Finally, we highlight how biophysical models are uniquely suited to solve global change biology problems that involve predicting and interpreting responses to environmental variability and extremes, multiple or shifting constraints, and novel abiotic or biotic environments.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Climate Change ; Ecology ; Forecasting ; Hot Temperature
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.16557
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Article ; Online: Mechanistic forecasts of species responses to climate change: The promise of biophysical ecology

Briscoe, Natalie J. / Morris, Shane D. / Mathewson, Paul D. / Buckley, Lauren B. / Jusup, Marko / Levy, Ofir / Maclean, Ilya / Pincebourde, Sylvain / Riddell, Eric A. / Roberts, Jessica A. / Schouten, Rafael / Sears, Michael W. / Kearney, Michael Ray

Global Change Biology. 2023 Mar., v. 29, no. 6 p.1451-1470

2023

Abstract	A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond to future environmental change and to manage these responses. To make such predictions and management actions robust to novel futures, we need to accurately characterize how organisms experience their environments and the biological mechanisms by which they respond. All organisms are thermodynamically connected to their environments through the exchange of heat and water at fine spatial and temporal scales and this exchange can be captured with biophysical models. Although mechanistic models based on biophysical ecology have a long history of development and application, their use in global change biology remains limited despite their enormous promise and increasingly accessible software. We contend that greater understanding and training in the theory and methods of biophysical ecology is vital to expand their application. Our review shows how biophysical models can be implemented to understand and predict climate change impacts on species' behavior, phenology, survival, distribution, and abundance. It also illustrates the types of outputs that can be generated, and the data inputs required for different implementations. Examples range from simple calculations of body temperature at a particular site and time, to more complex analyses of species' distribution limits based on projected energy and water balances, accounting for behavior and phenology. We outline challenges that currently limit the widespread application of biophysical models relating to data availability, training, and the lack of common software ecosystems. We also discuss progress and future developments that could allow these models to be applied to many species across large spatial extents and timeframes. Finally, we highlight how biophysical models are uniquely suited to solve global change biology problems that involve predicting and interpreting responses to environmental variability and extremes, multiple or shifting constraints, and novel abiotic or biotic environments.
Keywords	body temperature ; climate change ; computer software ; energy ; heat ; phenology
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Size	p. 1451-1470.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	1281439-8
ISSN	1365-2486 ; 1354-1013
ISSN (online)	1365-2486
ISSN	1354-1013
DOI	10.1111/gcb.16557
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces

Riddell, Shane / Goldie, Sarah / Hill, Andrew / Eagles, Debbie / Drew, Trevor W

Virol J

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of fomite transmission from contaminated surfaces. METHODS: This study measured the survival rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, on several common surface types. All experiments were carried out in the dark, to negate any effects of UV light. Inoculated surfaces were incubated at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C and sampled at various time points. RESULTS: Survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 were determined at different temperatures and D-values, Z-values and half-life were calculated. We obtained half lives of between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20 °C, reducing to a few hours when temperature was elevated to 40 °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent to the highest titres excreted by infectious patients, viable virus was isolated for up to 28 days at 20 °C from common surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and both paper and polymer banknotes. Conversely, infectious virus survived less than 24 h at 40 °C on some surfaces. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious for significantly longer time periods than generally considered possible. These results could be used to inform improved risk mitigation procedures to prevent the fomite spread of COVID-19.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #835854
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: The context, contribution and consequences of addressing the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative exploration of executive nurses' perspectives.

Riddell, Kathryn / Bignell, Laura / Bourne, Debra / Boyd, Leanne / Crowe, Shane / Cucanic, Sinéad / Flynn, Maria / Gillan, Kate / Heinjus, Denise / Mathieson, Jac / Nankervis, Katrina / Reed, Fiona / Townsend, Linda / Twomey, Bernadette / Weir-Phyland, Janet / Bagot, Kathleen

Journal of advanced nursing

2022 Volume 78, Issue 7, Page(s) 2214–2231

Abstract: Aims: To explore (1) the context in which nursing executives were working, (2) nursing's contribution to the healthcare response and (3) the impact from delivering healthcare in response to the pandemic.: Design: Retrospective, constructivist ... ...

Abstract	Aims: To explore (1) the context in which nursing executives were working, (2) nursing's contribution to the healthcare response and (3) the impact from delivering healthcare in response to the pandemic. Design: Retrospective, constructivist qualitative study. Methods: Individual interviews using a semi-structured interview guide were conducted between 12 February and 29 March 2021. Participants were purposively sampled from the Victorian Metropolitan Executive Directors of Nursing and Midwifery Group, based in Melbourne, Victoria the epi-centre of COVID-19 in Australia during 2020. All members were invited; 14/16 executive-level nurse leaders were participated. Individual interviews were recorded with participant consent, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Four inter-related themes (with sub-themes) were identified: (1) rapid, relentless action required (preparation insufficient, extensive information and communication flow, expanded working relationships, constant change, organizational barriers removed); (2) multi-faceted contribution (leadership activities, flexible work approach, knowledge development and dissemination, new models of care, workforce numbers); (3) unintended consequences (negative experiences, mix of emotions, difficult conditions, negative outcomes for executives and workforce) and (4) silver linings (expanded ways of working, new opportunities, strengthened clinical practice, deepened working relationships). Conclusion: Responding to the COIVD-19 health crisis required substantial effort, but historical and industrial limits on nursing practice were removed. With minimal information and constantly changing circumstances, nursing executives spearheaded change with leadership skills including a flexible approach, courageous decision-making and taking calculated risks. Opportunities for innovative work practices were taken, with nursing leading policy development and delivery of care models in new and established healthcare settings, supporting patient and staff safety. Impact: Nursing comprises the majority of the healthcare workforce, placing executive nurse leaders in a key role for healthcare responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing's contribution was multi-faceted, and advantages gained for nursing practice must be maintained and leveraged. Recommendations for how nursing can contribute to current and future widespread health emergencies are provided.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; Nurse Administrators ; Pandemics ; Qualitative Research ; Retrospective Studies ; Victoria
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	197634-5
ISSN	1365-2648 ; 0309-2402
ISSN (online)	1365-2648
ISSN	0309-2402
DOI	10.1111/jan.15186
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Article ; Online: Live Virus Neutralisation of the 501Y.V1 and 501Y.V2 SARS-CoV-2 Variants following INO-4800 Vaccination of Ferrets.

Riddell, Shane / Goldie, Sarah / McAuley, Alexander J / Kuiper, Michael J / Durr, Peter A / Blasdell, Kim R / Tachedjian, Mary / Druce, Julian D / Smith, Trevor R F / Broderick, Kate E / Vasan, Seshadri S

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 694857

Abstract: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant global morbidity and mortality on a scale similar to the influenza pandemic of 1918. Over the course of the last few months, a number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified against which ... ...

Abstract	The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant global morbidity and mortality on a scale similar to the influenza pandemic of 1918. Over the course of the last few months, a number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified against which vaccine-induced immune responses may be less effective. These "variants-of-concern" have garnered significant attention in the media, with discussion around their impact on the future of the pandemic and the ability of leading COVID-19 vaccines to protect against them effectively. To address concerns about emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants affecting vaccine-induced immunity, we investigated the neutralisation of representative 'G614', '501Y.V1' and '501Y.V2' virus isolates using sera from ferrets that had received prime-boost doses of the DNA vaccine, INO-4800. Neutralisation titres against G614 and 501Y.V1 were comparable, but titres against the 501Y.V2 variant were approximately 4-fold lower, similar to results reported with other nucleic acid vaccines and supported by
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism ; Antibodies, Viral/metabolism ; Antigenic Variation ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ferrets ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; reluscovtogene ralaplasmid (5Y0I0UU2IT)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.694857
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Article ; Online: Delivery of nucleic acids to ex vivo porcine airways using electrospray.

Riddell, Peter / Gilbert, Jennifer L / Molloy, Emer L / Finnegan, Shane / Egan, Jim J / O'Dea, Shirley

Experimental lung research

2019 Volume 44, Issue 8-9, Page(s) 405–416

Abstract: Aim of the study: Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to provide clinically meaningful benefit across a wide spectrum of lung disease. However, in vivo delivery remains a challenge. Here we examined the feasibility of using electrospray to ... ...

Abstract	Aim of the study: Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to provide clinically meaningful benefit across a wide spectrum of lung disease. However, in vivo delivery remains a challenge. Here we examined the feasibility of using electrospray to deliver nucleic acids to both porcine tracheal tissue sections and whole lung ex vivo. Materials and methods: The effect of electrospray solution, emitter gauge, flow rate and voltage on plasmid DNA integrity was examined by analyzing supercoiled:open circle structure ratio by gel electrophoresis. Optimal parameters were used to deliver luciferase DNA and mRNA and siRNA-FITC to tracheal tissue sections. Luciferase mRNA was delivered to whole porcine lungs ex vivo using a catheter and bronchoscope system. Luciferase activity and fluorescence were analyzed by luminometry and microscopy respectively. Results: The incidence of DNA plasmid nicking was greatest in a low salt solution without ethanol compared with 1% and 20% ethanol with salt. From a range of emitters tested, a 32 gauge emitter produced the best supercoiled:open circle structure ratio, likely because less voltage was required to produce a stable electrospray with this emitter. Lower flow rates also showed a trend towards reduced DNA nicking. GFP DNA electrosprayed at 5 kV and 6 kV resulted in lower levels of GFP expression in A549 lung cells following lipofection compared with 3 kV and 4 kV. Optimised parameters of 20% ethanol solution, 32 gauge emitter, low flow rates and voltages of 3-5 kV, nucleic acid molecules were successful for delivery of luciferase DNA and mRNA as well as siRNA-FITC to porcine tracheal tissue sections and for delivery of luciferase mRNA to whole porcine lungs via bronchoscope. Conclusions: We report ex vivo delivery of nucleic acids to porcine lung tissue via electrospray and bronchoscopic electrospray delivery of nucleic acid to an ex vivo porcine lung model.
MeSH term(s)	A549 Cells ; Aerosols/therapeutic use ; Animals ; DNA/administration & dosage ; Gene Transfer Techniques/instrumentation ; Humans ; Luciferases/genetics ; Lung/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage ; Swine ; Trachea/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; RNA, Messenger ; DNA (9007-49-2) ; Luciferases (EC 1.13.12.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	603791-4
ISSN	1521-0499 ; 0190-2148
ISSN (online)	1521-0499
ISSN	0190-2148
DOI	10.1080/01902148.2018.1563924
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Article ; Online: At Least Three Doses of Leading Vaccines Essential for Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant.

Singanallur, Nagendrakumar B / van Vuren, Petrus Jansen / McAuley, Alexander J / Bruce, Matthew P / Kuiper, Michael J / Gwini, Stella M / Riddell, Shane / Goldie, Sarah / Drew, Trevor W / Blasdell, Kim R / Tachedjian, Mary / Mangalaganesh, Shruthi / Chahal, Simran / Caly, Leon / Druce, Julian D / Juno, Jennifer A / Kent, Stephen J / Wheatley, Adam K / Vasan, Seshadri S

Frontiers in immunology

2022 Volume 13, Page(s) 883612

Abstract: Plasma samples taken at different time points from donors who received either AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria) or Pfizer (Comirnaty) or Moderna (Spikevax) coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine were assessed in virus neutralization assays against Delta and ... ...

Abstract	Plasma samples taken at different time points from donors who received either AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria) or Pfizer (Comirnaty) or Moderna (Spikevax) coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccine were assessed in virus neutralization assays against Delta and Omicron variants of concern and a reference isolate (VIC31). With the Pfizer vaccine there was 6-8-fold reduction in 50% neutralizing antibody titres (NT
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines, Inactivated ; Viral Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2022.883612
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