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Article ; Online: The influence of different horseshoes and ground substrates on mid-stance hoof orientation at the walk.

Reilly, Patrick T / van Eps, Andrew / Stefanovski, Darko / Pfau, Thilo

2023 Volume 56, Issue 3, Page(s) 598–606

Abstract: ... are used to change hoof orientation during mid-stance, for example, for therapeutic reasons ... Objectives: To measure the effect of horseshoes and ground substrates on sagittal and transverse plane hoof ... orientation at mid-stance using a dorsal hoof wall mounted triaxial accelerometer.: Study design: In vivo ...

Abstract	Background: Horseshoes with modified contact surfaces combined with deformable ground substrates are used to change hoof orientation during mid-stance, for example, for therapeutic reasons. Objectives: To measure the effect of horseshoes and ground substrates on sagittal and transverse plane hoof orientation at mid-stance using a dorsal hoof wall mounted triaxial accelerometer. Study design: In vivo experiment, randomised crossover design. Methods: Differences in sagittal and transverse plane angles between standing and mid-stance of the left front hoof of six horses walking with regular horseshoes, egg bar, toe-wide, medial-wide, lateral-wide and three-degree egg bar shoes on turf, sand and hard ground substrates were assessed with linear mixed models with horseshoe and substrate type as fixed factors (p < 0.05) for each animal. Results: Hoof angles were significantly affected by horseshoe (p < 0.001), surface (p < 0.001) and the combination (p < 0.001). The sagittal plane angle increased in deformable ground substrates at walk-in mid-stance on turf [mean (±standard deviation): 2.6° (±3.8°)] and on sand [2.6° (±4.1°)] across all shoes. The greatest increase was observed with egg bar shoes [turf: 4.37° (±3.82°); sand 4.69° (±3.83°)]. There was a tendency for the hoof to sink laterally into deformable ground substrates among all shoes [turf: 1.11° (±1.49°); sand: 0.93° (±1.93°)]. Medial-wide shoes increased the lateral sinking [turf: 2.00° (±1.63°); sand: 1.79° (±1.58°)]. Lateral-wide shoes reduced the lateral sinking on turf [0.62° (±1.26°)] and induced a marginal medial sinking on sand [-0.007° (±2.03°)]. Main limitations: The substrate properties were not quantitatively assessed, and observations were limited to front hooves at the walk. A larger sample size would be preferable. Conclusions: Mid-stance hoof orientation changes with specific combinations of shoes and ground substrates in the walking horse.
MeSH term(s)	Horses ; Animals ; Hoof and Claw ; Sand ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Forelimb ; Shoes ; Gait
Chemical Substances	Sand
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13990
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of locking compression plate fixation of the distal phalanx to the hoof wall as a potential therapy for laminitis.

Lean, Natasha E / Zedler, Steven T / Van Eps, Andrew William / Engiles, Julie B / Ford, Matthew / Stefanovski, Darko / Walsh, Donald Mark / Pollitt, Christopher C

Equine veterinary journal

2022 Volume 55, Issue 4, Page(s) 707–716

Abstract: ... fixation of the DP to the dorsal hoof wall.: Study design: Ex vivo and in vivo experiments.: Methods ... fixation prevented the significant changes in hoof-distal phalanx distance, coronary extensor process ... perfusion was not evaluated.: Conclusions: Rigid fixation of the DP to the hoof capsule was achieved ...

Abstract	Background: Surgical stabilisation of the distal phalanx (DP) is a potential therapeutic strategy for severe acute laminitis. Objective: To evaluate the effects of locking compression plate (LCP) fixation of the DP to the dorsal hoof wall. Study design: Ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Methods: A T-shaped LCP was applied to one limb per pair in six pairs of cadaver forelimbs subjected to a combination of thermally induced lamellar failure and vertical load to simulate severe acute laminitis. Standard radiographic measurements were used to compare DP displacement. The LCP was then applied to one forefoot in 12 healthy Standardbred horses either standing (n = 6) or under general anaesthesia (n = 6). Lameness was evaluated daily, then horses were euthanised (day 8) and lamellar tissue analysed using light microscopy, histomorphometery and molecular markers of apoptosis. Results: In the cadaver limb model, LCP fixation prevented the significant changes in hoof-distal phalanx distance, coronary extensor process distance and sole depth that characterised DP displacement in untreated limbs (p < 0.05). Application of the construct in vivo was well tolerated with minimal lameness (10/12 horses were sound at the trot on day 8); however, histology revealed dorsal lamellar pathology consistent with laminitis, but with extensive keratinocyte apoptosis. Adjacent to the LCP, caspase-3 positive cell counts were approximately 20-fold higher than control (p < 0.001). Main limitations: Pathology was evaluated at a single time point. Microvascular perfusion was not evaluated. Conclusions: Rigid fixation of the DP to the hoof capsule was achieved with the LCP construct in a cadaver limb laminitis model. In live horses, LCP fixation caused regional lamellar pathology with extensive apoptosis, likely due to disturbed lamellar microvascular perfusion and/or mechanostasis. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for refinement of the technique in order to avoid iatrogenic lamellar damage.
MeSH term(s)	Horses ; Animals ; Hoof and Claw/surgery ; Hoof and Claw/pathology ; Lameness, Animal/surgery ; Foot Diseases/surgery ; Foot Diseases/veterinary ; Foot Diseases/etiology ; Horse Diseases/pathology ; Foot ; Inflammation/pathology ; Inflammation/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13877
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Article ; Online: Routine hoof-trimming data provides insight into the occurrence of claw lesions in Holstein herds in the central region of South Africa.

Joubert, R C / Strydom, H F / van Marle-Köster, E

Tropical animal health and production

2023 Volume 55, Issue 6, Page(s) 395

Abstract: ... is limited to paper-based records kept by private hoof trimmers. This research analysed claw-trimming ...

Abstract	Claw lesions in dairy cows contribute significantly to lameness, causing distress and discomfort for affected cows and raising welfare concerns. Despite increased awareness, lameness incidence continues to rise. Defining and recording claw traits are particularly problematic. In South Africa (SA), claw data is limited to paper-based records kept by private hoof trimmers. This research analysed claw-trimming data from five dairy farms over 6 years to examine the occurrence and recording of claw lesions in SA Holstein cattle. Lesion identification followed the Claw Lesion Identification in Dairy Cattle brochure. Among the recorded lesions, digital dermatitis (DD) had the highest prevalence (64.02%), followed by sole ulcers (SU; 8.59%), white line disease (WLD; 6.27%), and sole haemorrhage (SH; 4.28%), and most lesions occurred in the rear feet. Chi-square tests and correspondence analysis (CA) were employed to explore the relationships between lesions, feet, and housing. Results indicated that the prevalence of SU and SH showed high similarity for foot and lesion association, and that these were more highly associated with the rear feet. Additionally, the prevalence of DD and interdigital phlegmon were strongly associated, and closely associated with SU, and all these lesions were associated with both dirt lot and free-stall housing systems. CA further confirmed a close association between WLD and SH, and the prevalence of these lesions in the combination housing system. Results of this study highlight the complexity of lesion data and that specific associations between lesions could lead to simplifying the recording thereof. Consolidating the most informative claw lesions into categories will aid in the practical prevention, management, and treatment of lameness on-farm.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Animals ; Cattle ; Foot Diseases/epidemiology ; Foot Diseases/veterinary ; Hoof and Claw/pathology ; Lameness, Animal/epidemiology ; Lameness, Animal/etiology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/prevention & control ; Digital Dermatitis/complications ; Dairying
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	603363-5
ISSN	1573-7438 ; 0049-4747
ISSN (online)	1573-7438
ISSN	0049-4747
DOI	10.1007/s11250-023-03814-x
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of locking compression plate fixation of the distal phalanx to the hoof wall as a potential therapy for laminitis

Lean, Natasha E. / Zedler, Steven T. / Van Eps, Andrew William / Engiles, Julie B. / Ford, Matthew / Stefanovski, Darko / Walsh, Donald Mark / Pollitt, Christopher C.

Equine Veterinary Journal. 2023 July, v. 55, no. 4 p.707-716

2023

Abstract: ... of the DP to the dorsal hoof wall. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo and in vivo experiments. METHODS: A T‐shaped LCP ... the significant changes in hoof‐distal phalanx distance, coronary extensor process distance and sole depth ... CONCLUSIONS: Rigid fixation of the DP to the hoof capsule was achieved with the LCP construct in a cadaver ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Surgical stabilisation of the distal phalanx (DP) is a potential therapeutic strategy for severe acute laminitis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of locking compression plate (LCP) fixation of the DP to the dorsal hoof wall. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo and in vivo experiments. METHODS: A T‐shaped LCP was applied to one limb per pair in six pairs of cadaver forelimbs subjected to a combination of thermally induced lamellar failure and vertical load to simulate severe acute laminitis. Standard radiographic measurements were used to compare DP displacement. The LCP was then applied to one forefoot in 12 healthy Standardbred horses either standing (n = 6) or under general anaesthesia (n = 6). Lameness was evaluated daily, then horses were euthanised (day 8) and lamellar tissue analysed using light microscopy, histomorphometery and molecular markers of apoptosis. RESULTS: In the cadaver limb model, LCP fixation prevented the significant changes in hoof‐distal phalanx distance, coronary extensor process distance and sole depth that characterised DP displacement in untreated limbs (p < 0.05). Application of the construct in vivo was well tolerated with minimal lameness (10/12 horses were sound at the trot on day 8); however, histology revealed dorsal lamellar pathology consistent with laminitis, but with extensive keratinocyte apoptosis. Adjacent to the LCP, caspase‐3 positive cell counts were approximately 20‐fold higher than control (p < 0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS: Pathology was evaluated at a single time point. Microvascular perfusion was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Rigid fixation of the DP to the hoof capsule was achieved with the LCP construct in a cadaver limb laminitis model. In live horses, LCP fixation caused regional lamellar pathology with extensive apoptosis, likely due to disturbed lamellar microvascular perfusion and/or mechanostasis. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for refinement of the technique in order to avoid iatrogenic lamellar damage.
Keywords	Standardbred ; anesthesia ; apoptosis ; cadaver ; caspase-3 ; histology ; hooves ; horses ; keratinocytes ; lameness ; laminitis ; light microscopy ; models ; radiography
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Size	p. 707-716.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	0425-1644
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13877
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Article ; Online: Dynamic evaluation of toe-heel and medio-lateral load distribution and hoof landing patterns in sound, unshod Standardbred horses with toed-in, toed-out and normal hoof conformation.

Mokry, A / Van de Water, E / Politiek, H T / van Doorn, D A / Pille, F / Oosterlinck, M

Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)

2020 Volume 268, Page(s) 105593

Abstract: ... The aim of this study was to analyse dynamic load distribution and hoof landing patterns of sound ... distribution of the forelimbs were compared between normal, toed-in and toed-out horses. The hoof landing ... In both forelimbs, a flat landing (39.6% and 70.8% at walk and trot, respectively) predominated over all hoof ...

Abstract	Dynamic load distribution and landing patterns play an important role in equine orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to analyse dynamic load distribution and hoof landing patterns of sound Standardbreds. Twenty-four sound, unshod Standardbreds were walked and trotted over a pressure plate to obtain the peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI) and stance time (ST) of both forelimbs. Asymmetry indices between both forelimbs were calculated and the dynamic medio-lateral and toe-heel load distribution of the forelimbs were compared between normal, toed-in and toed-out horses. The hoof landing patterns were determined on the first loaded zone. Linear mixed models and Chi-square analysis were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). At walk and trot, there were no significant differences in asymmetry of PVF, VI and ST between normal (n = 9/24 horses), toed-in (n = 6/24 horses), and toed-out horses (n = 9/24 horses). In both forelimbs, a flat landing (39.6% and 70.8% at walk and trot, respectively) predominated over all hoof conformations. No significant association between hoof conformation and landing pattern was observed (P > 0.05). Toed-out horses had significantly higher loading of the medial zone at the end of the stance phase at walk than normal horses (P = 0.002). No other statistically significant differences in load distribution were observed (P > 0.05). In conclusion, flat landing was more common in Standardbred horses than previously described in Warmbloods, emphasising the need for breed-specific clinical reference data and biomechanical studies. Moreover, mild deviations in hoof conformation did not necessarily affect load distribution.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Female ; Gait/physiology ; Hoof and Claw/physiology ; Horses/physiology ; Linear Models ; Models, Biological ; Toes/physiology ; Walking/physiology ; Weight-Bearing
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	428614-5
ISSN	1532-2971 ; 0372-5545 ; 1090-0233
ISSN (online)	1532-2971
ISSN	0372-5545 ; 1090-0233
DOI	10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105593
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Zs.B 552: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The development of hoof balance and landing preference in the post-natal period.

Gorissen, B M C / Serra Bragança, F M / Wolschrijn, C F / Back, W / van Weeren, P R

Equine veterinary journal

2018 Volume 50, Issue 6, Page(s) 809–817

Abstract: ... under the hoof during the first half year of life.: Study design: Prospective, cohort study performed ... foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to quantify toe-heel and medial-lateral hoof balance ... by the relatively small sample size only containing one breed from a single stud farm.: Conclusions: Dynamic hoof ...

Abstract	Background: Foals can follow the herd within hours of birth, but it has been shown that kinetic gait parameters and static balance still have to mature. However, development of dynamic balance has not been investigated. Objectives: To objectively quantify landing and pressure pattern dynamics under the hoof during the first half year of life. Study design: Prospective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm. Methods: Pressure plate measurements at walk and trot from ten Dutch warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to quantify toe-heel and medial-lateral hoof balance asymmetry indexes and to determine preferred landing strategy. Concurrently, radiographs of the tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at 4-6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of time point, limb pair (front/hind), side (left/right) and osteochondrosis status of every foal. Results: At 25% of stance duration at walk, front limbs were more loaded in the heel region in weeks 6-20 (P≤0.04), the medial-lateral balance was more to the lateral side from week 6 onwards at both walk and trot (P≤0.04). Landing preference gradually changed in the same directions. Variability in pressure distribution decreased over time. (Subclinical) osteochondrosis did not influence any of the measured parameters. Main limitations: This study is limited by the relatively small sample size only containing one breed from a single stud farm. Conclusions: Dynamic hoof balance in new-born foals is more variable and less oriented towards the lateral side of the hoof and to the heel than in mature horses. This pattern changes gradually during the first weeks of life. Knowledge of this process is essential for the clinician when considering interventions in this area in early life.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn/physiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gait/physiology ; Hoof and Claw/physiology ; Horses/physiology ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Postural Balance/physiology ; Prospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.12961
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Article: Dynamic evaluation of toe–heel and medio-lateral load distribution and hoof landing patterns in sound, unshod Standardbred horses with toed-in, toed-out and normal hoof conformation

Mokry, A / Van de Water, E / Politiek, H.T / van Doorn, D.A / Pille, F / Oosterlinck, M

veterinary journal. 2021 Feb., v. 268

2021

Abstract	Dynamic load distribution and landing patterns play an important role in equine orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to analyse dynamic load distribution and hoof landing patterns of sound Standardbreds. Twenty-four sound, unshod Standardbreds were walked and trotted over a pressure plate to obtain the peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI) and stance time (ST) of both forelimbs. Asymmetry indices between both forelimbs were calculated and the dynamic medio-lateral and toe–heel load distribution of the forelimbs were compared between normal, toed-in and toed-out horses. The hoof landing patterns were determined on the first loaded zone. Linear mixed models and Chi-square analysis were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). At walk and trot, there were no significant differences in asymmetry of PVF, VI and ST between normal (n = 9/24 horses), toed-in (n = 6/24 horses), and toed-out horses (n = 9/24 horses). In both forelimbs, a flat landing (39.6% and 70.8% at walk and trot, respectively) predominated over all hoof conformations. No significant association between hoof conformation and landing pattern was observed (P > 0.05). Toed-out horses had significantly higher loading of the medial zone at the end of the stance phase at walk than normal horses (P = 0.002). No other statistically significant differences in load distribution were observed (P > 0.05). In conclusion, flat landing was more common in Standardbred horses than previously described in Warmbloods, emphasising the need for breed-specific clinical reference data and biomechanical studies. Moreover, mild deviations in hoof conformation did not necessarily affect load distribution.
Keywords	Standardbred ; asymmetry ; biomechanics ; chi-square distribution ; dynamic load ; hooves ; horses ; orthopedics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-02
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	428614-5
ISSN	1532-2971 ; 0372-5545 ; 1090-0233
ISSN (online)	1532-2971
ISSN	0372-5545 ; 1090-0233
DOI	10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105593
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Article ; Online: Effect of prepartum exercise, pasture turnout, or total confinement on hoof health.

Black, R A / van Amstel, S R / Krawczel, P D

Journal of dairy science

2017 Volume 100, Issue 10, Page(s) 8338–8346

Abstract: ... the dry period may improve hoof health. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of forced ... Pasture cows were turned out for a targeted 1.5 h, 5 times/wk until calving. Hoof growth and wear and sole ... off. Frequent, short duration exercise on concrete did not impair the hoof health of late-gestation ...

Abstract	Lameness is a major welfare concern in the dairy industry, and access to physical activity during the dry period may improve hoof health. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of forced exercise, pasture turnout, or total confinement of dry cows on horn growth and wear and sole thickness. Twenty-nine primiparous and 31 multiparous, pregnant, nonlactating Holstein (n = 58) and Jersey-Holstein crossbred (n = 2) dairy cows were assigned to either total confinement (n = 20), exercise (n = 20), or pasture (n = 20) treatments at dry-off using rolling enrollment from January to November 2015. Cows were managed with a 60-d dry period (58.5 ± 5.4 d) divided into far-off (dry-off to 2 wk before parturition) and close-up periods (2 wk before projected parturition). Cows were housed in a naturally ventilated, 4-row freestall barn at the University of Tennessee's Little River Animal and Environmental Unit (Walland, TN) with concrete flooring and deep-bedded sand freestalls. Cows assigned to confinement remained in the housing pen. Exercise cows were walked for a targeted 1.5 h at 3.25 km/h, 5 times/wk until calving. Pasture cows were turned out for a targeted 1.5 h, 5 times/wk until calving. Hoof growth and wear and sole thickness of the rear hooves were measured on d 2 and 44, relative to dry-off. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Cranial and caudal horn wear was greater for exercise cows than confinement and pasture cows. Exercise cows experienced more equal rates of horn growth and wear cranially. Confined cows tended to increase sole thickness from d 2 to 44, relative to dry-off. Frequent, short duration exercise on concrete did not impair the hoof health of late-gestation dry cows. Further, exercise may improve overall hoof health, potentially improving cow welfare.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2016-12082
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Article ; Online: Mouldable, thermoplastic, glue-on frog-supportive shoes change hoof kinetics in normal and obese Shetland ponies.

Sleutjens, J / Serra Bragança, F M / van Empelen, M W / Ten Have, R E / de Zwaan, J / Roelfsema, E / Oosterlinck, M / Back, W

Equine veterinary journal

2018 Volume 50, Issue 5, Page(s) 684–689

Abstract: ... risk factors for the development of laminitis. There are many options for hoof support that claim a beneficial ... supportive shoes on hoof kinetics in normal and obese ponies.: Study design: Controlled in vivo ... peak vertical force (PVF), time to PVF and time from PVF to lift off. The hoof print was divided ...

Abstract	Background: Obesity and hyperinsulinaemia are frequently encountered in the equine population and risk factors for the development of laminitis. There are many options for hoof support that claim a beneficial effect, but often the scientific evidence is scarce. Objectives: To quantify the effect of frog-supportive shoes on hoof kinetics in normal and obese ponies. Study design: Controlled in vivo trial. Methods: Ten Shetland mares (n = 10) with a normal (n = 5) or obese (n = 5) body condition were led over a dynamically calibrated pressure plate before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 72 h (T2) after application of the shoes. The following locomotor variables were measured: stance duration (StDur), vertical impulse (VI), peak vertical force (PVF), time to PVF and time from PVF to lift off. The hoof print was divided into a toe and heel region and the StDur toe-heel index was calculated. The toe-heel hoof balance curves of the vertical force were plotted throughout the stance phase. Results: The VI and PVF increased significantly 72 h after application of the shoes, when compared with T0 and T1. The StDur toe-heel index and toe-heel balance curves were significantly different between the normal and obese ponies. These variables became more comparable between the groups after application of the frog-supportive shoes. Main limitations: It would have been interesting to measure the effect of the shoe in patients with acute laminitis. However, this would have had major welfare implications. Conclusions: The obese ponies moved more carefully than the normal group, demonstrated by a decreased loading of the toe area. The data illustrate that the ponies became more comfortable 72 h after application of the shoes, with a pronounced effect in the obese group. Thus, these results suggest that frog-supportive shoes could be beneficial, especially for obese ponies.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Hoof and Claw/physiology ; Horse Diseases ; Horses ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Obesity/veterinary ; Shoes
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.12814
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Article: The development of hoof balance and landing preference in the post‐natal period

Gorissen, B. M. C / Serra Bragança, F. M / Wolschrijn, C. F / Back, W / van Weeren, P. R

Equine veterinary journal. 2018 Nov., v. 50, no. 6

2018

Abstract: ... the hoof during the first half year of life. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, cohort study performed at a single ... the first 24 weeks of life were used to quantify toe‐heel and medial‐lateral hoof balance asymmetry indexes ... containing one breed from a single stud farm. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic hoof balance in new‐born foals is more ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Foals can follow the herd within hours of birth, but it has been shown that kinetic gait parameters and static balance still have to mature. However, development of dynamic balance has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES: To objectively quantify landing and pressure pattern dynamics under the hoof during the first half year of life. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm. METHODS: Pressure plate measurements at walk and trot from ten Dutch warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to quantify toe‐heel and medial‐lateral hoof balance asymmetry indexes and to determine preferred landing strategy. Concurrently, radiographs of the tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at 4–6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of time point, limb pair (front/hind), side (left/right) and osteochondrosis status of every foal. RESULTS: At 25% of stance duration at walk, front limbs were more loaded in the heel region in weeks 6–20 (P≤0.04), the medial‐lateral balance was more to the lateral side from week 6 onwards at both walk and trot (P≤0.04). Landing preference gradually changed in the same directions. Variability in pressure distribution decreased over time. (Subclinical) osteochondrosis did not influence any of the measured parameters. MAIN LIMITATIONS: This study is limited by the relatively small sample size only containing one breed from a single stud farm. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic hoof balance in new‐born foals is more variable and less oriented towards the lateral side of the hoof and to the heel than in mature horses. This pattern changes gradually during the first weeks of life. Knowledge of this process is essential for the clinician when considering interventions in this area in early life.
Keywords	Dutch Warmblood ; asymmetry ; cohort studies ; farms ; foals ; gait ; herds ; hooves ; osteochondrosis ; postpartum period ; radiography ; statistical models ; trotting
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-11
Size	p. 809-817.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	0425-1644
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.12961
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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