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Article ; Online: Feelings and flirtations foster long-term cooperation.

Bergstrom, Carl T / Ruxton, Graeme D

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2024 Volume 121, Issue 5, Page(s) e2318584121

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2318584121
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Little prospect of colour-based drag reduction underwater.

Allen, William L / Ruxton, Graeme D

Journal of thermal biology

2023 Volume 114, Page(s) 103573

MeSH term(s)	Color ; Pigmentation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1498364-3
ISSN	1879-0992 ; 0306-4565
ISSN (online)	1879-0992
ISSN	0306-4565
DOI	10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103573
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Investigating and preventing scientific misconduct using Benford's Law.

Eckhartt, Gregory M / Ruxton, Graeme D

Research integrity and peer review

2023 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 1

Abstract: Integrity and trust in that integrity are fundamental to academic research. However, procedures for monitoring the trustworthiness of research, and for investigating cases where concern about possible data fraud have been raised are not well established. ...

Abstract	Integrity and trust in that integrity are fundamental to academic research. However, procedures for monitoring the trustworthiness of research, and for investigating cases where concern about possible data fraud have been raised are not well established. Here we suggest a practical approach for the investigation of work suspected of fraudulent data manipulation using Benford's Law. This should be of value to both individual peer-reviewers and academic institutions and journals. In this, we draw inspiration from well-established practices of financial auditing. We provide synthesis of the literature on tests of adherence to Benford's Law, culminating in advice of a single initial test for digits in each position of numerical strings within a dataset. We also recommend further tests which may prove useful in the event that specific hypotheses regarding the nature of data manipulation can be justified. Importantly, our advice differs from the most common current implementations of tests of Benford's Law. Furthermore, we apply the approach to previously-published data, highlighting the efficacy of these tests in detecting known irregularities. Finally, we discuss the results of these tests, with reference to their strengths and limitations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter
ISSN	2058-8615
ISSN (online)	2058-8615
DOI	10.1186/s41073-022-00126-w
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Artificial light at night may decrease predation risk for terrestrial insects.

Eckhartt, Gregory M / Ruxton, Graeme D

Biology letters

2022 Volume 18, Issue 11, Page(s) 20220281

Abstract: Artificial light at night (ALAN) is thought to be detrimental for terrestrial insect populations. While there exists evidence for lower abundance under ALAN, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One mechanism by which ALAN may contribute to insect ... ...

Abstract	Artificial light at night (ALAN) is thought to be detrimental for terrestrial insect populations. While there exists evidence for lower abundance under ALAN, underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One mechanism by which ALAN may contribute to insect declines may be through facilitating increased predation. We investigated this by experimentally manipulating insect-substitute abundance under differential levels of light. We used insect-containing birdfeed placed at varying distances from streetlights as a proxy for terrestrial insects, inspecting the rate of predation before and after dusk (when streetlights are, respectively, off and on). We found that there was a significantly greater effect of increasing distance on predation after dusk, suggesting that predation was actually reduced by greater levels of artificial light. This may occur because ALAN also increases the vulnerability of insectivores to their own predators. Implications for foraging behaviour and alternative explanations are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Predatory Behavior ; Light Pollution ; Insecta
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2135022-X
ISSN	1744-957X ; 1744-9561
ISSN (online)	1744-957X
ISSN	1744-9561
DOI	10.1098/rsbl.2022.0281
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Evaluating the power of a recent method for comparing two circular distributions: an alternative to the Watson U

Ruxton, Graeme D / Malkemper, E Pascal / Landler, Lukas

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 10007

Abstract: Some data are collected on circular (rather than linear) scales. Often researchers are interested in comparing two samples of such circular data to test the hypothesis that they came from the same underlying population. Recently, we compared 18 ... ...

Abstract	Some data are collected on circular (rather than linear) scales. Often researchers are interested in comparing two samples of such circular data to test the hypothesis that they came from the same underlying population. Recently, we compared 18 statistical approaches to testing such a hypothesis, and recommended two as particularly effective. A very recent publication introduced a novel statistical approach that was claimed to outperform the methods that we had indicated were highest performing. However, the evidence base for this claim was limited. Here we perform simulation studies to offer a more detailed comparison of the new "Angular Randomisation Test" (ART) with existing tests. We expand previous evaluations in two ways: exploring small and medium sized samples, and exploring a range of different shapes for the underlying distribution(s). We find that the ART controls type I error rates at the nominal level. The ART had greater power than established methods in detecting a difference in underlying distribution caused by a shift around the circle. Its performance advantage in this case was strongest when samples where small and unbalanced in size. When the difference between underlying unimodal distributions was in shape rather than central tendency, then the ART was at least as good (and sometimes considerably more powerful) than the established methods, except when distributions samples were small and uneven in size, and the smaller sample came from a more concentrated underlying distribution. In such cases its power could be markedly inferior to established alternatives. The ART was also inferior to alternatives in dealing with axially distributed data. We conclude that under widely-encountered circumstances the ART test can be recommended for its simplicity of implementation, but researchers should be aware of situations where it cannot be recommended.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-36960-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Four scenarios in which shadow competition should be prominent and factors affecting its strength

Scharf, Inon / Ruxton, Graeme D.

Oikos. 2023 Dec., v. 2023, no. 12 p.e10214-

2023

Abstract: Shadow competition is the interception of moving prey by a predator closer to its arrival source, preventing its availability to predators downstream. Shadow competition is likely common in nature, and unlike some other competition types, has a strong ... ...

Abstract	Shadow competition is the interception of moving prey by a predator closer to its arrival source, preventing its availability to predators downstream. Shadow competition is likely common in nature, and unlike some other competition types, has a strong spatial component (with the exception of competition for space, which clearly also has a spatial component). We used an individual‐based spatially‐explicit simulation model to examine whether shadow competition takes place and which factors affect it in four scenarios considering ambush predators and active prey. First, when prey capture is uncertain (‘the ricochet effect'). Here, the strength of shadow competition increases when it is harder to capture prey after the first unsuccessful capture attempt, whereas shadow competition is moderated if capture success is higher in successive attempts. Second, shadow competition becomes stronger when predators can capture prey arriving only from certain directions. Third, when prey tend to move along a barrier after encountering it. Here, predators located along this barrier may be more successful than those at random positions, but shadow competition in this scenario drastically decreases the capture success of predators in central positions along a barrier (i.e. having more than a single neighbor). Finally, in three‐level systems of plants in clusters, herbivores searching for plants, and predators ambushing herbivores inside plant patches, predators with ambush locations in the periphery of plant patches are more successful than those at the patch center, especially at high predator densities. Our simulation indicates that shadow competition is plausibly relevant in various scenarios of ambush predators and prey, and that it varies based on the habitat structure and capture probability of prey by predators as well as the change in capture probability with successive encounters.
Keywords	habitats ; probability ; simulation models
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-12
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.10214
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Shadow competition: its definition, prevalence, causes and measurement

Scharf, Inon / Ruxton, Graeme D.

Oikos. 2023 June, v. 2023, no. 6 p.e09774-

2023

Abstract: Competition is a fundamental ecological process and an important mediating mechanism to natural selection and evolution. One form of competition, shadow competition, is evident when an approaching moving prey item is captured by a competing predator, ... ...

Abstract	Competition is a fundamental ecological process and an important mediating mechanism to natural selection and evolution. One form of competition, shadow competition, is evident when an approaching moving prey item is captured by a competing predator, earlier in the prey's trajectory, preventing it from reaching the attack range of a focal predator. The necessary definitional involvements of space and movement direction differentiate shadow competition from the more classical competition types of interference and exploitation, even though competition, in general, intensifies with spatial proximity. Compared to the latter two, shadow competition is understudied. Differentiating distinct competition types is important, because they may distinctively affect animal behaviour and higher levels of organisation. Although shadow competition is probably common in nature, there are only sporadic reports applying this terminology in systems of ambush predators, such as web‐building spiders, pit‐building antlions and sit‐and‐wait predatory fish, and their moving prey. Here, we summarise clear cases of shadow competition in the published literature, cases in which we believe it to be present but not explicitly described as such, and potential scenarios in which shadow competition seems likely to be present but is currently unreported. We end with potential research directions for enhancing our still‐fledgling understanding of shadow competition.
Keywords	animal behavior ; natural selection ; predatory fish ; terminology
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-06
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/oik.09774
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Effects of Local Enhancement on Mean Food Uptake Rate.

Rouviere, Anna / Ruxton, Graeme D

The American naturalist

2021 Volume 199, Issue 1, Page(s) 21–33

Abstract: AbstractA forager searching for food can cue on a distant feeding group to infer the location of a food patch it could share. This behavior, known as local enhancement, reduces variance in time between meals, but its effect on long-term uptake rate is ... ...

Abstract	AbstractA forager searching for food can cue on a distant feeding group to infer the location of a food patch it could share. This behavior, known as local enhancement, reduces variance in time between meals, but its effect on long-term uptake rate is less resolved. An influential simulation study concluded that benefits through reduced variance would be mitigated by reduced long-term uptake rate. This cost comes about through spatial clumping of foragers, leading to overlapping search paths and, thus, reduced aggregate patch finding. Here, we revise the previous model and submit it to more extensive investigation. Our simulations reveal that local enhancement can increase mean uptake rates but only when food patches are scarce in the environment. Contrary to previous speculations, we do not find that high-value patches or strong heterogeneity in patch quality strengthens this potential added benefit to local enhancement. As such, our simulations delineate situations where selection pressures based on maximizing long-term uptake rate act antagonistically or synergistically with starvation-avoidance through reduced temporal variance in feeding.
MeSH term(s)	Feeding Behavior ; Food
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	207092-3
ISSN	1537-5323 ; 0003-0147
ISSN (online)	1537-5323
ISSN	0003-0147
DOI	10.1086/717207
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Z 71/723: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Evaluating the power of a recent method for comparing two circular distributions

Graeme D. Ruxton / E. Pascal Malkemper / Lukas Landler

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

an alternative to the Watson U2 test

2023 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Some data are collected on circular (rather than linear) scales. Often researchers are interested in comparing two samples of such circular data to test the hypothesis that they came from the same underlying population. Recently, we compared 18 ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Some data are collected on circular (rather than linear) scales. Often researchers are interested in comparing two samples of such circular data to test the hypothesis that they came from the same underlying population. Recently, we compared 18 statistical approaches to testing such a hypothesis, and recommended two as particularly effective. A very recent publication introduced a novel statistical approach that was claimed to outperform the methods that we had indicated were highest performing. However, the evidence base for this claim was limited. Here we perform simulation studies to offer a more detailed comparison of the new “Angular Randomisation Test” (ART) with existing tests. We expand previous evaluations in two ways: exploring small and medium sized samples, and exploring a range of different shapes for the underlying distribution(s). We find that the ART controls type I error rates at the nominal level. The ART had greater power than established methods in detecting a difference in underlying distribution caused by a shift around the circle. Its performance advantage in this case was strongest when samples where small and unbalanced in size. When the difference between underlying unimodal distributions was in shape rather than central tendency, then the ART was at least as good (and sometimes considerably more powerful) than the established methods, except when distributions samples were small and uneven in size, and the smaller sample came from a more concentrated underlying distribution. In such cases its power could be markedly inferior to established alternatives. The ART was also inferior to alternatives in dealing with axially distributed data. We conclude that under widely-encountered circumstances the ART test can be recommended for its simplicity of implementation, but researchers should be aware of situations where it cannot be recommended.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Virtual prey with Lévy motion are preferentially attacked by predatory fish.

Ioannou, Christos C / Carvalho, Luis Arrochela Braga / Budleigh, Chessy / Ruxton, Graeme D

Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology

2023 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 695–699

Abstract: Of widespread interest in animal behavior and ecology is how animals search their environment for resources, and whether these search strategies are optimal. However, movement also affects predation risk through effects on encounter rates, the ... ...

Abstract	Of widespread interest in animal behavior and ecology is how animals search their environment for resources, and whether these search strategies are optimal. However, movement also affects predation risk through effects on encounter rates, the conspicuousness of prey, and the success of attacks. Here, we use predatory fish attacking a simulation of virtual prey to test whether predation risk is associated with movement behavior. Despite often being demonstrated to be a more efficient strategy for finding resources such as food, we find that prey displaying Lévy motion are twice as likely to be targeted by predators than prey utilizing Brownian motion. This can be explained by the predators, at the moment of the attack, preferentially targeting prey that were moving with straighter trajectories rather than prey that were turning more. Our results emphasize that costs of predation risk need to be considered alongside the foraging benefits when comparing different movement strategies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1496189-1
ISSN	1465-7279 ; 1045-2249
ISSN (online)	1465-7279
ISSN	1045-2249
DOI	10.1093/beheco/arad039
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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